摘要
建筑能耗在国家能源总消费量中占到三分之一左右,其中建筑采暖、制冷、热水耗能约占整个建筑耗能达40%。因此,如何降低建筑采暖、制冷、热水等的能耗和改变能源供应方式对于降低我国能源总消耗具有十分重要的意义。太阳能由于其可再生性以及其对环境友好的优点,是重要的化石能源替代物。将太阳能在建筑中一体化应用,是规模化产业化利用可再生能源、减少建筑能耗中常规能源消耗的重要途径。
在中国北方农村火炕作为采暖的方式得到广泛的应用,使用人口占农村85%(约1.75亿人口)。传统火炕通常利用炕体对炊事时间燃烧稻草、秸秆、柴木等生物质燃料产生的余热进行蓄热,然后对房间进行逐步释放热量以对房间供暖。但在采暖季节大量燃烧生物质燃料不但消耗了大量能源,而且产生了严重的空气污染。因此,对传统火炕采暖方式进行创新是我国北方农村建筑供暖技术改进的关键。本文基于北方太阳能资源丰富和传统火炕的特点,提出了充分吸收传统火炕特点的太阳能炕系统,并将其与新型百叶集热墙结合。该系统充分利用太阳炕的蓄热作用以保证夜晚人们睡眠热舒适度,同时利用百叶集热墙减少白天室内的采暖负荷。论文针对与新型百叶集热墙结合的复合太阳能炕系统进行了实验研究和理论分析,其主要学术工作如下：
首先,设计并搭建与新型百叶集热墙结合的复合太阳能炕系统实验平台。对单独太阳能炕工作模式及太阳能炕与百叶集热墙被动采暖耦合运行模式的热工性能进行了实验研究。依据实验结果深入分析太阳能炕、百叶集热墙及建筑的动态热响应过程,从而揭示出太阳能炕、百叶集热墙的换热机理。实验分析为理论建模提供参考依据。
其次,针对实验台系统建立动态数学模型并编制相应程序用于模拟。将模拟结果与实验数据进行比较,验证所建立的动态数学模型的准确性。该程序可以动态分析系统热性能及其作用下建筑室内热环境和人在炕上睡眠热舒适度,为太阳能炕蓄放热特性、太阳能集热系统和百叶集热墙优化分析提供工具。
再次,选取典型的气象参数,采用通过验证的理论模型,理论分析在单独太阳能炕运行模式下室内热环境和人体睡眠热舒适度的情况,并对太阳能炕运行模式、太阳能集热系统进行优化分析。另一方面,利用与百叶集热墙结合的太阳能炕系统理论模型对百叶集热墙系统进行优化分析。结果表明：炕入口温度大于等于50℃(即：如果储热水箱温度大于50℃不进行辅助加热)、加热时间为早上八点至下午五点的太阳能炕运行模式为比较优化的炕运行模式,在该运行模式下人在炕上睡眠热舒适度PM值维持在-0.52至0.41之间,太阳能贡献率为0.598,室内空气波动维持在7.8℃至13.7℃之间而室外空气平均温度为0℃；由于太阳能炕的蓄热作用,太阳能集热系统中的水箱越小越好；百叶集热墙系统中百叶与南墙之间的空气通道间距大约为0.05米时最为合适。
综上所述,本文工作为太阳能炕的热性能研究及其在北方农村的应用提供了科学依据和理论基础。
Energy consumed in buildings accounts for approximately one third of the whole national energy consumption; and about40%of them are in lighting, ventilating, space heating/cooling, and water heating. Therefore, how to reduce energy consumption of space heating, cooling and hot water and how to transform energy supply methods are of great significance for reducing the energy consumption of our country. Solar energy, due to its advantages of renewable and environmentally friendly, is an important alternatives to fossil fuels. The applications of solar energy technology in buildings are important ways to reduce the conventional energy consumption and use renewable energy on a large-scale.
In the rural areas of northern China, Chinese Kangs are widely used in nearly85%of rural homes or175million people for home space heating. Traditional fire Kangs usually keep the residual heat from stove combustion by burning biomass fuels such as straw, stalks and wood during the firing time, and then gradually release heat to heat up a bedroom through thermal storage of Kang body after firings. Because the large number of Chinese Kangs in rural buildings burning biomass fuels, a lot of energy is consumed and there is always serious air pollution during space heating season every year. So, the innovations of the traditional Kangs are crucial for improving of heating technologies for rural residences in northern China. Based on characteristics of solar energy resource-rich and traditional fire Kangs in the rural areas of northern china, solar Chinese Kang system combined with novel shutter-trombe wall is proposed. It makes full use of solar Kang's heat storage to ensure the thermal comfort of sleep environment at night, while taking advantage of shutter wall to reduce heating load in a bedroom during the day. In this thesis, the following work was accomplished by both experimental studies and theoretical analysis for the system.
Firstly, a test rig about Chinese Kang system alone and solar Chinese Kang system combined with shutter-trombe wall is built. An experimental study on thermal performance of them is carried out to analyze the dynamic thermal response process of solar Chinese Kang, shutter-trombe and building and understand the heat transfer mechanisms of solar Chinese kang and shutter-trombe wall. Experimental analysis provides a reference for theoretical modelling.
Secondly, dynamic mathematical models are presented for test rig and programs are developed for simulation. Models are validated by compare the theoretical results with the experiment results. The programs may analyze the thermal performance of system and the effects on indoor thermal environment and sleep thermal comfort dynamically. It provides the optimized analysis tools for thermal storage and heat discharge of solar Chinese Kang system, solar thermal systems and shutter-trobme wall.
Thirdly, based on the validated model and typical meteorological data, indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort of sleep environment are studied when solar Kang system operating alone. At the same time, optimization analysis is carried out about operating mode of solar Kang and thermal collector system. On the other hand, optimization analysis is also accomplished about shutter-trombe wall. Results show that prioritization scheme is:pre-set inlet temperature of circulating water is greater than or equal to50℃(auxiliary power is turned off if inlet temperature is greater than50℃) and solar Kang is kept being heating from8am to5pm. And in this operating mode, PMV of sleeping environment value is between-0.52and0.41and solar fraction is0.598. Room air temperature keeps between7.8℃and13.7℃while average environment temperature is about0℃. For thermal storage of solar Kang, solar hot water tank of thermal collector system is the smaller the better. The air passages between shutter and south wall is best when the spacing is approximately0.05m.
In summary, the studies in this thesis have provided some scientific basis and theories for study on the thermal performance of solar Kang and the application of solar Kang in the rural areas of northern China.
引文
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