摘要
管壳式换热器在化工、动力、石油、冶金等许多领域有着重要的应用。传统光滑管换热器换热速率低，传热存在限度。采用强化传热技术则可以弥补这一不足，按是否需要外力，传热强化技术分为主动强化与被动强化。被动强化由于可靠性高，操作能耗低，结构简单而更为广泛的应用，在众多被动强化传热技术中，粗糙管与管内插入物是比较常见且实用的强化技术。粗糙管可以依靠肋结构促进近壁区的传热，但难以进一步强化主流区的传热；插入物通过置换管内中心区与近壁区的流体，提高管内的传热速率。粗糙管与插入物的配合，则可以充分利用两者的协同效应，使近壁区和中心区达到协同的复合强化传热，这对获得高效的传热性能有重要意义。
结合数值模拟，首先分析了内插旋流片的缩放管管内的局部温度场与速度场，发现旋流片产生的自旋流容易衰减，层流的强化传热机理与湍流时相异。然后基于高粘度流体的有效传热温差特性，对光滑管、内插旋流片的光滑管、缩放管、内插旋流片的缩放管四种流道内的传热温差、有效传热系数、热流密度及温差利用率进行了分析。结果表明，旋流片通过流体置换，均化流场，在有旋流片段可通过提高有效传热温差与有效传热系数的双重途径强化传热，在旋流片下游可继续依靠有效传热温差的缓变特性继续维持较高的传热速率。缩放管则通过粗糙肋面的微距置换与破坏热边界的发展，提高了有效传热系数与有效传热温差。当旋流片与缩放管配合时，可充分发挥两者的协同效应，使热阻分布趋于合理，弥补了单纯采用缩放管只能对近壁区传热强化而无法促进中心区对流传热的缺点，使近壁区和中心区产生互补的协同传热强化。
以90%甘油为工质，实验研究了层流条件下，光滑管和缩放管内分别插入不同结构形式的旋流片时的传热和流阻性能。结果表明实验条件范围内，小扭率，大旋转角及多的旋流片个数有利于传热综合性能的提高；层流时，相对光滑管，缩放管空管，光滑管内插旋流片，缩放管内插旋流片的传热综合性能都得到改善。
采用数值模拟对内插双扭带的缩放管进行了数值模拟，并与经验公式进行了验证。考察了一系列结构参数对缩放管空管与内插双扭带的缩放管传热与流动特性的影响。结果表明，缩放管通过在扩张段产生横向涡，作用于收缩段，提高近壁区流体的湍流强度，从而使传热强化，而缩放管与双扭带的配合使用，则可以同时发挥横向涡与纵向涡的叠加优势，尽可能的提高传热速率。虽然缩放管加双扭带的复合强化传热技术的传热综合因子低于对应的缩放管空管，但是仍大于1，仍是一种高效的强化传热方法。
以硫酸工业中吸收工序中的98%硫酸为研究工质，分析了不同流态、旋流片结构参数对98%硫酸强化传热的影响。结果表明，热态跟冷态的规律相似，小扭率有利于层流传热综合性能的提高，大扭率有利于湍流传热综合性能的提高。层流时，内插旋流片的缩放管对场协同改善显著，而湍流时不及层流明显。
实验研究了以水为工质时横纹管与缩放管的传热与流动特性，数值分析了不同肋高与肋型对横纹管传热与流动特性的影响，在恒壁温条件下，对缩放管的结构参数进行了优化。结果表明，横纹管的传热速率大于缩放管，但是阻力亦大于缩放管，因此其传热综合性能反而不如缩放管。横纹管的传热速率对低肋高较为敏感，而阻力特性对高肋高更为敏感。在横纹管内肋上镶嵌外凸肋能有效抑制流动分离，提高局部传热速率，因而从总体上提高传热综合性能。节距长度、肋高与节距比对缩放管传热综合性能都有较大影响，在可实施的结构参数范围内提升了缩放管的传热综合性能。
Shell and tube heat exchangers are widely used in many fields, such as chemicalengineering, power engineering, petroleum and metallurgy industries. Traditional plain tubeused in many heat exchangers has the shortage of low heat transfer which leads to poorthermal performance. However, the techniques of heat transfer enhancement can overcomethis shortcoming. According to whether external power is needed, the techniques for heattransfer enhancement can be divided into two categories. One is the active strengtheningtechnique and the other is the passive one. Due to its less energy consumption, easieroperation and higher reliability, the passive strengthening techniques are more commonlyused in the engineering. Among these passive strengthening techniques, rough tubes and tubeinserts are practical and popular. Rough tubes can improve heat transfer in the near-wall zoneby employing the rough rib structure, but it can’t further improve heat transfer in themainstream zone. Tube inserts can improve heat transfer by mixing fluid between the nearwall zone and mainstream zone. The coordination of these two heat transfer enhancementtechniques can make full use of their advantage, improving heat transfer in both near wallzone and mainstream zone, which has a great significance to acquire a higher efficient thermalperformance.
The local temperature and velocity field in the converging-diverging tube (CD) fitted withthe evenly spaced twisted tapes (ESTT) is discussed firstly via numerical simulation. It isfound that the self-sustaining flow tend to decay swift, which indicates that a heat transfermechanism different from that in turbulent flow. Based on the characteristic of effective heattransfer temperature difference (EHTT), the characteristics of temperature, effective heattransfer coefficient (EHTC), heat flux and temperature utilization ratio in the plain tube, plaintube fitted with the ESTT, CD and CD fitted with the ESTT are investigated. The obtainedresults show that the ESTT can enhance both EHTT and EHTC in the section with ESTT andcan maintain a higher heat transfer rate by using the slowly varying characteristic of EHTTdownstream of ESTT. For bare CD, it can improve EHTT and EHTC by rough rib withdestroying the development of thermal boundary layer and microspur replacement. When theESTT is used simultaneously with the CD, it creates a synergy of compound heat transfer enhancement in the near wall zone and the mainstream zone.
Laminar heat transfer and flow characteristics by using90%glycerol as working fluid areexperimentally performed in the plain tube and CD fitted with ESTT, respectively. It is foundthat under investigated experimental conditions the ESTTs with smaller twisted ratio, biggerrotation angle and short gap distance are in favor of improving thermal performance.Compared with the plain tube, the thermal performances of CD, plain tube fitted with ESTTand CD fitted with ESTT are improved.
Turbulent heat transfer and flow characteristics by using water as working fluid in the CDfitted with twin twisted tapes are investigated. First, the model is verified with the publishedliteratures. Second, a series of geometric parameters of the bare CD and CD fitted with twintwisted tapes are performed. The results show that the CD can improve heat transfer byemploying a pair of transverse vortices in the converging section. The cooperation of CD withtwin twisted tapes can exploit the superimposed advantage from transverse vortices andlongitudinal vortices to improve heat transfer. Although the CDs fitted with twin twisted tapeshave a lower thermal performance than their counterparts of bare CDs, their overall thermalperformances are greater than unity.
A numerical study is implemented to analyze the heat transfer and fluid flowcharacteristic of98%sulfuric acid based on an industrial background of absorption process insulfuric acid industry. The results indicate that CD fitted with ESTT has a better overallthermal performance than bare CD under laminar flow, but has a lower overall thermalperformance than bare CD under turbulent flow. Small twist ratio of ESTT is more efficient toimprove overall thermal performance under laminar flow but large twist ratio is more efficientunder turbulent flow.
Heat transfer and flow characteristics of transverse groove tube (TG) and CD by usingwater as working fluid are experimentally investigated. Effects of different rib height and ribtype on the heat transfer and flow behaviors of TG are numerically analyzed. Moreover, underconstant temperature condition, the geometric parameters of CD are optimized. It is foundthat the heat transfer coefficient of TG is higher than that of CD, but its flow resistance is alsohigher than its counterpart. Hence, the overall thermal performance of TG is lower than thatof CD. The heat transfer of TG is more sensitive to the cases with lower rib height; however, the flow characteristic tends to be opposite. It is discovered that by mounting outwarddirection rib on the inward rib the flow separation of ribs can be effectively suppressed andthe local heat transfer on ribs can be improved, resulting in a better overall thermalperformance. Pitch length, rib height and pitch ratio have great influence on the overallthermal performance of CD. With the optimization the thermal performance of CD can beenhanced under available geometric parameters.
引文
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