摘要
北京山区蕴含着丰富的风景游憩林资源,具有明显的区位优势,近年来吸引越来越多的市民到山区森林中健身、赏景、游憩。但是,北京山区大部分风景游憩林在景观构成和层次结构等方面存在很大的不足,缺少亮点景观,景观质量有待进一步提高。研究通过何种抚育技术营建高景观质量的风景游憩林,提高北京山区森林的吸引力和游憩承载力,使居民在森林游憩中获得身心的放松和恢复,为实现北京市构建和谐社会和宜居城市的建设目标发挥独特的作用。
本研究首次以北京低山、厚土、25°以下坡度上的山桃、黄栌风景林和中龄侧柏、油松游憩林的景观质量为研究对象,通过SBE美景度评价法分别建立标准化得分值与景观要素之间的景观评价模型,得到定量化的抚育技术模式;再通过风景林的样地调查、游憩林的抚育和游憩者问卷调查,验证景观评价模型的科学性和抚育技术的景观效果。
本论文主要的研究结果如下:
(1)根据SBE评价法和数量化理论Ⅰ,采用SPSS 13.0多元线形回归分析分别建立北京低山厚土地区山桃、黄栌与针叶树混交风景林和阴阳坡中龄侧柏、油松游憩林景观评价模型,并得到各景观要素在模型中贡献率的大小顺序。
(2)根据某景观要素在系数值最大的类目时会使得林分具有更高的美景度或喜好度,得到北京低山山桃、黄栌风景林和阴阳坡中龄侧柏、油松游憩林抚育技术。
(3)通过对山桃、黄栌风景林样地的调查,分析得到山桃、黄栌胸(地)径与冠幅之间的曲线拟合方程,进一步得出不同径阶山桃、黄栌在不同郁闭度纯林内的密度。再结合北京低山厚土侧柏、油松的胸径与冠幅拟合方程和林分郁闭度,得到景观中主色彩与常绿色面积比例在2∶1时的山桃株数n_山、黄栌株数n_黄与针叶树株数n_针。另外通过山桃混交林调查分析,低密度的林分内单株山桃的着花密度显著比低、高密度大,而不同混交比例的林分中单株山桃着花密度之间无显著差异;证明兼有密集和分散分布的综合型主色彩布局会使山桃景观具有更高的景观质量。
(4)对侧柏、油松游憩林采取不同程度的抚育措施组合。通过对抚育后样地景观的评价,对景观模型预测能力和同一样地抚育前后景观质量得分值提高情况的检验,认为所建立的阴阳坡侧柏、油松游憩林景观模型是科学、实用的,所采用的几种抚育技术的景观效果是十分明显的。
(5)根据景观评价、样地调查、样地抚育和游憩者问卷调查结果,得到定量化的山桃、黄栌风景林和阴阳坡侧柏、油松游憩林林内抚育技术模式。
本研究成果将会在一定程度上指导北京市风景游憩林的建设和森林游憩业的可持续发展,并为北京周边山地相似地区的山桃、黄栌风景林和侧柏、油松游憩林的可持续经营提供理论指导和技术支持。
Beijing mountainous areas not only has abundant resources of scenic and recreation forest,but also has obvious advantage in geographical position,so more and more citizens tour Beijing mountainous areas frequently to strengthen body,recreation and sightsee recently years.But there has a lot of shortage in landscape composition and hiberarchy of scenic and recreation forest,and the landscape value of scenic and recreation forest should have gone up.How to enhance the landscape value and the attraction and recreation carrying capacity of scenic and recreation forest in mountainous areas,attract and accommodate multitudinous citizens for tour and recreation,which can relax the citizen's pressure in social life and psychology,and can also play inimitable function in the establishment of harmonious society and ecological civilization.
In this paper,scenic forest of Prunus davidiana and Cotinus coggygria,middle-aged recreational forest of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis were studied for first time,which grow in thick soil and gradient below 25°site of Beijing lower mountainous area.Landscape evaluation models between landscape favor degrees and landscape elements were established respectively through scenic beauty estimation(SBE)method,and quantitative tending techniques models were attained.The scientificity of these models and tending effects were verified through stand surveys,recreational forest tending and questionnaires.
The results are following:
(1)According to SBE method and Quantitative TheoryⅠ,the landscape evaluation models of major scenic and recreational forest in Beijing mountainous areas were achieved with the analysis of multivariate linear regression in SPSS 13.0 environment,and the contribution of landscape elements to the landscape evaluation models were analysed.
(2)When the value of a certain landscape element came to its maximum,the stand will be in high favor degree.Then,tending techniques of the main recreational forests and scenic forests were attained in Beijing lower mountainous areas.
(3)Quadratic curve equations between DBH(or ground diameter)and crown of Prunus davidiana and Cotinus coggygria were fitted by sample surveys.Further more,the density in different diameter class and canopy density was calculated.With the data of the canopy density and the fitting equations between DBH and crown of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis in thick soil sites of Beijing lower mountainous areas,the number of Prunus davidiana,Cotinus coggygria and conifer was attained when the area ratio of main color:green was around 2:1.Besides,according to the analysis on Prunus davidiana mixed forest,flower density of low stand density of single Prunus davidiana was higher than that of high stand density.Meanwhile,there was no significant difference in flower density among different mixed ratio stand.It was proved that the integrated distribution of main color in Prunus davidiana forest will be in high scenic quality.
(4)Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis recreational forest was tended with combination of different tending measures and degrees.According to landscape evaluation before tending and verification of model's predict ability,the evaluation models of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis recreational forest in both sunny and shady slope were considered to be scientific and practical.The landscape effects were quite noticeable before the application of several tending techniques.
(5)According to landscape evaluation,sample surveys,sample tending and questionnaire investigation,quantitative tending models of Prunus davidiana and Cotinus coggygria scenic forest were concluded,and in-forest tending models of Pinus tabulaeformis and Platycladus orientalis recreational forest were also brought forword.
The results of this paper should expect to offer the theory and techniques support of sustainable management of the middle-aged recreational forests of P.tabulaeformis in Beijing mountainous area, and also for reference to similar area of north of China,which guide the construction of recreation forest and sustainable development of tourism in Beijing Mountain area.
引文
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