摘要
根据U8*(85)均匀设计表设计3因素8水平的试验,选用起始体重为10.08±0.49kg、30.07±0.73kg和59.96±0.83kg(分别对应10-30kg、30-60kg、60-90kg3个试验阶段)的湘村黑猪阉公猪各48头,随机分为8个处理组,每组6个重复,每个重复1头猪,进行了饲养试验和比较屠宰试验,分别从生长性能、胴体性状、肉品质、血液生化指标、肉品质、消化道酶活性、肠道粘膜形态和基因表达等方面研究日粮蛋白质、赖氨酸和磷对湘村黑猪的营养生理效应以及其适宜需要量。主要结果如下：
1湘村黑猪不同生长阶段营养需求参数研究
通过研究日粮蛋白质、赖氨酸及磷相对于湘村黑猪各生长阶段的生长性能的定量关系,以确定湘村黑猪适宜的蛋白质、赖氨酸及磷的需要量。结果表明,湘村黑猪10-30kg阶段得到最佳生长性能预测值时(平均日增重0.48kg/d,饲料转换率2.58F/G),三个日粮营养因子组合为蛋白质17.18%、赖氨酸0.90%、磷0.56%；30-60kg阶段得到最佳生长性能预测值时(平均日增重0.68kg/d,饲料转换率2.97F/G),三因子组合为蛋白质15.84%、赖氨酸0.79%、磷0.52%；60-90kg阶段得到最佳生长性能预测值时(平均日增重0.77kg/d,饲料转换率3.60F/G),三因子组合为蛋白质13.74%、赖氨酸0.68%、磷0.47%；除了30-60kg和60-90kg阶段的磷需求量稍高于中国瘦肉猪饲养标准,湘村黑猪的三因子需要量和生长性能较中国瘦肉猪饲养标准低；三因子中,日粮蛋白质水平对湘村黑猪平均日增重的影响较大,日粮赖氨酸水平对饲料转化率的影响较大。
2不同日粮营养因子对湘村黑猪胴体性状以及肉品质影响研究
通过研究蛋白质、赖氨酸及磷与育肥后期(60-90kg)湘村黑猪的胴体性状和肉品质相关指标的相互作用和关系,探讨不同营养因子对湘村黑猪胴体性状和肉品质的影响大小以及获得最优胴体性状指标时的三因子需要量。结果表明,60-90kg阶段湘村黑猪取得最佳胴体性状指标预测值时(屠宰率72.50%,瘦肉率56.40%,背膘厚26.58mm,眼肌面积32.15cm2,后腿比例28.70%),三个营养因子组合为蛋白质15.60%,赖氨酸0.61%,磷0.35%；三因子对湘村黑猪胴体性状、肉品质和肉成分影响呈曲线变化,有些呈明显的抛物线状变化趋势,因子之间的交互作用对肉品质和肉成分指标呈现出较大影响；蛋白质对胴体性状指标和肉成分指标的影响较大,而磷对湘村黑猪肉品质指标有重要影响。
3不同日粮营养因子对湘村黑猪血液生化指标以及激素水平影响研究
通过研究日粮蛋白质、赖氨酸及磷与湘村黑猪各生长阶段的血液生化指标和激素水平的相关关系,探讨不同营养因子对湘村黑猪不同阶段的血液生化指标的影响大小。结果表明,10-30kg阶段：日粮蛋白质水平与血清AST含量极显著正相关(P<0.01),与血清UREA含量显著正相关(P<0.05)；日粮赖氨酸水平与血清AST含量显著正相关(P<0.05)；日粮磷水平与血清AST含量极显著负相关(P<0.01),与TC含量显著显著负相关(P<0.05),与P含量显著正相关(P<0.05)；30-60kg段：日粮蛋白质水平与血清TC和UREA含量极显著正相关(P<0.01),与TP显著正相关(P<0.05)；日粮赖氨酸水平与血清Ca含量显著负相关(P<0.05)；日粮磷水平与TC和P含量显著正相关(P<0.05)；60-90kg阶段：日粮蛋白质水平与血清各指标偏相关性均不显著；日粮赖氨酸水平与血清Glu显著负相关(P<0.05)；日粮磷水平与血清Ca含量显著负相关(P<0.05)。不同阶段试验结果综合分析表明,随着湘村黑猪日龄的增长,机体发育日趋成熟,日粮营养因子对血液生化指标的影响程度的显著性有所下降。
除30-60kg阶段日粮TP与血清T3的含量显著负相关(P<0.05)外,日粮营养水平与血清激素偏相关性都不显著。10-30kg阶段除Lys与IGF-1负相关外,营养因子与相关激素都呈正相关；30-60kg阶段,CP和TP与INS、T3、T4呈现负相关,Lys与T3、T4负相关,其余正相关；60-90kg阶段3因子与GH和T4负相关,并且Lys与INS呈现负相关,其余正相关。日粮营养水平对湘村黑猪幼龄阶段的生长相关激素有重要的正相关作用,而随着日龄的增长,日粮营养因子对生长相关激素的正相关作用程度有所下降。
4不同日粮营养因子对湘村黑猪消化酶以及肠道粘膜形态影响研究
通过研究日粮蛋白质、赖氨酸及磷与湘村黑猪消化酶活性和肠道粘膜形态的相关关系,探讨不同营养因子对湘村黑猪消化生理的影响大小。结果表明,日粮蛋白质与胰脏蛋白酶显著正相关(P<0.05),与空肠蔗糖酶含量极显著正相关(P<0.01),与肠道其它酶活性相关性不显著；日粮营养因子对消化酶影响效应的大小顺序：对胰脏蛋白酶含量影响为CP>Lys>TP；对胰脏淀粉酶含量影响为TP>CP>Lys;对胰脂肪酶影响为Lys>CP>TP;对空肠麦芽糖酶为TP>CP> Lys;对空肠蔗糖酶为CP>TP>Lys;对回肠麦芽糖酶为CP>Lys>TP;对回肠蔗糖酶为Lys>TP>CP.
日粮蛋白质和磷与空肠隐窝深度显著正相关(P<0.05),日粮赖氨酸水平与回肠绒毛高度显著正相关(P<0.05)。日粮营养因子对肠道形态影响效应的大小顺序：对十二指肠绒毛高度影响为CP>TP>Lys;对十二指肠隐窝深度影响为Lys>TP>CP;三因子对空肠绒毛高度影响大小十分相近；对空肠隐窝深度影响为CP> Lys>TP；对回肠绒毛高度影响为Lys>TP>CP；对回肠隐窝深度影响为Lys> TP>CP.
5不同日粮营养因子对湘村黑猪生长以及肉品质相关基因表达影响研究
通过研究日粮蛋白质、赖氨酸及磷与湘村黑猪相关基因表达量之间的关系,探讨不同营养因子对湘村黑猪生长和肉质相关基因的影响大小。结果表明,IGF-1基因表达量与ADG极显著正相关(P<0.01),与肉中的总氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量显著正相关(P<0.05),与FCR显著负相关(P<0.05),相关系数的大小表明,湘村黑猪IGF-1基因对生长性能有较大影响,并且IGF-1基因表达量的上升能使得肌肉中氨基酸含量提高；H-FABP基因表达量与生长性能、胴体性状以及肉品质指标均相关不显著,相关系数表明,H-FABP基因相对来说对机体的脂肪沉积影响较大；MSTN基因表达量与瘦肉率、眼肌面积、总氨基酸以及鲜味氨基酸极显著负相关(P<0.01),与屠宰率显著负相关(P<0.05),与肌内脂肪显著正相关(P<0.05)。
日粮蛋白质水平与肝脏和背最长肌中IGF-1基因表达量正相关,与H-FABP. MSTN基因表达量负相关,而日粮CP水平与背最长肌中MSTN表达显著负相关(P<0.05),因此适当提高日粮CP有利于湘村黑猪的生长和瘦肉的沉积；日粮Lys水平与肝脏和背最长肌中ICF-1、H-FABP基因表达量正相关,与MSTN基因表达量负相关,即日粮中Lys具有全面和综合的作用,适当提高日粮Lys水平对湘村黑猪的生长和肉品质都是有利的；日粮中TP与肝脏和背最长肌中的所测3个基因都呈正相关,即日粮中TP的适当提高有利于促进黑猪生长发育,能在—定程度上加快体脂肪的沉积,但是TP水平过高可影响到机体瘦肉的沉积。
综上所述,日粮蛋白质、赖氨酸和磷对湘村黑猪生长性能、血液生化指标、激素水平、消化酶活性、肠道粘膜形态以及相关基因的表达等多方都有不同程度的影响。为达到湘村黑猪最佳生长性能预测值,日粮三营养因子推荐量为：10-30kg阶段为蛋白质17.18%、赖氨酸0.90%、磷0.56%；30-60kg阶段为蛋白质15.84%、赖氨酸0.79%、磷0.52%；60-90kg阶段为蛋白质13.74%、赖氨酸0.68%、磷0.47%。在育肥后期(60-90kg)取得最佳胴体性状指标预测值时,日粮三营养因子组合为蛋白质15.60%、赖氨酸0.61%、磷0.35%。
According to the uniform design Ug*(85), the experiment took crude protein(CP), lysine(Lys) and total phosphorus(TP) as three factors and set eight levels. The experiment was divided into10-30kg,30-60kg,60-90kg three phases based on physiological characteristics of Xiangcun black pig. In each stage, forty eight Xiangcun black barrows with approximate initial weight (10.08±0.49) kg,(30.07±0.73) kg and (59.96±0.83) kg were selected, which were randomly divided into eight treatment groups with six replicates per treatment group and one Xiangcun black pig per replicate. The study was conducted to study the nutrient requirement and nutritive physiological effects of dietary nuterents in Xiangcun black pig by determing related growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, blood biochemical index, hormone, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal mucosal morphology and gene expression.The main results were as follows.
Experiment1was conducted to study the quantitative relation model between the nutrient requirement and growth performance of Xiangcun black pig in different growth phases. The results showed that, except the TP requirement of Xiangcun black pig in30-60kg and60-90kg stage, requirement of three nutrient factors was lower than recommended requirement of China Feeding Standard of Swine. The best growth performance of Xiangcun black pig was obtained when the optimum combination of the three factors was CP17.18%, Lys0.90%, TP0.56%in10-30kg stage(ADG0.48kg/d,FCR2.58F/G), CP15.84%, Lys0.79%, TP0.52%in30-60kg stage (ADG0.68kg/d,FCR2.97F/G), CP13.74%,Lys0.68%, TP0.47%in60-90kg stage(ADG0.77kg/d,FCR3.60F/G). The experiment also showed that CP was the most important factor to ADG and Lys was the most important factor to FCR.
Experiment2was conducted to study the effect of different dietary nuterents on the carcass traits and meat quality in Xiangcun black pig. The aim was to investigate the influence degree of different dietary nuterents on carcass traits and meat quality and optimum nutrient requirement (60-90kg) for the best carcass traits. The results showed that, the best carcass traits (dressing percentage72.50%, lean meat percentage56.40%, back fat thickness26.58mm, eye muscle area32.15cm2, ham percentage,28.70%) of Xiangcun black pig was obtained when the optimum combination of the three factors was CP15.60%, Lys0.61%, TP0.35%. The effect of different dietary nuterents on the carcass traits and meat quality in Xiangcun black pig showed a curvilinear even parabolaa chang. The interaction between three different dietary nuterents had great effect on carcass traits and meat components. The experiment also showed that CP was the most important factor to carcass traits and meat components, and Lys the most important factor to meat quality.
Experiment3was conducted to study the correlation of different dietary nuterents on blood biochemical index and hormone in Xiangcun black pig. The aim was to investigate the influence degree of different dietary nuterents on blood biochemical index and hormone in different growth phases. The results showed that, in10-30kg stage the dietary CP level was very significantly positively correlated with the serum AST (P<0.01), significantly positively correlated with serum UREA (P<0.05); the dietary Lys level was significantly positively correlated with serum AST (P<0.05); the dietary TP level was very significantly negatively correlated with the serum AST (P<0.01), significantly negatively correlated with serum TC (P<0.05), significantly positively correlated with serum P (P<0.05).In30-60kg stage the dietary CP level was very significantly positively correlated with the serum TC and UREA (P<0.01), significantly positively correlated with the serum TP (P<0.05); the dietary Lys level was significantly negatively correlated with serum Ca (P<0.05); the dietary TP level was very significantly negatively correlated with the serum TC and TP (P<0.01). In60-90kg stage no significant partial correlation was observed between the dietary CP level and serum biochemical indices;the dietary Lys level was significantly negatively correlated with the serum Glu (P<0.05); the dietary TP level was significantly negatively correlated with the serum Ca (P<0.05). Comprehensive analysis of experimental results of different stages showed that the significant of influence between different dietary nuterents and blood biochemical index became weaker along with the growth of Xiangcun black pig.
No significant partial correlation was observed between the dietary nuterents and serum hormone except that the dietary TP level was significantly negatively correlated with the serum T3(P<0.05). In10-30kg stage the dietary nuterents were positively correlated with the serum hormone except that the dietary Lys level was negatively correlated with the serum IGF-1; In30-60kg stage there were negative correlation between the dietary CP, TP level and serum INS, T3, T4, as well as between the dietary Lys level and serum T3, T4. The others showed a positive correlation basically; In60-90kg stage the dietary nuterents were negatively correlated with the serum GH, T4as well as between the dietary Lys level and serum INS. The others showed a positive correlation basically. Comprehensive analysis of experimental results of different stages showed that the positive correlation of influence between different dietary nuterents and hormone became weaker along with the growth of Xiangcun black pig.
Experiment4was conducted to study the correlation of different dietary nuterents on digestive enzyme activity, intestinal mucosal morphology in Xiangcun black pig. The aim was to investigate the effect of different dietary nuterents on Digestive physiology. The results showed that, the dietary CP level was significantly positively correlated with trypsin (P<0.05), very significantly positively correlated with the sucrase in jejunum (P<0.05), not significantly correlated with other digestive enzyme. The influence extent of dietary nuterents on digestive enzyme were CP>Lys>TP on trypsin, TP>CP>Lys on amylopsin, Lys>CP>TP on pancrelipase, TP> CP>Lys on maltase in jejunum, CP>TP>Lys on sucrase in jejunum, CP>Lys> TP on maltase in ileum, Lys>TP>CP on sucrase in ileum.
The dietary CP and TP level were significantly positively correlated with crypt depth in jejunum (P<0.05). The dietary Lys level was ignificantly positively correlated with villus height in ileum (P<0.05). The influence extent of dietary nuterents on intestinal morphology were CP>TP>Lys on villus height in duodenum, Lys>TP>CP on crypt depth in duodenum, CP>Lys>TP on crypt depth in jejunum, Lys>TP>CP villus height in ileum, Lys>TP>CP on crypt depth in ileum and the influence extent of dietary nuterents on villus height in jejunum were almost the same. Comprehensive analysis of experimental results showed that, digestive enzyme secretion and activity were increasing along with addition of nutrition, and CP was the most important factor to digestive enzyme. Increasing addition of nutrition was propitious to villous height as well as crypt depth decreased in duodenum and increased in jejunum.
Experiment5was conducted to study the the relation between different dietary nuterents and the gene expression in Xiangcun black pig. The aim was to investigate the influence degree of different dietary nuterents on the growth performance and meat quality gene expression. The results showed that, IGF-1gene expression was very significantly positively correlated with ADG (P<0.01), significantly positively correlated with the total amino acid and flavor amino acid in lean (P<0.05), significantly negatively correlated with FCR (P<0.05). The values of the correlation coefficient showed that IGF-1gene was a important factor to growth performance and IGF-1gene expressive increased the amino acid in lean. No significant correlation was observed between H-FABP gene expression and the index of growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality. The values of the correlation coefficient showed that H-FABP gene was a important factor to fat deposition. MSTN gene expression was very significantly negatively correlated with lean meat percentage, eye muscle area, the total amino acid and flavor amino acid in lean (P<0.01), significantly negatively correlated with dressing percentage (P<0.05), significantly positively correlated with intramuscular fat (P<0.05). Comprehensive analysis of experimental results showed that, IGF-1was a important gene to growth performance; H-FABP was a important gene to fat deposition; MSTN was a important gene to lean and amino acid deposition.
The dietary CP level was positively correlated with. IGF-1and negatively correlated with H-FABP and MSTN (P<0.05) in liver and longissimus muscle; The dietary Lys was positively correlated with ICF-1and H-FABP, and negatively correlated with MSTN; The dietary TP was positively correlated with ICF-1, H-FABP and MSTN.
In conclusion, dietary nutrition factors influenced production performance of Xiangcun black pig in some ways such as blood biochemical index, hormone, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal mucosal morphology and gene expression. The best growth performance of Xiangcun black pig was obtained when the optimum combination of the three factors was CP17.18%, Lys0.90%,TP0.56%in10-30kg stage, CP.15.84%, Lys0.79%,TP0.52%in30-60kg stage, CP13.74%,Lys0.68%,TP0.47%in60-90kg stage. The best carcass traits of Xiangcun black pig was obtained when the optimum combination of the three factors was CP15.60%, Lys0.61%,TP0.35%in60-90kg stage.
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