摘要
棕背伯劳(Lanius schach)隶属于雀形目(Passeriformes)伯劳科(Laniidae),广泛分布于中亚、南亚、东南亚以及我国华南地区,我国共4个亚种。棕背伯劳与伯劳属其他同类一样,性情凶猛,具有储存猎物的行为。其鸣叫嘈杂,鸣唱婉转并含有许多效鸣。真伯劳属的大部分种类的分类、生理生态以及迁徙规律已经在各种前沿技术手段的实现下陆续得到研究。
鸟类的鸣声研究也随着技术不断发展而日趋成熟,鸟类发出鸣声的结构器官早已了解清楚。我国学者已经对很多鸟种进行了鸣声结构的基础研究,而国外则更侧重于对鸟鸣声的学习机制,对鸟鸣声在性选择、竞争领域等繁殖、领域保护等行为中的功能,对鸟鸣声在鸟类分类上的应用进行研究。而对于鸟类效鸣,除了对效鸣机制的讨论外,更多地关注于效鸣功能和意义,并且提出诸多假说。但对于大部分假说,至今尚未有十足的实验证据能够对此进行合理解释。
棕背伯劳具有出色的效鸣能力,但却缺乏相关研究,故本文在2009年7月至2010年6月间对棕背伯劳的效鸣行为进行观察研究,以期从各方面效鸣特征来了解其效鸣能力,研究其效鸣倾向、探究效鸣规律以及其中可能与行为存在的关系,提出效鸣意义可能存在的其他相关假设和猜想。
研究发现发现棕背伯劳全年皆能鸣唱,但日鸣唱频次会随季节不同而改变。从环志情况看,本地区棕背伯劳在春秋季节存在迁入迁出的现象。
研究期间共发现研究地区鸟类108种,以留鸟、夏候鸟及冬候鸟为主。被效鸣鸟种的数量多少决定了其是否有更多的机会被效鸣,数量越多,其自身曲目被效鸣的可能性也就越大,次数越多。由于繁殖鸟和越冬鸟数量在群落中占主要部分,故而在各居留型中,被效鸣的鸟种多是此地冬候鸟、夏候鸟和留鸟。共有54种鸟类的鸣声被棕背伯劳效鸣,棕黑两色型在效鸣对象选择上的无显著差异。雀形目种类数占被效鸣鸟种数的72%,占研究区域鸟种数的36%,鸣禽被效鸣的种类占被效鸣鸟种总数高于其他类群。
棕背伯劳的棕黑两色型效鸣声音在主频、最高频和频宽等三种参数上有极显著的差异。棕背伯劳会根据原声的频率进行效鸣,棕背伯劳倾向于仿效时长较短,音素数较少的鸣声。其能够根据原声的频率高低、时间间隔长短及音节数量多少等做出相应的效仿,两者各声学参数上存在极显著相关,在各参数频次分别比较也可以发现两者分布规律相似。并且在声音的节奏以及音色都存在相似,但并不完全相同。
棕背伯劳效鸣含有其生境中其他鸟类、动物以及人造声,故此其效鸣能够反映出其所处的生境特点,反映其所处生境的动物组成,其中发现的动物种类可以为本地生物多样性提供参考。某些生境指示鸟种的效鸣声可以从一方面对本地的生境变化进行验证。
本文对于棕背伯劳效鸣的研究,尚处于探索阶段,现仅以其作为代表,积累相关的效鸣声学基础资料。本文未能通过观察寻找到其效鸣所含意义以及功能,亦不能给出相关证据证明其效鸣符合某项效鸣功能假说,亦不能做出合理的新解释。这些疑问仍然需要并值得进一步设计实验,从多角度观察,深入研究。
The long-tailed shrike (Lanius schach), which belongs to Laniidae Passeriformes, is widely distributed in the Middle East, South and South East Asia, as well as the Southern part of China. There are 4 subspecies in China. As other Lanius shrikes, long-tailed shrikes are fierce bird and impale some of their prey in larders. They have harsh calls and pleasant songs which include lots of vocal mimicries. Most of Lanius shrikes have been classified. Their ecophysiology and migration pattern have been researched with the various kinds of advanced technology.
The studies of bird sound tend to make great progress with the development of technology. The vocal organs of birds have been studied ages ago. Chinese researchers have completed fundamental research on the vocal structure of many kinds of birds while foreign researchers place emphasis on the mechanism of vocal learning. More attention is paid on the functions and meanings of the vocal mimicry besides discussions on its mechanism, which raised many hypotheses. However, most hypotheses still cannot give the reasonable explanation for the function and meaning of vocal mimicry.
Lacks of relative researches have been done on long-tailed shrike's excellent vocal mimicry. This paper is aimed to study the vocal mimicry of long-tailed shrike from July 2009 to June 2010 to understand its ability of vocal mimicry from various respects. We want to study the mimicry tendency of long-tailed shrike, explore the regular pattern of mimicry and possible relationship between the mimicry and behavior, finally to propose the other potential hypothesis and supposition.
The study shows that the long-tailed shrike sings all the year round, while the frequency varies with the change of season. The population in the researching area will migrate in spring and autumn according to the banding result.
There were 108 species of birds found during the studying period in local area. Most of these birds are residents, summer visitors and winter birds. Whether the birds have more chance to be mimicked depends on their population. Larger population means their repertoires stand bigger chance and higher frequency to be mimicked by the long-tailed shrikes. Because the breeding birds and wintering birds occupy the main body of the bird community, therefore most mimicked birds are residents, summer visitors and winter birds. There are 54 species of birds mimicked by the long-tailed shrike and no significant differences between the two color type, schach and fuscatus.72% of mimicked birds are of Passeriformes, which is about 36% of the bird species in studying area and the number of song bird species in all the mimicked birds is bigger than other groups.
The mimicry sounds of two color types of long-tailed shrikes have significant differences on the main peak frequency, high frequency and low frequency. They tend to mimic the sound of shorter time and fewer notes and are able to do the mimicry according to the original sounds'frequency, time interval and the number of syllables of other birds. The mimicry sound and the originals are of significant relationship and have similar frequency distribution with rhythm and tone color. However, they are not exactly the same sound.
Other sounds of birds, animals and manmade sounds are included in the mimicries of long-tailed shrikes, which is able to reflect the features of its habitat. The animal species found in the mimicry can be considered as the reference of the biodiversity of the local area. The mimicked environment indicator species may be used to verify the habitat change in one aspect.
The study of long-tailed shrike in this paper is still in exploring stage. Here we'd like to take the long-tailed shrike as an example of vocal mimicry birds to collect the basic acoustical data. We are not able to know the exact meaning and function of the mimicry by long-tailed shrike by observation. We haven't been able to prove the relevant mimicry hypothesis, and make new explanation of it at the current stage. All these questions remained are worth to design experiment for further research and from more various angles.
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