摘要
甘肃地处我国内陆腹地,黄土高原、内蒙古高原、青藏高原及西秦岭、祁连山、阿尔金山等山脉横亘展布,构成了甘肃独特的地貌格局;东部季风区、西北干旱区和青藏高寒区分异叠交组成多样的气候类型;黄河、长江、内陆河形成的内外流域,显示了不同的水文环境;成因复杂、种类繁多、工程特性各异的岩土类型,丰富多样的植被种类,构成甘肃极富特色的自然环境条件,造就了非常显著的时空地域差异。公路作为一种修筑于自然环境中的人工建筑物,将展布与穿越不同的地域单元,无论在建设期间,还是在运营管理阶段,将不断受到自然环境条件的影响和作用,同时,公路建设及建筑物也反作用于自然环境,特别对生态环境相对比较脆弱的甘肃,更应该引起公路建设者的关注。
本文借鉴自然区划的理论及部分原理、方法,采用地理信息系统(GIS)为技术平台,利用甘肃省公路区划的部分研究成果,通过环境指标及分区的研究认识和揭示甘肃自然条件地域分异规律,剖析与掌握自然要素之间,公路建设与自然环境之间相互联系、相互制约的内在机理,摸清不同地域自然资源的数量及特性,为公路建设服务。
通过六要素确定的公路工程困难程度指数,说明不同地域的自然条件对公路勘察设计、公路施工及养护等的影响程度或具体设计、施工及养护等的难易程度;通过对公路建设影响较大的气候因子的分析与计算,确定各类不利气候系数,为公路建设宏观决策服务;根据公路建设的要求及岩土材料的工程特性,确定岩土的可利用指数,为具体公路工程建设项目的设计、施工、养护服务;依据对路基坡面冲刷影响较大的4类自然要素的分析与计算,确定坡面径流(或冲刷)强度指数,为公路建设主管部门进行宏观决策、投资控制、设计审查等提供基础依据,同时为公路网规划、设计、施工、养护等提供基础数据;通过甘肃省对公路建设影响较大的7种地质灾害的分析和计算,确定公路地质灾害综合灾度指数,为甘肃公路规划、设计、施工、养护、防灾减灾等提供科学依据。
开展公路自然环境指标及分区研究,不仅是对公路自然区划的进一步深化和发展,而且对公路建设具有重要的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,并且具有积极的理论意义。
Gansu province locates in inland China. The unique geomorphology of Gansu province consists of the loess plateau, Inner Mongolia plateau, Tibetan plateau, western Qinling, Qilian mountain and Arjin mountain. Eastern monsoon areas, northwest arid areas and Tibetan high-cold region present various climate types in Gansu province. Internal and external flow composed of Yellow river, Yangtze river and inland river presents various hydrologic environment. There are also many kinds of geotechnical materials with complex genesis and different engineering characteristics and rich vegetations in Gansu province. All these form the natural environment of Gansu province and also bring up significant time-space and regional difference. As artificial works constructed in natural environment, highway passes various regional units. The highway is affected by natural environment during both construction and service stage. At the same time the construction of highway will affect natural environment, especially the vulnerable ecological environment of Gansu province which requires sufficient attention.
Referring to the theories and methods of natural zoning the author reveals the regional differentiation rules of natural conditions in Gansu province on the base of exploration of environment parameters and zoning using GIS and the partial reseach results of natural zoning for Gansu highway. The internal mechanism of interconnection and mutual restriction among natural factors and between highway construction and natural environment is analyzed. Amount and properties of natural resources of different regions are revealed, which is helpful to highway construction.
Difficulty degree index of highway determined using six factors represents the influence of natural conditions in different region on highway survey and design, construction and maintenance. According to analyzing and calculating climatic factors which have great influence on highway construction, disadvantage climatic factor is determined for macro-decision of highway construction. According to requirement of highway construction and engineering characteristics of geotechnical materials, utilization index of geotechnical materials is determined for the design, construction and maintenance of highway. According to analyzing and calculating four types of natural factors which have great influence on scouring of subgrade slope, slope runoff index is determined for basis of macro-decision, investment control and design inspection of department in charge of highway construction. And the slope runoff index is also the basis data for highway net planning, design, construction and maintenance. According to analyzing and calculating seven types of geological disaster which have great influence on highway construction, disaster degree index is determined for highway net planning, design, construction, maintenance, disaster prevention and reduction in Gansu province.
The study on natural environment indices parameters and zoning of highway is the deepening and development of natural zoning for highway. And it also has important economic, social and environmental benefits and positive theoretical significance on highway construction.
引文
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