摘要
桥梁结构是生命线系统工程中至关重要的组成部分,其正常的服役状态关系到我国的经济发展和民生问题,但混凝土和钢材的腐蚀问题是困扰公路桥梁结构的一大难题。FRP(Fiber Reinforced Plastic)因其具有轻质、高强、耐锈蚀、减振性好等特点,成为解决桥梁结构腐蚀问题的有效途径。深入系统地研究新型FRP桥梁体系及其长期服役性能具有重要学术意义和工程应用价值的。
FRP桥梁结构的研究历史较短,而有关其长期服役性能是广泛应用的关键问题。本文研究FRP模型桥梁及其健康监测系统设计方法,为进一步通过长期监测揭示其长期服役性能奠定基础。
本文的主要研究内容包括:
首先,建立一钢独塔斜拉桥的有限元模型,分析其静动力特性;在此基础上,根据FRP桥梁与钢桥梁材料特性的不同,提出相似比的复合物理指标,即构件截面刚度。
其次,提出外部轮廓严格相似、构件截面按照复合物理指标相似(即刚度等效原则)的FRP模型桥梁设计方法,并对FRP筋-混凝土塔、FRP箱形主梁和FRP索截面和配筋进行设计;建立FRP模型桥梁有限元模型,对其静动力特性进行分析。
最后,根据有限元模型分析结果,设计了FRP模型桥梁结构智能健康监测系统。
Bridge engineering is a crucial component part of the lifeline system, so its healthiness is the basis of economic development and the people's livelihood. However, Corrosion of steel and concrete is a global problem; the adaptation of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) may solve this problem by its light weight, high strength, corrosion resistant and vibration reduction. Damages induced by the excitation from the environment are the key point which let the structure failure before the design life span. Then the study on a new FRP bridge system not only has the value of academic research but also has the significant meaning in application.
The reaserch on the FRP Bridge system started not long ago. So the long term service ability of the FRP Bridge is the main consideration for its using widely or not. This article designed the FRP Bridge model and its health monitoring system, so the long term performance of the bridge will be got by the health monitoring system.
Three parts of the research work are discussed:
Firstly, a FEM model of a single pylon cable stayed bridge is set up, and its static and dynamic behavior have been analysisied. According to the differences about the materials characteristics between the steel bridge and the FRP Bridge, the similarity targets of the complex physical quantities are brought out.
Secondly, the similarity of the profile to the bridge model has been exacuted strictly; on behalf of this, cross sections of the members are designed by using the method based on the similarity of stiffness. Otherwise, the FRP reinforced concret is designed for the pylon while the sections of the beam and the cables are designed at the same time.
Finally, the FRP bridge health monitoring system and the construction scheme are finished.
引文
1 ACI Committee 440. State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (440R_96). Copyright 1996
2 Lijuan Cheng and Vistasp M. Karbhari. New bridge systems using FRP composites and concrete: A state-of-the-art review. Prog. Struct. Engng Mater. 2002:149～160
3 E.M. Reis, T.K. Hassan,S.H. Rizkalla and L. Dickinson. Behavior Of Frp Sandwich Panels For Transportation Infrastructure. Advanced Composite Materials In Bridges And Structures.2004
4 T C Triantafillou. Strengthening of structures with advanced FRPs. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials. 1998. Vol 1(2): 126～134
5郑乔文. FRP筋混凝土梁设计理论研究.同济大学硕士学位论文, 2006:4～7
6吕志涛.高性能材料FRP应用与结构工程创新.建筑科学与工程学报,2005,22(1):1～5
7李建辉,邓宗才,杜修力. FRP在桥梁结构中的应用与发展.公路. 2007.4:58～65
8 Thomas Keller. Recent all-composite and hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer bridges and buildings. Progress in Structural Engineering and Material. 2001.3(2):132～140
9陈明宪.斜拉桥建造技术. 2004.3
10 S S Law, X Q Zhu. Bridge dynamic response due to road surface roughness and braking of vehicle. Journal of Sound and Vibration.2005(282):805～830
11 C H Liu,D Z Huang,T L Wang. Analytical dynamic impact study based on correlated road roughness. Computers & Structures. 2002(80):1 639～1650
12 Urs Meier. Structural Tensile Elements Made of Advanced Composite Material. Structural Engineering International.1999.9(4):281～285
13臧华,刘钊,吕志涛,梅葵花. CFRP筋用作斜拉桥拉索的研究与应用进展.公路交通科技.2006.23(10):70～73
14汤国栋.玻璃钢斜拉桥研究与实践.重庆交通学院学报.1987(3)
15杨允表,石洞.复合材料在桥梁工程中的应用.桥梁建设.1997(4)
16 Atsuhiko Machida, Kyuichi Maruyama. Design code development for fibre-reinforced polymer structures and repairs. Prog.Struct.Engng.Mater. 2002.4:149～160
17冯鹏,叶列平. FRP夹心桥面板及新型FRP组合桥面板.第十五届全国公路桥梁会议.2002
18 Task Group 9.3. Externally bonded FRP reinforcement for RC structures. CEB-FIP. 2001.7:2～5
19 Italian National Reseach Counci (CNR DT200/2004). Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Existing Structures.2004
20 Sue Halliwell. FRPs in Restoration and Conservation. FRP International. 2007.9.Vol4(1):8～9
21 T.J.Stratford, J.M.C.Cadei, L.C.Hollaway, Duckett W.G. Strengthening Metallic Structures using Externally-Bonded Fibre-Reinforced-Polymers. C595, CIRIA, London, UK, 2004
22 T.J.Stratford, J.M.C.Cadei, L.C.Hollaway. Ceria report c595 - strengthening metallic structures using externally-bonded FRP. Advanced composite materials in bridges and structures. 2004.7
23于锦生.纤维复合材料在桥梁工程中的应用. 2006.3:50～53
24长谷川明机.炭素纤维をいたRC桥脚の耐震补强.土木技术, 1992(3):43～50
25 Klowsk C,Eden R,Mufti A,Elkholy I,Tadros G,Bakht B&Loewen E. First application of second-generation steel-free deck slabs for bridge rehabilitation. Proceedings of the International Association for Bridge Maintenance and Safety Conference (IABMAS‘04). Kyoto,Japan.2004: 453
26 Lijuan Cheng and Vistasp M. Karbhari. New bridge systems using FRP composites and concrete: A state-of-the-art review. New Materials in Construction.2006.8:143～154
27 Thomas Keller ,Erika Schaumann,Till Vallee.Flexural. Behavior of a hybrid FRP and lightweight concrete sandwich bridge deck. Composites: Part A. 2007:879～890
28 Deskovic N, Meier U, Triantafillou TC. Innovative design of FRP combinedwith concrete: long term behavior. Struct Eng. 1995.12 1(7):1079～1089.
29 Triantafillou TC, Meier U. Innovative design of FRP combined with concrete. Adv Compos Mater Bridges Struct. 1992:491～500
30叶列平,冯鹏.FRP在工程结构中的应用与发展.土木工程学报.2006.39(3):24～35
31 ScottW D, Gerard M V, Roy Marsh. Fibre composite bridge decks-an alternative approach. Composites: Part A, 2001 (32):1339~1343
32 K. Kiss, L. Dunai, Stress history generation for truss bridges using multi-level models, Computers and Structures, 2000,78(1-3):329~340
33安群慧,刘自明.荆州长江公路桥整体模型试验研究.桥梁建设. 2002
34程建钢,李明瑞,黄文彬.有限元分析的并行计算方法.力学与实践, 1995, (04)
35 Adeli H, Kamal O. Concurred Analysis of Large Structures-(I) Algorithms. Comput. Struc, 1992, 42(3) :413~424
36 Bostic S W, Folton R E. Implementation of the Lanczos Method for Structural Vibration Analysis on a parallel Computer. Comput. Struc, 1987, 25(93) :399~403
37施笃铮,汪劲丰,项贻强,徐兴.斜拉桥施工过程中的索力控制与优化究.中国公路学报, 2002,(02).
38王雪亮,陆岩.量纲分析法在结构动力试验中的应用.国外建材科技, 2008,(01).
39李荣华,杨树标,颜华.配重模型相似关系的理论研究.工业建筑, 2007,(S1).
40徐贵章.结构模型试验及其力学相似关系.四川建筑科学研究, 1987,(02)
41周强,杨文兵,杨新华.斜拉桥索力调整在ANSYS中的实现.华中科技大学学报(城市科学版), 2005,(S1)
42闫玉本,张源,张彤. C50、C60级免振捣混凝土的研究与应用[J].山东建材, 2005,(02)
43 Hajime, Okamura. Self-Compacting High-performance concrete .Concrete international, 1997, 18(7):50~54.
44 Hitachi Zosen Corp, Osaka. FRP piping design with the aid of the similarity law. Journal of the Textile Machinery Society of Japan.1987,33(1):16~21
45 Richard E. Chambers, P.E. ASCE Design Standard for Pultruded Fiber-Reinforced-Plastic (FRP) Structures.Journal of Composites for Construction. 1997(1):26~38
46 R.A.P.Spencer, B. Harris. Developments in GRP Technology. Applied Science Publishers,London.1983:1~36
47 ISIS CANADA.Reinforcing Concrete Structures with Fibre Reinforced Polymers.Design Manual No.3,2001
48 Meier U, Deuring M, Meier H, Schwelger G. Strengthening of Structures with CFRP Laminates: Research and Applications in Switzerland. Proceedings of Advanced Composite Materials in Bridges and Structures: First International Conference, Sherbrooke, Canada, 1992,243~251
49 A. Z. Fam and S. H. Rizkalla. Flexural Behavior of Concrete-Filled Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Circular Tubes. J. Compos. Const., ASCE. 2002,6(2):123~132
50 Nanni A, Focacci F, Cobb C. Proposed Procedure for the Design of RC Flexural Members Strengthened with FRP Sheets. Proceedings of Second International Conference on Composites in Infrastructure, Tucson, Arizona, 1998;187–201
51 Lee LS, Karbhari VM, Sikorsky C, Stubbs N. The application of structural health monitoring to evaluate bridge strength and service life after FRP rehabilitation. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure, Tokyo, Japan. 2003:1215~1223
52 Karbhari VM, Guan H, Sikorsky C. Web-based structural health monitoring of a FRP composite bridge. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Structural Health Monitoring and Intelligent Infrastructure, Tokyo, Japan. 2003:217~26
53 V.M. Karbhari, Use of Composite Materials in Civil Infrastructure in Japan, WTEC Report, National Science Foundation, 1998
54 Kitane Y. Development of Hybrid FRP-Concrete Bridge Superstructure System. PhD Dissertation. University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; 2003.
55 J. Lee, L. Hollaway and A. Thorne. Long-term static testing of an FRP prototype highway structure. Compos Struct. 1994, 28(4): 441–448.
56 AA Mufti, P Labossière, KW Neale.Recent Bridge Applications of FRPs in Canada.Structural Engineering International, 2002
57 S. C. Sally. Motor Speedway Bridge Collapse Caused by Corrosion.Materials Performance. 2000, 211(7):18~19
58 L. C. Hollaway. The Evolution of the Way Forward for Advanced Polymer Composites in the Civil Infrastructure. Proc. of the International Conference on FRP Composites in Civil Engineering, Hong Kong, China. New York: Elsevier Science Ltd., 2001:27~40
59张新越. FRP筋及其加筋混凝土梁桥体系的性能与设计研究.哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文, 2006
60郝庆多,王言磊,欧进萍,王勃.玻璃纤维增强复合材料筋肋参数优化试验研究.复合材料学报, 2008, 25(1):119~126
61 Q. D. Hao, Y. L. Wang and J. P. Ou. Pullout and Bond of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer/Steel Wire Composite Rebars in Concrete. Proc. of the First Asia-Pacific Conference on FRP in Structures (APFIS 2007), Volume II, Hong Kong, China, 12-14 Dec., 2007:745~751
62中华人民共和国行业标准.公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥涵设计规范(JTG D62-2004).北京:人民交通出版社, 2004
63中华人民共和国行业标准.公路桥涵设计通用规范(JTG D60-2004).北京:人民交通出版社, 2004
64 J. Hulatt, L. Hollaway and A. Thorne. The Use of Advanced Polymer Composites to Form an Economic Structural Unit. Constr. Build. Mater.. 2003, 17:55~68