摘要
城市化是区域气候和生态环境发生改变的根源和背景，它导致了诸如大气污染、生态失衡、城市热环境异常等一系列环境与生态问题。其中以城市热环境问题尤为突出，它将成为今后城市可持续发展和人居环境质量改善的严重阻碍。针对上述问题，本文以西部中等城市—四川省绵阳市为典型案例，在GIS技术的支持下，以多源遥感影像为主要数据源，揭示绵阳年际、季节和昼夜不同时间尺度上城市热环境的时空演变规律，定量分析不同城市景观的热环境效应。论文的主要研究内容和取得的主要研究成果如下：
（1）完成地表温度反演模型的评述与选择，为热环境的分析奠定数据基础。
地表温度是表征城市热环境状况的有效指标，其反演精度的好坏将直接决定后续分析成果的可靠性。对比分析AVHRR和TM/ETM+遥感数据地表温度反演的主流模型，分别选择劈窗算法和基于影像的算法完成AVHRR和TM/ETM+数据的地表温度反演工作。
（2）联合Landsat TM/ETM+与NOAA/AVHRR遥感数据，揭示绵阳城市热环境年际、季节及昼夜演化特征。
①以TM/ETM+遥感影像为数据源，借鉴景观生态学理论，运用均值标准差法将热力景观划分为5类。然后选择景观格局指数对各景观斑块的年际变化(1988~2011年)和季节变化进行统计分析。景观破碎度等4个指数均反映出在1988~2001年间，热力景观破坏程度最大，在2001~2011年间热力景观破坏程度有所缓和；另外，春、秋和冬三个季节中热力景观破坏程度由大到小的顺序依次为秋季、冬季和春季。
②运用重心理论构建重心转移距离和转移角度模型，研究城市重心及热力重心的演变特征。结果表明：在年际变化中二者表现出极强的相关性，23年间城市重心的转移方向依次为：北偏西方向→南偏西方向→南偏东方向；高温斑块重心的转移方向依次为：北偏西方向→正西方向→南偏东方向，次高温斑块重心的转移方向依次为：北偏西方向→南偏西方向→南偏西方向。由此说明，城市扩展是城市热环境空间变化的主要驱动力。热力重心在春、秋、冬三个季节演变规律如下：高温斑块为北偏东方向→南偏东方向，次高温斑块为正西方向→南偏西方向。
③运用城乡平均温度对比法和热岛面积指数法计算出四个年度(1988年、2001年、2007年和2011年)5月份城市热岛强度值分别为3.65℃、1.77℃、1.07℃和0.55℃，表明23年间绵阳市5月份热岛效应呈现减弱的趋势；计算春、秋、冬三个季节热岛强度值分别为1.77℃、0.78℃和0.94℃，表明在所选时段内绵阳市春季热岛效应最强，冬季次之，秋季最弱。
④沿W-E方向和N-S方向做剖面分析发现，地表温度与城市下垫面性质、人口密度和城市功能分区密切相关。水体和绿地均对应相对较低的温度值。
⑤以AVHRR影像为数据源，借鉴景观生态学理论，运用密度分割法将绵阳热力景观划分为8类。分析城市热场和热岛强度的昼夜演变特征，结果表明：上午、正午和下午均存在多个强热中心，分别位于永兴镇、高新区、涪城老区或经济技术开发区；傍晚、夜间和凌晨仅有的一个强热中心出现在涪城老区，强热中心面积大小不一。由于水体的热惯量较大，白天涪江和安昌河升温较慢，对强热中心起分割作用；晚上两条河流降温较慢，促使热中心连接成为一个整体。热岛强度方面：夜间的热岛强度大于白天，并且一天内热岛强度值变化从大到小的顺序依次是凌晨、夜间、傍晚、下午和上午。
（3）河流廊道、城市绿地和城市公园三种典型城市景观的热环境效应研究。
分析了河流廊道景观、城市绿地景观和城市公园景观的热环境效应。总体而言，三者均存在明显的降温作用，但降温效果差异较大。其中河流对周围环境降温效果最明显。对地温和NDVI做剖面分析发现，除水体外二者呈显著负相关关系。对各景观类型斑块的平均温度统计结果为：林地的温度最低，道路的温度最高；城市绿地的降温效果与绿地斑块的面积、周长、形状指数成正比。通过对斑块面积和平均温差回归分析发现，绿地斑块面积为2hm2左右时降温效果最佳。在面积不变的前提下，形状越复杂降温效果越明显；城市公园景观的降温效果不但与公园斑块的面积有关，与公园景观类型组成亦存在较大相关性，乔木、灌木和人工草坪等级配合理的城市公园景观降温效果好。
（4）城市热环境演变的驱动机制与对策探讨。
将城市热环境演变的成因归结于下垫面性质改变、人为热能的排放和大气污染三个方面。因此，改善城市热环境提高居民生活质量，必须控制城市化速度，保护自然植被，倡导低碳生活，减少人为热能和有污染的气体的排放量。
Urbanization is the background and root of regional climate and ecologicalenvironment change, which results in numerous ecology and environment problemssuch as atmospheric pollution, ecology unbalance, abnormal of urban thermalenvironment and so on. And urban thermal environment is an increasingly prominentissue, which will become a serious impediment for urban sustainable developmentand residents’ living quality improving in the future. Aiming at these problems, thispaper takes the western medium-sized city—Mianyang city in Sichuan province as thetypical case, it reports the space–time evolution laws of urban thermal environmentunder the different time scales of inter-annual, season and diurnal based on the GIStechnology and multi-source remote sensing data, and also analyses the thermalenvironment effect of different urban landscape quantitatively. Main researches of thispaper are the following.
(1) The retrieval models of land surface temperature are commented and chosen,which provide data support for analysis thermal environment.
Land surface temperature is an effective indicator for charactering the thermalenvironment situation, its retrieval precision will decide the dependability of analysisresults directly. After comparative analysis the mainstream models of land surfacetemperature retrieval for the remote sensing data of AVHRR and TM/ETM+, theauthor selects the split window algorithm and algorithm based on imagery to retrieveland surface temperature for AVHRR and TM/ETM+data.
(2) The evolution characteristics of urban thermal environment duringinter-annual, season and diurnal are reported by using Landsat TM/ETM+andNOAA/AVHRR remote sensing data.
①This paper takes TM/ETM+remote sensing images as data source, and useslandscape ecology theories and mean-standard deviation method to classify thethermodynamic landscape into five patterns. Then the author selects the landscapepattern indexes to count and analyse the change of landscape patches during inter- annual (1988~2011) and season. The thermodynamic landscape is destroyed seriouslyduring1988and2001, but this situation gets eased during2001and2011, which arereflected by four indexes including landscape fragment and so on. Furthermore, thedestruction extent of thermodynamic landscape is more serious in winter than spring,but better than autumn.
②The changes of urban centroid and thermal centroid are all researched bybuilding the models of diversion distance and diversion direction on the centroidtheory. The results show that urban centroid and thermal centroid have stronglycorrelation with inter-annual change, during23years, the diversion direction of urbancentroid is northwest→southwest→southeast, the diversion direction of hightemperature patches centroid is northwest→west→southeast, the diversion directionof sub-high temperature patches centroid is northwest→southwest→southwest.Therefore urban expansion is the main driving force for changes of urban thermalenvironment. The various laws of thermal centroid among spring, autumn and winterare high temperature patches from northeast to southeast and sub-high temperaturepatches from west to southwest.
③The Urban Heat Island Intensity(UHII) in May of four years(1988,2001,2007,2011) are3.65℃,1.77℃,1.07℃and0.55℃, which are computed by the methods ofurban-Rural mean temperature contrast and heat island area index. It is suggested thatthe Urban Heat Island Effect trend of Mianyang city becomes weaker and weaker inMay during23years. The UHII of Spring, autumn and winter are1.77℃,0.78℃and0.94℃, in this period the winter’s UHII is weaker than spring, but stronger thanautumn.
④After the profile analysis along W-E and N-S directions, the author finds thatthe relationships between land surface temperature and urban underlying surfaceproperties, population density, urban function partition are closely. The temperaturesof water and green are lower.
⑤This paper takes AVHRR remote sensing images as data source, and useslandscape ecology theories and density segmentation to classify the thermodynamiclandscape into eight patterns, which also analyses the changes in diurnal of urbanthermal distribution and UHII. The results show that many thermal centers are locatedin Yongxing town, Gaoxin area, Fucheng area or economic-technologicaldevelopment area in the morning, noon and afternoon. Only one thermal center islocated in Fucheng area in the evening, night and early morning, the area of thermalcenters are different. The water’s thermal inertia is too large, so the temperature ofFujiang river and Anchang river increase slowly in the daytime, two rivers cut apartthe thermal centers. The temperature of Fujiang river and Anchang river reduceslowly at night, they impel thermal centers to be a whole. UHII is stronger at night than daytime, and the UHII from high to low are early morning, night, evening,afternoon, morning in one day,
(3) The thermal environment effect of stream corridors, urban greenbelts andurban parks three typical urban landscape are researched.
The thermal environment effect of stream corridors landscape, urban greenbeltslandscape and urban parks landscape are analysed. In brief, all of them have coolingfunction apparently, but the cooling effect is different. The best cooling effect of thethree is stream. The negative correlation between land surface temperature and NDVIis significantly except the stream by the profile analysis. Statistics of the averagetemperature of landscape pattern patch is that the temperature of woodland is thelowest and the temperature of the road is the highest of all. The relationships betweenthe cooling effect of urban greenbelts and area, perimeter, shape index are in directproportion. The author finds that the best cooling effect of greenbelts landscape area isabout2hm2by regression analysis the landscape area and average temperaturedifference. The shape is more complex, the cooling effect is more obvious. Thecooling effect of urban parks is not only related to the landscape area but also hasrelationship with landscape pattern. The urban parks with reasonable gradation amongarbor, bush, lawn and so on have better cooling effect.
(4) Driving mechanism and countermeasure of urban thermal environmentchange are discussed
Urban underlying surface properties, human heat emission and pollution are thethree main reasons which result in urban thermal environment change. In order toimprove residents’ living quality and thermal environment, we have to control theurbanization speed, protect natural vegetation, advocate low-carbon life, reduce theemissions of human heat and polluted gas.
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