摘要
随着农村经济的发展和农民生活水平的提高,农村的生活能源消费发生了变化,虽然仍以秸秆和薪材为主,但对商品能源的消费总量呈增加趋势,从1980年的人均52kgce提高到2005年的248kgce,提高了3.7倍,农村用能量的激增,无疑将会给我国的能源供应和环境保护带来巨大的压力。因此,因地制宜地开发利用可再生能源,是解决农村能源短缺的有效途径。
生物质成型燃料技术是可再生能源利用技术之一。成型后的燃料,性能得到极大改善,燃烧效率由秸秆直接燃烧的10%-15%,提高到30%-40%;松弛密度在0.7-1.2g/cm`3,适于长期储存和长途运输;从热值方面考虑1t成型燃料相当于0.67t的煤。在江苏省的实际应用中,1t该燃料相当于0.85t煤;生物质成型燃料的燃烧排放出来的CO_2的量比煤减少90%,NO_x排放量仅为燃煤的1/5,SO_2的排放量仅为燃煤的1/10,环境效益显著,是传统生物质燃料和煤的良好替代品,对于农村能源结构调整和缓解能源短缺具有重要的现实意义。
生物质成型燃料的产业化、规模化应用,会拉动相关产业的发展,如:机械制造业、交通运输业、设备维修业等,从而促进当地经济的发展,为农民提供更多的就业机会,增加农民收入,利于农村社会的稳定和社会主义新农村的建设。
当前,我国的成型燃料产业刚刚开始,研究主要集中在技术和设备、燃烧理论、燃烧特性等方面,对于作为农村生活能源在农村地区推广的可行性和适宜性研究较少,诸多影响因素的存在,阻碍了推广进程,使成型燃料的综合效益得不到体现。本文的研究将弥补这些方面的不足,促进成型燃料在农村地区的推广应用。
本文介绍了利益相关者理论和供需理论,运用社会学、经济分析、利益相关者分析等方法,在对成型燃料示范点和燃料生产企业、用户、村委会等详细调研的基础上,对影响成型燃料推广的各种主要因素和涉及到的利益相关者:政府部门、燃料生产企业、农户和村委会等做出深入的分析和研究,以此为基础设计出成型燃料不同发展阶段的推广机制,为成型燃料的可持续发展提供理论和实践依据。
研究结果如下:
1成型燃料取得了良好的示范效果
双庙村农户的实地调研显示,成型燃料确实可以代替秸杆和煤用于农村生活能源,并能减少农民对其他化石燃料的消耗,有助于改善农户的炊事环境和能源结构。
成型燃料的优良性能得到农户的认可,农户满意度高,使用意愿明显。
2技术的进步带来了生产成本的降低
技术的进步使得生产成本降低。在HPB-Ⅲ型成型机的基础上,经过改进后HPB-Ⅳ型成型机的加工成本降低了7.9%。
3设计出成型燃料推广机制
研究表明,成型燃料在农村地区的应用受农户支付能力、企业利润空间等因素的高度制约,仍需要各方面的政策支持。因此,机制应该考虑下列几个方面:
首先,确定适宜的生产规模;其次,满足用户的需求;第三,保证成型燃料生产经营者的合理利润;第四,实现政府预期的社会和生态效益;双庙村的实践表明:村委会职能的发挥对成型燃料的推广应用具有一定的作用,还需要对村委会在成型燃料推广机制中的地位和作用给予考虑。
以此原则为基础,结合不同影响因素的发展趋势以及利益相关者的职责定位,得出不同发展时期的推广机制,为具体的推广工作提供依据。
以煤为主要能源的地区,当民用煤的价格达到成型燃料价格的2倍时,基本可以按市场化运行。所以,成型燃料的推广按产业项目模式运行。但为了鼓励更多的人参与成型燃料的推广,结合国内外能源建设的实践,在不同阶段给予投资者相应数量的投资补贴。
在以秸秆为主要生活能源的贫困地区,需要政府的大力支持。成型燃料的推广按扶贫项目模式进行,除了给予投资者全额补贴外,还要使农户在没有增加燃料支出的前提下获得燃料(即间接补贴农户)。
成型燃料是清洁能源产品,享受免税政策。
With the development of rural economy and the improvement in farmers' living standard, great changes have taken place in energy consumption in rural areas, although straws and branches consist of majority energy consumption for non-production purpose in rural areas, conventional energy consumption see the increasing trend. The amount of energy consumption ranges from 52kgce per capita in 1980 to 248kgce per capita in 2005, which is increased by 3.7 times, which means it has been the important part to influence national energy system. Utilizing renewable energy, combined with the factual resources in different areas, is a useful way to put this condition in control.
SDBF technology is one of renewable energy utilizing technologies, by which combustion efficiency increases from 10%-15% to 30%-40%, relaxed density comes to 0.7-1.2 g/cm~3, then it is easy for transportation and storage. Taking thermal value into consideration, 1t SDBG equals 0.67t coal, but in practice in Jianfsu Province, the number comes to 0.85. Also, compared with coal combustion, its CO_2 emission is reduced by 90%, that of SO_2 is 10%, so environmental benefit is outstanding. All in all SDBF is good substitute of coal.
The industrialization of SDBF is a great promotion to corresponding industries, such as, transportation, equipment-repairing , machinery-making and so on, which will accelerate the development of local economy, hence many positions for farmers are accessible, which do contribute to the stability of rural areas and socialist new county construction. Furthermore, for its outstanding environmental benefit, SDBF is of great importance in the relief of energy shortage and adjustment of energy structure.
SDBF is at the very beginning of popularization, most of studies are focused on technologies, combustion characteristics and theories, that of feasiblity and adaptability of popularization in rural areas are relatively rare, many factors deter the course of industrialization, which tarnish comprehensive benefit of SDBF. Popularization mechanism of SDBF in rural areas will make up shortcoming in this aspect, which does good to the industrialization of SDBF .
Based on supply-demand theory and stakeholder theory, by introducing methods of sociology, economics, stakeholder analysis, this paper deals with influential factors, stakeholders and interactions among them carefully, which prove the way for popularization mechanism design of SDBF, therefore, sustainable development of SDBF is armed by both theory and practice.
Results are as follows:
1 SDBF boasts good demonstration effect
The practice of Shuangmiao Village shows that SDBF is sure to be ideal substitute of straws and coal, and its use sees the reduction in the amount of fossil fuel, which is a great promotion to the improvement in farmers' cooking environment and the adjustment in rural energy structure.
Being household energy, SDBF is very popular among farmers in Shuangmiao Village, farmers are satisfied with SDBF and they are willing to using it.
2 Advanced technology brings about the reduction in cost.
Production cost of SDBF is analyzed. It comes to the conclusion that cost is reduced by the improvement in technology, cost of HPB-III is 165 RMB/t, while that of HPB-IV comes to 152 RMB/t.
3 Popularization mechanism of SDBF is designed
Research shows that farmers' income, enterprises' profit are important factors which deters the application of SDBF, so policy-support is still in great necessity. Therefore, the following aspects should be taken into consideration.
Firstly, production scale st be calculated, secondly, satisfy consumers' demand, thirdly, enterprise achieve profit, last, social benefit and ecological benefit are realized. Also, basic organization in rural areas can play certain role in the course, its function need to be included.
On the basis of design rule, combined with influential factors and various stakeholders' function and duties, popularization mechanism of SDBF is put forward, which is essencial to guide vivid popularization.
In areas coal plays the leading role, when the price of coal used in rural areas is twice of that of SDBF, it is feasible for SDBF to develop on the ground of industrialization. But with the purpose of stilating more investors to participating the popularization of SDBF, corresponding investment subsidy is supplied in different periods.
In areas straws plays the leading role, government subsidy is necessary. Then the popularization of SDBF is carried out by the way of anti-poverty mode.
The whole investment is free, which is provided by the government, at the same time, production subsidy is given to producers, by which farmers have access to SDBF under the condition that the expenditure on fuel hasn't change at all. Meanwhile, subsidy varies with the popularization until it is canceled. Then, farmers are familiar with characteristics of SDBF and can afford the expenditure, their eagerness to use SDBF will spring up.
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