摘要
本文以福建省农民培训为研究对象,对福建省武夷山市、安溪县和华安县550户茶农进行调查。再此基础上,通过理论推导、计量建模的方法,采用异质性的处理效应模型(heterogeneous treatment model)分析农户对现有培训项目的参与行为及影响因素,并探讨现有的培训项目对促进农民增收的效果如何；利用随机前沿面C-O生产函数估计出农户之间的技术效率,然后利用技术效率模型估计农户不同的学习模式带来的技术效率有何差异；利用多元线性回归模型分析农户参加培训项目后对农业生产技能的掌握程度,重点分析了培训项目对农户化学要素使用行为的影响；从农户角度出发,分析农户对培训项目的需求状况。主要研究结论如下：
1.在影响农民参与培训的因素中,实证结果显示,文化程度在5%的统计水平上具有显著性影响：种茶规模对农户参加茶叶培训的影响在1%统计水平上具有显著性的积极影响,农户的种茶规模每增加一亩,其参加茶叶培训的概率将提高7.26%；农户的种茶经验对农户参加培训的作用为负,并且在5%的统计水平上具有显著性的影响,农户种茶年限每增加一年,农户参加培训的概率将降低O.46%；农户是否为村干部或党员这一变量对农户参与培训决策的影响在10%的统计水平上具有正向的影响；性别、年龄以及到最近农技服务站的距离等因素对农户参与茶叶培训的影响并不显著。
在对农民培训与农户收入之间的关系的实证研究中,实证结果显示,农户是否参加过茶叶生产培训对农户的茶叶收入具有积极的促进作用,并在1%的统计水平上显著,参加过茶叶培训的农户其茶叶收入比未参加过培训的农户要高26.45%。农户文化素质对农民增收也起到了很好的影响,农户的社会关系对其茶业生产经营和增收也有相当明显的作用。
2.在本研究的实证估计显示,茶叶生产存在技术效率损失。目前茶叶平均技术效率达到68.53%,这表明,如果能够消除技术无效率的话,保持现有的技术和投入水平,产出仍然有31%左右的提高空间；农的人力资本积累能促进技术效率的提高,是否参加培训对农户的茶叶生产技术效率在1%的统计水平上具有显著性的积极作用,参加过茶叶生产加工培训的农户的技术效率明显要高于通过“干中学”的方式来获取技术的茶叶生产技术效率。同时,向参加过培训的农户学习获取技术的方式所带来的技术效率也要高于农户自己摸索方式所带来的技术效率。
3.在培训项目对农户化学要素使用行为的影响方面,实证结果显示,农户参加茶叶生产培训与茶园化学要素的施用行为之间呈现出显著的负相关关系,参加茶叶培训的农户施用化学要素显著低于未参加过茶叶培训的农户。同时农户的种茶经验与茶叶培训对农户的化学要素施用存在着共同的交互作用和影响。
4.农民的培训需求分析方面,结果显示,农民参训意愿强烈,希望能有更多的培训供给。绝大部分农民认为适合的培训地点是在本镇范围内,其次是本村和本县城；农民喜欢的培训教师主要是茶叶专家、知名教授,其次依次是本地的种植能手、茶叶企业技术员、县乡技术推广员；最受茶农欢迎的农业培训方式是讲课和茶园实地操作,其次是咨询答疑和发放宣传材料,喜欢电视网络学习的比重不高。在农业培训时间上,农民喜欢短、平、快的短期培训方式。希望培训在农闲季节展开和根据茶叶种植的需要随季节安排,时间多数在3天以内；在农民期望接受的教育培训层次上,大多数农民选择短期培训,其次为选择证书培训；在培训费用方面,农民不愿意接受太高的培训费,大多数农户希望提供免费的农业培训,少部分可以接受200元以下的培训费用。茶农对关键生产环节的现场技术培训需求广泛,但出现了严重的供给不足的情况,短期内无法通过市场机制予以有效解决,需要政府部门进行必要的干预和扶持。
因此,本研究提出了进一步加大农民培训的力度和广度、将农民培训作为治理餐桌污染、促进安全农产品生产的重要手段、强化农民培训的需求瞄准机制,着重抓好核心农户的培训、培训形式多样化、培训时间要适宜、加强财政支持力度,缩小区域差距、建立健全农民科技培训体系与激励约束机制、适时推进农民培训立法及各项制度建设的政策建议。
The training of farmers in Fujian province was studied in this thesis based on the investigation of 550 households of tea growers in Wuyishan city, Anxi county and Huaan county in Fujian province. Through theoretical derivation and econometric modeling, the farmer households'participation behaviors and their influencing factors for the present training projects were analyzed and the effects of the present training projects on increasing farmers'income were discussed using the heterogeneous treatment model. The technical efficiency among farmer households was calculated by means of stochastic frontier C-D production function and the difference in technical efficiency resulting from farmer households'different study modes was estimated by means of the technical efficiency model. The proficiency of farmer households mastering agricultural production skills after they attended the training projects was analyzed by means of the multivariate linear regression model, focusing on the influence of the training projects upon the behaviors of farmer households using chemical components. The farmer households' demand for the training projects was analyzed from the aspect of farmer households. The main conclusions were as follows.
1. The PROBIT model of the farmer households participating in the tea planting training was regressed by the method of maximum likelihood estimation. The empirical results indicated that the cultural level of farmers, tea planting scale, and farmers'identity as a village cadre or a Party member had a significant positive effects on farmer households'participation in the training. The tea planting experience of farmer households had a significant negative effects and the gender, age and distance from the nearest agricultural technical service station had no significant effects.
The empirical study on the relationship between the farmer training and the farmer households'income indicated that a farmer household's participation in the training of tea production could significantly improve the farmer household's income from tea production at the statistical level of 1%. The farmer households who participated in the training obtained the income 26.45% higher than those who didn't. The farmer's cultural quality had a positive effect on the farmer's income and so did farmer households'social relations. The income of male fanner from tea planting is higher than that of female farmer. The farmer's age had a significantly negative effect on the income. Tea planting experience had no obvious effect on tea growers'income. To a certain extent, the mode of "learning by doing" is less efficient than participation in training in respect of income increase.
2. The empirical estimation in this research indicated the technical efficiency loss in the tea production, with a present technical efficiency of 68.53%. Therefore, if the technical inefficiency is able to be removed, the output can be increased by around 31% in case of keeping the current levels of technology and investment. The accumulation of farmers'human capital can enhance the technical efficiency. Farmer households' participation in the training had a significant positive effect on the technical efficiency at the statistical level of 1%, and the technical efficiency of the farmers who participated in the tea production and processing training was obviously higher than that of those who acquired the technique through the mode of "learning by doing". Meanwhile, the technical efficiency of the farmers who learnt techniques from the training participants was higher than that of those who learnt by themselves.
3. In terms of the influence of the training projects on farmer household's behaviors of using chemical components, the empirical results indicated significantly negative correlations between farmer households'participation in the tea production training and their behaviors using the chemical components in tea plantations. The farmer households who had participated in the training used significantly less chemicals than those who hadn't. Meanwhile, farmer households'tea planting experience and their participation in the training had an interactive function and effect on their behaviors using the chemical components.
4. The analyses of the farmers'demand for training indicated that farmers had a strong desire to participate in the training and expected more chances of being trained. Most farmers thought t the most ideal location for training was in their town, secondly in their village and then in their county. The most popular trainers by farmers were tea experts and professors, followed by the local crackajacks at tea planting, technicians in tea enterprises and technicians in the agricultural technical extension station in a county or a town. The most popular training forms by farmers were lecture and field demonstration, followed by consultation, technical publicity materials, and TV and interne. In terms of training duration, farmers preferred "short, easy and speedy" trainings, commonly within 3 days. In terms of training timing, famers favored slack seasons or in tea-growing seasons based on technical demand. In terms of training level, farmers preferred the short-term training, and then the certificated training. In terms of training cost, farmers would not accept high payment. Most farmers expected free charge and only a small portion of farmers were willing to accept the payments of less than 200 RMB. There is a wide demand by tea growers for onsite training in respect to key production techniques, but with severely short offer. This problem cannot be solved efficiently through the market mechanism in a short term and necessary intervention and support from the government departments are needed.
To solve the food pollution and ensure safe agricultural production, farmer training is a main approach and should be strengthened in both intensity and scope. In the end, several suggestion and advices were made in this thesis, including intensifying the demand-targeting mechanisms for farmer training, putting special emphasis on training of core farmer households, diversifying the forms of training, properly arranging the time of training, strengthening the financial support, shortening the regional disparity, setting up and perfecting the scientific and technical training systems and the incentive and constraint mechanisms for fanners, and promoting the legislation and construction of various systems for farmer training in due time.
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