摘要
象山港作为浙江省最大的水产养殖基地，其海洋环境状况受到大家的普遍重视，而对环流结构及动力机制的清晰认识是研究该海域环境问题的基础。象山港周围被低山丘陵所环绕，河流源近流短，故而风和径流对海湾环流的贡献微弱。因此，属于强潮海湾的象山港，潮致余流是该海域环流的主要分量。然而受制于人们对潮致余流的认知水平，目前拉格朗日和欧拉时均意义的余流概念并存。为了探究何种时均意义下的潮致余流才能表征象山港的输运结构，本文利用数值模型分别模拟了该海域的拉格朗日和欧拉余流结构。通过与该海域盐度分布的对比肯定了拉格朗日潮致余流在象山港的输运作用，不仅为海湾环境保护提供了参考，具有切实的应用意义，同时也丰富和完善了人们对潮致余流的认识，具有重要的科学意义。
为增进对象山港水动力场的了解，更为保证模型底摩擦参数化的精确性，研究组先后四次在象山港进行原位观测，取得了潮位、潮流资料。实测资料显示，象山港潮是半日潮波，且具有两个明显特征：其一潮位不对称性质沿海湾发生反转，由湾口的涨潮历时短变为湾顶的涨潮历时长；其二尽管内湾潮波变形剧烈，但涨、落潮流的峰值却大致相当，且涨潮流存在一大一小两个峰值而落潮流只有一个峰值。基于实测资料建立起的一维潮波动力方程显示象山港潮波主要为压强梯度力项和局地加速度项平衡，压强梯度力是驱动潮流形成单、双峰结构的主要原因。利用实测资料，本文分别通过潮波动力方程和湍流边界层理论得到了底拖曳系数，量值为0.81×10-3和0.17×10-3,皆小于东中国海其他海域的研究结果，这可能是该海域布满细颗粒沉积物的结果。尽管两种方法得到的底拖曳系处于同一量级，但其具体量值有明显差别，究其原因是因为后者仅代表界面阻力，而前者还包含海域形状阻力的贡献。象山港岸线曲折，底形复杂，数值模型须充分考虑海湾形状阻力的作用。
以实测结果为模型底应力参数化方案的参考，以OTPS预报的水位数据为开边界条件，本文建立起高分辨率的象山港FVCOM模型。通过与实测资料以及前人结果的对比，模型很好的再现了象山港潮波的主要特征，在潮位、潮流模拟方面具有相当的精度，可以用来研究该海域的潮不对称机制以及潮致余流场结构。
本文首先利用该模型讨论了引起象山港潮不对称的各个非线性机制具体作用。数值结果显示引起象山港潮不对称的非线性机制可以分为具有相反作用的两类：一类是浅水非线性和对流非线性，它们容易造成涨潮历时短的不对称；另一类是潮周期内海湾宽度的变化，它则容易造成涨潮历时长的不对称。浅水非线性以及对流非线性在湾口处占主导地位，而在内湾处，潮滩所引起的海湾宽度的变化则更重要，从而造成潮不对称性质沿海湾的反转。这两类非线性机制产生的倍潮异位相，其效果可相互抵消。底摩擦的非线性作用对象山港的潮不对称贡献不大，其耗散作用则可使涨潮历时缩短。
再次，本文利用该模型讨论了象山港的潮致余流输运结构。模式分别采用粒子追踪方法和潮流定点周期平均的方式得到了象山港拉格朗日和欧拉潮致余流结构，二者存在显著不同。象山港外湾拉格朗日余流场可大致分为东西两支，这两支余流贯通南北，连接湾外南北海域。欧拉余流场则以“多涡”结构为主，南北海域不能通过余流相连通。欧拉余流在牛鼻水道断面流向多次交错，而拉格朗日余流则比较规律，呈现出东侧入流西侧出流的结构，与实测盐度断面相吻合，说明拉格朗日余流才是造成象山港盐度分布的基本动力机制。而且断面统计的流量净通量显示拉格朗日余流可以保证物质守恒性而欧拉余流则不能。故而拉格朗日余流才能真正代表潮致余流在象山港的输运作用。
象山港外湾拉格朗日余流结构与地形有密切关系，在牛鼻水道为东侧深沟入流西侧深沟出流的结构，而在佛渡水道则为“深入浅出”的结构。非线性机制中的对流项对形成此种环流结构贡献最大，而二次底摩擦、浅水非线性以及海湾宽度变化所引入的非线性则对此结构影响不大。底摩擦的耗散作用对环流结构也有明显影响，较强的底摩擦可促进牛鼻水道两岸的水交换。
As the biggest aquaculture base in Zhejiang province, Xiangshan Bay drawsmuch attention for its protection of marine environment. Hence it is necessary toidentify the circulation pattern in the bay, which is supposed to be the basis of marineenvironment issues. The wind is weak in the bay and the rivers flowing into the bayare rather short, both of which contribute little to the overall circulation pattern. Thetidal residual current must be the dominant dynamic factor in the bay circulation sincethe tides are very strong and the coasts and topography in the bay are complex.However, resiticted by our knowledge of tidal residual current, people still use twodistinct methods to filte the tidal currents and to get the residual current, which are theLagrangian Residual Current (LRC) and the Eulerian Residual Current (ERC),respectively. This thesis aims to identify whether the LRC or the ERC should beregarded as the subtidal transport current in the bay through comparison betweenthem and the observed salinity distribution. This work is believed to benefit not onlythe marine environment protection in the bay, but also our understanding about tidalresidual current.
The method used in this thesis is mostly numerical model. To guarantee theprecision of the bottom friction parameterization in the model and to advance ourunderstanding about the dynamics of Xiangshan Bay, the research group did fourtimes field observations in the bay. The data reveals that the dominating componentsof tides in the bay are semi-diurnal with two distinc characters. One is the reverse oftidal elevation asymmetry along the bay, the other one is that the peak of floodingcurrent could match that of the ebbing current, even though the tidal elevation ishighly asymmetric. Furthermore, there are one tiny and one big peaks during floodwhile only one during ebb. With those in-situ measurements, a one-dimensional tidalwave equation was established, in which the main balance is between the pressure gradient force and the local inertial term. The pressure gradient, which presents threepeaks during one tidal period, is the main reason for the different numbers of currentspeaks during flood and ebb.
Based on the observation data, the author calculated the bottom drag coefficientaccording to the tidal dynamical balance equation and the turbulent boundary layertheory, which are0.81×10-3and0.17×10-3, respectively. Both of them are smallercompared to other reports in East China Sea, which results from the fine-sediment inthe bay. Although the two coefficients are in the same order of the magnitude, theformer one, which includes the form drag, is almost5times larger than the latter one.The form drag resulting from the complex topography must be fully considered whensimulates tides in Xiangshan Bay.
With the observation results to improve the parameterization of the bottomfriction, and the tidal elevation data generated by OTPS as the driving force, thehigh-resolution Xiangshan Bay FVCOM model was established. The model did areasonal job in reproducing the observed tidal elevation and currents, which can beused in the study of tidal asymmetry and tidal residual currents in Xiangshan Bay.
Firstly, this thesis discussed the specific role of each nonlinear mechanism whichis responsible for the tidal asymmetry in the bay. The model results suggest that thenonlinear mechanisms can be divided into two different categories, one includes theshallow water nonlinarity and the nonlinear advection, which prefer shorter durationof the rising tide, the other one is the time-varying width, which favors longerduration of the rising tide. The time-varying depth and nonlinear advection dominatearound the bay mouth, resulting in asymmetry of shorter duration of the rising tide.However, the time-varying width caused by large mudflat is the main nonlinearmechanism in the inner bay, which makes the tidal elevation asymmetry invert alongthe bay. The overtide M4generated by the two catagories are out of phase, whichcould counteract each other. The nonlinear bottom friction contributes little to thetidal asymmetry in the bay, while its dissipation effect could make the duration of therising tide shorter.
Secondly, this thesis tried to identify the pattern of the tidal residual current in thebay. With particle tracking method and periodical average at fixed location, the modelsimulated the LRC and the ERC, respectively. The former one presents muchdifference with the latter one. The LRC splits into two branches, both of which canconnect the north and south parts of the sea outside of Xiangshan Bay. The eastbranch starts from the east bank of Niubi Channel, turns to northeast at the northwestside of Liuheng Island, and flows out of the bay along the east bank of Fodu Channel.The west branch flows into the bay along the bank of Fodu Channel, turns direction atthe mouth of Xiangshan Channel, and flows out of the bay at the west side of NiubiChannel. However, the ERC is characterized by multiple eddies, which cannotconnect the north and south parts of the sea outside of Xiangshan Bay directly.Furthermore, the direction of ERC at section A3-A5is irregular, while the LRCpresents much more consistent structure with the observed salinity distribution, whichflows into the bay along the east side of Niubi Channel and flows out along the west.Therefore, it is the LRC which can represent mass transportation at subtidal frequencyin Xiangshan Bay and the LRC can keep the mass conservation while the ERCcannot.
The overall pattern of LRC is highly correlated with the bottom topography. InNiubi Channel, the LRC flows in and out of the bay along the two deep channelslocated on the two sides of channels, while directs out in the deeper areas and streamsin on the adjacent shoals in the Fodu Channel. The nonlinear advection contributesmost to this pattern of the LRC, while nonlinear bottom friction, shallow waternonlinearity and time-varying width have little influce. The bottom friction could alsoaffect the LRC pattern due to its dissipation effect, which may promote the exchangeof sea water between the two sides of Niubi Channel.
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