摘要
从软木产品的应用中我们知道软木具有非常好的耐腐性,本文主要参考木材天然耐腐性测定标准,对我国栓皮栎软木的耐腐性进行测定,并分析腐朽过程中软木化学成分、微观构造、渗透性、密度等的变化情况,还分析了软木地板的耐腐性以及腐朽过程中材色、压缩回弹性的变化,主要研究的结论如下:
(1)通过实验可以得知,软木腐朽前后重量变化不明显,仅在1%左右。其中白腐(彩绒革盖菌)的失重率最大(1.249%),褐腐(密粘褶菌)次之(1.045%),霉腐(好食脉孢菌)最低(0.977%),未接种的软木的重量损失率为0.975%,与木材的天然耐腐性相比,软木的耐腐等级为A级,具有非常优异的天然耐腐性。
(2)三种菌丝的生长经历的延滞期、迅速生长期和衰退期三个阶段。彩绒革盖菌和密粘褶菌的延滞期较长,为2天左右,好食脉孢菌的延滞期为1天。在迅速生长期阶段,彩绒革盖菌和密粘褶菌的菌丝较短,最后生长的菌丝厚度也较薄,为1mm左右。好食脉孢菌生长速度很快,菌丝也较长,菌丝厚度比前两种菌丝厚,最厚时达到8mm,衰退期后的厚度为3mm左右。
(3)腐朽后提取物总体变化很小,在0.5%以内。软木的主要成分为木栓脂,而腐朽菌对这种成分基本上不降解,这是软木耐腐的主要原因之一。软木中还含有较多的木质素和综纤维素,这些是木材中腐朽菌主要的降解物质,在软木中并无明显变化。软木的渗透性性较差,在压力0.17MPa、温度114℃的条件下,腐朽后的软木与未腐朽的软木相比较,渗透性没有发生变化。软木的耐腐性很好,经过腐朽后软木的密度没有发生改变。
(4)通过SEM观察腐朽后的软木组织,其内部没有发现菌丝。通过离析的方法得到软木单个细胞,发现软木单个细胞的形状完整,没有变化。
(5)通过对菌丝的分离方法,得到试验中可能只有霉菌(好食脉孢菌)能够进入到软木内部,而白腐菌(彩绒革盖菌)和褐腐菌(密粘褶菌)只是在软木的表面生长,没有侵入到软木的内部。
(6)12目软木地板腐朽后质量变化不明显,都在3.5%以内。4目的软木地板质量损失率很小,几乎与软木原材料的相同,重量损失率在1.2%左右。腐朽菌对12目和4目的软木地板没有造成重量上的影响。从材色上来看,腐朽菌虽然在软木地板的表面生长,但是并没有对材色造成影响,腐朽后软木地板与对照软木地板△E*、△L*、△a*、△b*变化规律均一致。从压缩回弹性来看,照样与腐朽后软木地板的变化呈现一致性。也就是说软木地板的压缩回弹性变化不是由腐朽菌引起的,其变化的原因还待于进一步的研究。通过菌丝分离的方法验证,软木地板中菌丝生长与软木中相同,加入胶黏剂后并不影响软木地板的耐腐性。
Cork displays the quality of strong corrosion resistance in the application of its products,the essay provides measurement standards which can be as the main reference to wood natural corrosion resistance, testing the quality of corrosion resistance of cork bark, analyzing the variations of the cork chemical contents, microscopic structure, penetrability, density, the corrosion resistance of cork floor and changes of color and rebound resilience when compressed during the decayed process. The research results are as the follows:
(1) There is little variation in the weight of cork only within 1 %, of which, the weight loss of white rot accounts for the most ( about 1.294%), next to it is brown rot (accounting for 1.045%), mildew rot accounts for the least(0.977%), Compared with the natural wood’s corrosion resistance, we learn that cork has the extraordinary strong natural corrosion resistance and ranks top among the woods.
(2) The three hyphae experience three periods, and they are lag phase, fast growing season and recession phase, of whom the lag phase of cotiolus versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum lasts longer, about 2 days, while Chrysonilia sitophila lasts for 1 day. During the period of growth, the hyphae of cotiolus versicolor and Gloeophyllum trabeum is shorter with the ply of 1 mm. Chrysonilia sitophila grows very fast with longer hyphae and thicker ply which may be as thick as 8mm and the ply will decrease to 3mm.
(3) After the decay process, the overall change is little within 0.5%. The main content of cork is suberin, which the fungus can’t degrade, which becomes the main reason of its corrosion resistance. Cork also contains more lignin and ensemble cellulose, which becomes the main degraded substance for the fungus, whose effects is little in cork. According to the poor permeability of cork, we set test conditions as 1.7MPa pressure and 114℃, there is no change between the good cork and decayed one on their permeability. The density of the cork displays no change after the decay process.
(4) The observation through the SEM shows that no hyphae are found inside the cork. Single cork cell got through the method of cork segregation remains the same as the original with complete shape.
(5) Trough the segregation of hyphae, we concluded that only the mildew (Chrysonilia sitophila) is able to enter cork inside, while white rot and brown rot can just grow on the surface of the cork without invading into the cork.
(6) 12 mesh cork floor shows a little variation after decaying, whose range is within 3.5%.The weight loss of 4 mesh cork floor is so little that you will find it to be same as the original cork. And the weight loss after twelve weeks is about 1.2%. Mildew has little effect on the weight of the 12 and 4 mesh cork. Although mildew grows on the surface of the cork, it doesn’t destroy cork color. Cork floor and the contrast cork floor△E*、△L*、△a*、△b* observe the consistent variation rules. It is still in accordance with cork changes after decay with regard to its rebound resilience when compressed, that is to say the changes of cork floor has no relationship with mildew. The reason relating to rebound resilience changes of the cork needs further research. It shows in the experiment of segregation of hyphae that the growth of hyphae in cork is the same as in cork floor, because of which, the quality of corrosion resistance is not destroyed after adding adhesive to the cork floor.
引文
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