论电信管制中的法律问题
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
20世纪80年代,基于电信技术的发展和经济学对公用事业管制理论的创新,各国纷纷兴起了对电信业放松管制的浪潮。电信业的自然垄断属性遭到质疑,继而动摇了建立在自然垄断理论基础上的电信管制理论。但是电信业的自然垄断属性并没有完全消失,放松管制也不意味着放弃管制,管制在新的电信竞争格局下仍是必要的。本文尝试着对放松电信管制趋势下的电信管制重建进行了初步的研究,并主要对网间互联管制进行了大量的实证分析和探讨,最后落实到我国的实际情况,对我国网间互联管制法律制度提出了笔者自己的建议。
     本文分六章,主要内容如下:
     第一章是关于电信管制的概述,是全文的的理论基础篇。本章侧重于从经济学理论对电信管制重建的必要性及可行性进行论述,为本文接下来几章的分析做好理论铺垫。本章分析了管制在经济学和法学上具有的不同含义,电信业的自然垄断性质及由其自然垄断性质决定的管制制度、电信管制的失效、电信管制理论的创新及电信放松管制趋势及放松管制趋势下的管制重建。管制理论的创新主要介绍了施蒂格勒、让-雅克·拉丰的“管制失效”理论,鲍莫尔等人的“可竞争性市场”理论和伯格和奇尔赫特的“自然垄断弹性规制”理论。
     第二章是关于电信管制的法律制度。与第一章主要从经济学角度论述电信管制不同的是,本章侧重于从法学方面对电信管制进行分析。首先,本章对电信管制法的含义、性质、目标和基本原则进行了论述。在此基础上,本文对独立电信管制机构制度进行了着重剖析,并对独立电信管制机构的“独立性”提出了笔者自己的看法。在进行管制法律制度论述时,本文还对欧盟和新西兰的电信管制法律制度进行了比较。最后,落脚到本文要论证的重点问题——网间互联管制法律制度,集中对网间互联的含义、种类、选择网间互联为研究对象的原因及网间互联管制的主要内容进行了论述。
     第三章是关于网间互联法律管制之一的经济性管制制度。共涉及七个主要方面的内容:网间互联经济性管制的基本原则、主导运营商的含义和判断标准、市场准入的管制、网间互联协议的管制、网间互联费的管制和网间互联争议解决的管制。
     第四章是关于网间互联法律管制之一的反垄断法管制制度。共涉及六个方面的主要内容:反垄断法对网间互联行为的适用、网间互联垄断行为涉及的责任类型、网间互联反竞争行为的种类、反垄断法的基本原则对网间互联行为的适用和反垄断法适用网间互联所引起的一些冲突。
     第五章是关于WTO网间互联管制的规定。我国作为WTO成员,WTO关于网间互联管制的规定是我国必须遵守的义务。因此,研究WTO关于网间互联的规定对我国更好地履行WTO义务是有积极意义的。本章首先论述了电信管制政策的国际化趋势,指出网间互联在新的国际竞争形势下已经演化成为一种新型的贸易壁垒。在此基础上,本文以墨美国际互联案为实证研究对象,对WTO网间互联管制的内容进行了深入的剖析。
     第六章是关于我国网间互联管制的现状及完善建议,是本文的结论部分。在前几章就具体电信管制分析的基础上,本章针对我国目前网间互联管制遇到的问题进行了具体剖析,并提出了笔者自己的解决建议。首先,笔者对我国电信改革的历史进行了回顾,在其基础上,针对我国网间互联管制中遇到的八个问题进行了剖析并提出了笔者的完善建议。这八个问题分别是产权问题、公司法人治理机制的问题、电信管制机构的问题、主导运营商的界定问题、市场准入的问题、网间互联协议的管制问题、网间互联费的管制问题和反垄断法管制的问题。
     结论部分对全文的观点进行了总结,指出电信管制重建是整个公用事业管制改革的一部分,其指导理论和经验可以适用到整个公用事业的改革。
In 1980s, with the development of telecommunication technology and the theory of public utility regulation, telecommunication industry was deregulated in many countries. The natural monopoly of telecommunication industry was questioned and the theory of telecommunication regulation based on it was challenged. However, since the natural monopoly of telecommunication industry is not disappeared completely, the deregulation does not mean abandoning the regulation. The regulation is still needed after introducing the competition in the telecommunication industry. This dissertation attempts to do some research for the re-regulation of the telecommunication industry, and then mainly focuses on the interconnection regulation with a great deal of analyses empirically. Finally, some suggestions about the legal system of interconnection regulation for China are proposed.
     There are six chapters in the dissertation. The first chapter is the general description of telecommunication regulation, which is the theory foundation of this paper. In this chapter, the necessity and feasibility of telecommunication re-regulation are discussed according to the economic theory. The following are analyzed in this chapter: the different implications of regulation in economics and laws, the natural monopoly of telecommunication industry, the telecommunication regulation system decided by the natural monopoly of telecommunication industry, the failure of telecommunication regulation, the innovation of telecommunication regulation theory, the trend of telecommunication deregulation and the re-regulation under the trend. The theory of "Regulation Failure Theory" by Stigler、Jean-Jacques Laffont, the theory of "Contestable Market Theory" by Baumol, the theory of "Elastic Regulation Theory of Natural Monopoly" by Berg and Tschirhart are introduced in the innovation of regulation theory.
     The second chapter is on the legal system of telecommunication regulation. This chapter is mainly focusing on analyzing telecommunication regulation in the law point of view compared with in the economic point of view in the first chapter. First, the meaning, character, objective and basic principle of the telecommunication regulation law are discussed. Then the independent telecommunication regulation system is analyzed and the author's opinion on the independence characteristic of independent telecommunication system is proposed. The difference of telecommunication regulation systems between European Union and New Zealand is also discussed in this chapter. Finally, this chapter discusses the legal system of network interconnection, focusing on the meaning, categories, contents of network interconnection and the reason to analyze it.
     The third chapter discusses the economic regulation system, one of legal regulations of interconnection. There are seven parts in this chapter: the basic principle of economic regulation in interconnection, the definition of dominant operator and its criteria, the regulation of market access, the regulation of interconnection agreements, the regulation of interconnection fee and the regulation of interconnection dispute.
     The fourth chapter discusses the anti-monopolization law regulation system. The following six parts are included in this chapter: the application of anti-monopolization law on interconnection, the responsibility types of interconnection monopolization, the categories of anti-competition interconnection, the application of the basic principle of anti-monopolization on interconnection, and the conflicts aroused by the application of anti-monopolization law on interconnection.
     The fifth chapter studies the rule of interconnection regulation under WTO. As a member of WTO, it is the obligation for China to follow the interconnection regulation of WTO. So, it is beneficial for us to do some research on the rule of interconnection regulation of WTO. This chapter introduces the international tendency of telecommunication regulation law and then points out that the interconnection in the new international competition is becoming a new trade barrier. Taking the interconnection dispute of the United States and Mexico as an example, this chapter does a deep research for the interconnection regulation under WTO.
     The sixth chapter introduces the current interconnection regulation in our country and proposes some suggestions about it. On the base of previous chapters' analysis about telecommunication regulation, this chapter analyzes some problems existed in the Chinese interconnection regulation at length and make some suggestions. First, the history of telecommunication reform in our country is introduced. Then, eight problems in our country's interconnection regulation are analyzed and some suggestions about them are proposed. The eight problems are problems of property, corporate governance, telecommunication regulation system, the criteria for dominant operators, market access, the regulation of interconnection agreements, the regulation of interconnection fee and anti-monopolization law regulation.
     In the conclusion part of this paper, it is pointed out that the re-regulation of telecommunication industry is only a part of reform of public utilities' regulation, its principle and experience can be applied to all the reform of public utilities.
引文
① Viscusi W. K., J. M. Vemon, J. E. Harrington, Jr., 1995, Economic of Ragulation and Antitrust, The MIT Press, p.295.转引自王俊豪著:《政府管制经济学导论》,商务印书馆,2001年版,第1-2页。
    ② 植草益著:《微观管制经济学》,中国发展出版社,1992年版,第1页。转引自王俊豪:《政府管制经济学导论》,商务印书馆,2001年版,第2页。
    ③ 保罗·A·.萨谬尔森,威廉·D·诺德豪斯:《经济学》(第12版)(下),中国发展出版社,1992年版。
    ④ 周其仁:《竞争、垄断和管制——“反垄断”政策的背景报告》,来源http://wwwl.cei.gov.cn/forum50/doc/50tzgg/200301131703.htm
    ⑤ 施蒂格勒:《产业组织与政府管制》,上海三联出版社,1997年版,第212页。
    ⑥ 丹尼尔·F·史普博:《管制与市场》,上海人民出版社、三联书店上海分店,1999年版,第27页。
    ① 罗·庞德:《法律的社会控制:法律的任务》,商务印书馆,1984年版,第81页。
    ① E·博登海默著:《法理学,法律哲学与法律方法》,中国政法大学出版社,1998年版。
    ① 对外贸易经济合作部国际经贸关系司译:《世界贸易组织乌拉圭回合多边贸易谈判结果法律文本》法律出版社,2000年版,第314页。
    ① Buchanan, J. M: An economic theory of clubs, Economica, 1965, February.
    ① Coase, R. H: The Lighthouse in Economics[J]. Journal of Law and Economics. V.17, N.2(October), 1974.
    ② N·格里高利·曼昆,梁小民译:《经济学原理(第3版)》,机械工业出版社,2003年版。
    ① 周其仁:《竞争、垄断和管制——“反垄断”政策的背景报告》,来源http://wwwl.cei.gov.cn/forum50/doc/50tzgg/200301131703.htm
    ① 弗里得利希·冯·哈耶克:《通往奴役之路》,中国社会科学出版社,2006年版。
    ① 乔治·J·施蒂格勒:《产业组织与政府规制》,上海三联书店,1989年版,第157页。
    ① 戴维·M·纽伯里:《网络型产业的重组与规制》,人民邮电出版社,2002年,第313页。
    ② 续俊旗:《电信竞争性管制的发展前景》,来源:http://www.catr.cn/tegd/dxjg/t20060711_395899.htm
    ① 王俊豪等著:《中国垄断性产业重组、分类管制与协调政策》,商务印书馆,2005年版,第137页。
    ① 布坎南:《自由、市场和国家》,北京经济学院出版社,1989年版,第260页。
    ① 王继军:《市场规制法研究》,中国社会科学出版社、人民法院出版社,2005版,第59页。 BT已经走向世界,打到美国电信市场,并积极参与全球电信竞争。并且,英国模式的改革对其它诸如日本、法国、德国等国家和地区电信业产权改革也产生了深远影响。
    ① Paula Barnes Sours: THE IMPACT OF U. S. REGULATORY ACTIVITY ON PROSPECTS FOR MPLEMENTATION OF THE WTO AGREEMENT ON BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS, North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation Summer, 1998
    ② J·.M·克拉克:《论可行性竞争的概念》,在K·赫德齐纳:《竞争理论》(德文版),第143页。转引自陈秀山著:《现代竞争理论与竞争政策》,商务印书馆,1997年版,第49页。
    ① 对外贸易经济合作部国际经贸关系司译:《中国加入世界贸易组织法律文件》法律出版社,2000年版,第750页。
    ② Black's Law Dictionary, Henry Campbell Black, M. A., West Publishing Co., 2004, eighth edition, p767.
    ① 周光斌:《再度关注独立管制机构》,来源于http://www.cnii.com.cn/20020704/ca56068.htm
    ② The OECD Report on Regulatory Reform,来源http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/25/2391768.pdf
    ③ 信息产业部电信研究院第一事业部:《电信产业和政策分析系列报告:监管的未来——全球管制机构变化趋势》,2002年10月。
    ① Commission guidelines on market analysis and the assessment of significant market power under the Community regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services(2002/C 165/03), 来源http://www.icp.pt/streaming/2002.C165.03.pdf?categoryId=59430&contentld=94593&field=ATTACHED_FILE
    ② Commission recommendation of 11 February 2003 on relevant product and service markets within the electronic communications sector susceptible to ex ante regulation in accordance with Directive 2002/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on a common regulatory framework for electronic communication networks and services(notified under document number C(2003) 497) (2003/311/EC), 来源 http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/topics/telecoms/regulatory/publiconsult/documents/relevant_markets/1_11420030508en00450049.pdf
    ① DIRECTIVE 2002/21/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 7 March 2002 on a common regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services(Framework Directive)
    ② DIRECTIVE 2002/22/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 7 March 2002 on universal service and users' rights relating to electronic communications networks and services(Universal Service Directive)
    ③ DIRECTIVE 2002/19/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 7 March 2002 on access to, and interconnection of, electronic communications networks and associated facilities(Access Directive)
    ① 滕颖博士论文:《基于我国电信改革的网络接入管制研究》,西南交通大学,2006年元月。
    ① Interconnection and Access Deficit, 来源于 http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/finance/work-cost-tariffs/events/tariff-seminars/guinea-06/saibou_2_interconnection_and_aceess_deficit-en.pdf
    ② 对外贸易经济合作部国际经贸关系司译:《中国加入世界贸易组织法律文件》法律出版社,2000年版,第748页。
    ① APEC Principles of Intercormection, 原源于 http://www.apectelwg.org/contents/documents/interTG/principl.html
    ① 滕颖博士论文:《基于我国电信改革的网络接入管制研究》,西南交通大学,2006年元月。
    ② Jennifer A. Manner: Achieving the Goal of Universal Access to Telecommunications Services Globally, The Catholic University of America CommLaw Conspectus, 2004.
    ① 电信改革趋势 Trends in Telecommunications Reform 2000-01,p19.
    ① P. T. Spiller and C.G. Cardilli. The Frontier of Telecommunication Deregulation: Small Countries Leading the Pack, Journal of Economical Perspective 11, 1997
    ② 理查得·A.波斯纳:《法律的经济分析》,中国大百科全书出版社,1997年版,第461页。
    ① European Commission, Notice on the application of the competition rules to access agreements in the telecommunications sector (Framework, Relevant Markets and Principles) (98/C265/02), Official Journal of the European Communities, 22.8.98, pp. 2-28).
    ② http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/Oftel/publications/about_Oftel/2002/smpg0802.htm
    ① http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/Oftel/publications/about_Oftel/2002/smpg0802.htm
    ① Hank Intven,Jeremy Oliver,Edgardo Sepúlveda:《电信管制手册》,北京邮电大学出版社,2001年版,第92页
    ① Hank Intven,Jeremy Oliver,Edgardo Septilveda:《电信管制手册》,北京邮电大学出版社,2001年版,第85页。
    ① 对外贸易经济合作部国际经贸关系司译:《中国加入世界贸易组织法律文件》法律出版社,2000年版,第749页。
    ① http://www.itu.int/opb/publications.aspx?lang=en&media=electronic&parent=D-STG-SG01.06.1-2006
    ① 新华通讯社:《兰州特大电信事故各责任方遭严惩》,http://www.sina.com.cn2000/08/1711:59
    ① http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/Oftel/publications/eu_directives/2003/eud0203.htm
    ① Robert R. Brace, Rory Macmillan, Debevoise & Plimpton, Timothy St. J. Ellam, Hank Intven, Theresa Miedema, McCarthy Tétrauit LLP: Dispute resolution in the telecommunications sector-current practices and future directions, 来源于ITU网站。
    ① Requesting the Director General of Telecommunications to resolve an interconnection dispute: guidance for the telecommunications industry-9 November 2001.
    ① 来自 http://www.itu.int/itunews/manager/display.asp?lang=en&year=2004&issue=06&ipage=dispute_telecom&ext=html
    ① http://www.mii.gov.cn/art/2006/05/15/art_874_13450.html
    ① 王长河等:《日本禁止垄断法》,法律出版社,1999年版。
    ② http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=zh-CN&sl=zh-TW&u=http://140.115.65.50/TAARC/Book/htm/tralaw5.htm&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=9&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25E5%2585%A25AC%25E5%25B9%25B3%25E4%25BA%25A4%25E6%2598%2593%25E6%25B3%2595%26hl%3Dzh-CN%261r%3D%26newwindow%3D1
    ① http://www.86148.com/chinafa/shownews.asp?id=3740
    ② 本书编选组编:《各国反垄断法汇编》,人民法院出版社,2001年版。
    ① 1.造成火警、匪警、医疗急救、交通事故报警、救灾、抢险、防汛等通信中断或者严重障碍,并因此贻误救助、救治、救灾、抢险等,致使人员死亡一人、重伤三人以上或者造成财产损失三十万元以上的;2.造成二千以上不满一万用户通信中断一小时以上,或者一万以上用户通信中断不满一小时的;3.在一个本地网范围内,网问通信全阻、关口局至某一局向全部中断或网间某一业务全部中断不满二小时或者直接影响范围不满五万(用户×小时)的;4.造成网间通信严重障碍,一日内累计二小时以上不满十二小时的;5.其他危害公共安全的情形
    ② 1.造成火警、匪警、医疗急救、交通事故报警、救灾、抢险、防汛等通信中断或者严重障碍,并因此贻误救助、救治、救灾、抢险等,致使人员死亡二人以上、重伤六人以上或者造成财产损失六十万元以上的;2.造成一万以上用户通信中断一小时以上的;3.在一个本地网范围内,网间通信全阻、关口局至某一局向全部中断或网间某一业务全部中断二小时以上或者直接影响范围五万(用户×小时)以上的;4.造成网间通信严重障碍,一日内累计十二小时以上的;5.造成其他严重后果的
    ① The Application of the Competition Act in the Telecommunication Sector, 来源 http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/Oftel/publications/ind_guidelines/cact0100.htm
    ② NCAA v.Board ofRegents,469 U.S.85,104,n.26(1984),转引自尚明:《反垄断法之滥用市场支配地位规则研究》。
    ① First Report and Order, Implementation of the Local Competition Provisions in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, CC Dcoket No.96-98;
    ① 尚明主编《主要国家(地区)反垄断法律汇编》法律出版社,2005年第一版,第196页。
    ① 弗里得利希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年版,第168页。
    ① Leonard W.H. Ng: Access and lnterconnection Issues in the Move Towards the Full Liberalization of European Telecommunications, North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation Fail, 1997
    ① Case T-35/92, John Deere Ltd. v. Commission, 1994, E.C.R. II-957, P96.
    ② Ernest Gelhorn &Willaim E.kovacic, Antitrust Law and Eccmomics,West Publishing Co. 1994, p. 171
    ① 胡甲庆博士论文:《反垄断的法律经济分析》,西南政法大学,第93页。
    ① Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 u.s. 585 (1985)
    ② 孔祥俊:《反垄断法原理》,中国法制出版社,2001年版,第578页。
    ③ AT&T Co.,708 F.2d 1081 (7th Cir.1983).
    ④ 29 F.C.C.2d 870
    ⑤ 使用者拿起电话筒,听到拨号音,表示进入市话系统,随后拨出外地电话的号码,如有可供使用的回路,即可进入位于附近的长途交换机系统,通过城市间的长程回路,连接受话地的长途交换机系统,转入受话地的市话系统,发话给受话人。
    ⑥ 连接发话人和受话人两端电话机的专用电信线路,无须经过市话交换机系统。
    ⑦ 发话人连接的市话交换机系统并非发话人本地的系统,而是外地的市话交换机系统,即发话人拥有外地的市内电话。
    ① Sce Areeda & Hovencamp, supra note 85, P 772.
    ② Hank Intven,Jeremy Oliver,Edgardo Sepúlveda:《电信管制手册》,北京邮电大学出版社,2001年版,第211页
    ① The Application of the Competition Act in the Telecommunication Sector
    ① 龚微:《加拿大电信管制的经验及对我国的启示》,《世界电信》,2005年第4期
    ② 续俊旗:《网间互联纠纷的商业性解决和竞争性管制》,来源:http://www.catr.cn/tegd/dxjg/t20060711_395899.htm
    ① Commission guidelines on market analysis and the assessment of significant market power under the Community regulatory framework for electronic communications networks and services (2002/C 165/03), 第1.3.条
    ① Paula Barnes Sours: THE IMPACT OF U.S. REGULATORY ACTIVITY ON PROSPECTS FOR MPLEMENTATION OF THE WTO AGREEMENT ON BASIC TELECOMMUNICATIONS, North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation Summer, 1998
    ① 赵维田:《世贸组织(WTO)的法律制度》。吉林人民出版社,2000年版,第387页。
    ① 赵维田:《世贸组织(WTO)的法律制度》。吉林人民出版社,2000年版,第387页。
    ① United Nations, Statistical Papers, Series M No. 77, Provisional Central Product Classification, 1991.
    ① 此指基础电信小组的报告S/GBT/4,February 15,1997。
    ① The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition, (Clarendon Press, 1990), page 1463
    ① Black's Law Dictionary, Henry Campbell Black, M.A., West Publishing Co., 1979, fifth edition, p200.
    ① Merriam Webster Online Dictionary; http://www.webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary.
    ① 2006年8月11日,中国移动宣布市值达到1325亿美元,跃居全球运营商榜首。在《财富》于2006年7月公布的全球500强企业排名中(根据营业收入进行排名),中国移动名列第202位。来源于http://www.cww.net.cn/operation/2006/9/5013 2.htm
    ① 周光斌:《回眸2005年我国增值电信业务市场》,泰尔网。
    ① 弗里得利希·冯·哈耶克:《自由秩序原理》,生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年版,第173页。
    ② 戴维·M·纽伯里:《网络型产业的重组与规制》,人民邮电出版社,2002年版,第96页
    ① Bernardo bortolotti, Juliet D' Souza, Marcella Fantini, William L.Megginson. (2002): Privatization and the sources of perfprmance improvement in the global telecommunication industry, Telecommunication Policy.26;, 黄海波:《电信管制:从监督垄断到鼓励竞争》,经济出版社,2005年版。
    1.孔祥俊:《反垄断法原理》,中国法制出版社,2001年版。
    2.王晓晔著:《企业合并中的反垄断问题》,法律出版社,1996年版。
    3.种明钊主编:《竞争法》,法律出版社,2002年版。
    4.赵海峰,金邦贵主编:《欧洲法通讯》第四辑、第五辑,法律出版社。
    5.(美)麦克尔 L.卡茨、哈维 S.罗森:《微观经济学》,机械工业出版社1999年版。
    6.(德)马迪亚斯·赫蒂根著,张恩民译:《欧洲法》,法律出版社,2003年版。
    7.刘宁元、司平平、林燕萍著《国际反垄断法》,上海人民出版社,2002年版。
    8.王传丽主编:《国际贸易法》,法律出版社,1998年版。
    9.理查德·A·波斯纳著,蒋兆康译:《法律的经济分析》第一版,中国大百科全书出版社,1997年版。
    10.理查德·A·波斯纳著,孙秋宁译:《反托拉斯法》第二版,中国政法大学出版社,2003年版。
    11.信息产业部电信管理局:《电信网间互联管理》,第一版,人民邮电出版社,2003年版。
    12.[法]泰勒尔:《产业组织理论》.北京:中国人民大学出版社.1997年版。
    13.张维迎:《博弈论与信息经济学》.上海.上海三联书店;上海人民出版社.2004年版。
    14.Hank Intven等:《电信管制手册》.北京.北京邮电大学出版社.2001年版。
    15.[法]弗雷德·盖思米,[法]让·雅克·拉丰,[美]马克·肯尼特,[美]比尔·夏基:《电信成本—电信管制政策及成本代理模型》.北京.人民邮电出版社.2002年版。
    16.唐守廉:《电信管制》.北京.北京邮电大学出版社.2001年版。
    17.续俊旗:《法制电信》,北京邮电大学出版社,2004年版。
    18.陈代云:《电信网络的经济学分析与管制》,上海财经大学出版社,2003年版
    19.[美]戴维.M.纽伯里:《网络型产业的重组与管制》,人民邮电出版社,2002年版
    20.[美]约瑟夫.布罗克:《电信大趋势》,陈凯译,人民邮电出版社,2002年版。
    21.张维迎:《企业的企业家—契约理论》.上海.上海三联书店;上海人民出版社.1995年版。
    22.周其仁:《数网竞争》,生活.读书.新知三联书店,2001年版。
    23.[美]小贾尔斯·伯吉斯(Giles H.Burgess,Jr.):《管制和反垄断法》,上海财经大学出版社,2003版。
    24.茅铭晨:《政府管制法学原论》,上海财经大学出版社,2005年版。
    25.毛昭晖主编:《公共管理法律基础》,中国人民大学出版社,2003年版。
    1. Anne Gabelmann.(2001): Regulating European telecommunications markets: unbundled access to the local loop outside urban areas, Telecommunications Policy, 25:729-741
    2. Agustin J Ros, (1999): Dose Ownership or Competition Matter?The Effects of Telecommunications Reform on Network Expansion and Efficiency, Journal of Regulatory Economics, 15:65-92
    3. Aniruddha Banerjee, Agustin J Ros, (2004): Pattems in global fixed and mobile telecommunications development: a cluster analysis, Telecommunications Policy, Volume 28, Issue 2, March: 107-132
    4. Christopher Garbacz, Herbert G Thompson, JR(2001): Universal Service Versus Universal Competition: a Review Article of Crandall and Waverman, Journal of Regulatory Economics 19:93-96
    5. David L .Kaserman, Marc Ulrich.(2002): The Competitive effects of Resale Versus Facility- based Entry: Evidence from the Long-distance Market, Telecommunications Policy, 26: 415-424egulation and investment behaviour in the telecommunications sector: policies and patterns in US and Europe, Telecommunications Policy, 27:677-699
    6. Hsihui Chang, Heli Koski, Sumit K Majumdar.(2003): R
    7. American Bar Association, Section of Antitrust Law and International Law and Practice, Report on the Anticompetitive Practices as Market Access Barriers (2000).
    8. Tim Frazer, Monopoly, Competition and the Law ---The regulation of business activity in British, Europe and American, 30.
    9. United States Conference on Trade and Development, Directory of Competition Authorities (TD/B/COM.2/CLP/16, 2000).
    10. Law on Counteracting Monopolistic Practices of Poland.
    11. Model Provisions on Protection Against Unfair Competition, Articles and Notes, Presented by the International Bureau of WIPO.
    12. L.Vold: Are threefold damages under the Antitrust Act penal or compensatory (1940) 28 ky. Law J. 117.
    13. John Temple Lang: in the Forward to C.A Jones, Private Enforcement of Antitrust Law in the EU. UK and USA. Oxford (1991),
    14. Mark R. Joelson, An International Antitrust Primer—A Guide to the Operation of United States, European Union and Other Key Competition Law in the Global Economy. Second edition, Kluwer Law International, 2001.
    15. Masahiro Murakami: Competition Rules and Enforcement in the US, EU and Japan, Competition Policy in the Global Trading System, 2002, Kluwer Law International, Printed in the Netherlandes.
    16. American Bar Association, Section of Antitrust Law, Antitrust Law Developments(3d ed. 1992&Supps.)
    17. Sonya Margaret Willimsky: The concepts of Competition, European Competition Law Review, 1.
    18. J. Ferry, EEC: Competition Law and Policy Panel Discussion.(1992) 18 Fordham Corp. L. Inst (B. Hawk, ed).
    19. White Paper on Modernization of the Rules Implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the EC Treaty, Commission Programmed N. 99/027 (Commission, Brussels 28.04, 1999).
    20. John Temple Lang: in the Forward to C.A. Jones Private Enforcement of Antitrust Law in the EU. UK and USA, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1991).
    21. C.D. Ehlermann: Deregulation and enforcement of competition Law, Proceedings of The Second Seminar on European Union/ Japan Competition Policy (Luxembourg, 1995).
    22. Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States. Section 402. 403.
    23. Mario Monti : Cooperation Between Competition Authorities - a Vision for the Future. Chapter Four in C. A. Jones, M. Matsushita(eds). Com. P. in the GT.System 69-82 (?) 2002 Kluwer Law Int. Printed in The Netherlands.
    24. Bastiaan van der Esch(1980): EEC Competition Rules: Basic Principles and Policy Aims, Legal Issues of European Integration, 2.
    25. Sonya Margaret Willimsky: The Concepts of Competition, European Competition Law Review, 1.
    1. European Union: European Commission :http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition.
    2. OECD: www.oecd.org.
    3. USA: Antitrust Division, Department of justice: www.usdoj.gov/atr.
    4. Federal Trade Commission: www.ftc.gov;
    5. American Bar Association Section of Antitrust Law: www.abanet.org/antitrust.
    6. World Trade Organization: .
    7. http://www.chinabyte.com/key/2018/137018.html
    8. http://www.chinabyte.com/
    9.国际电信联盟亚太优才资源中心:http://itu-coe.ofta.gov.hk/
    10.世界电信联盟:http://www.itu.int/
    11.通信世界网:http://www.cww.net.cn/
    12.美国联邦通信委员会网站:http://www.fcc.gov/
    13. http://www.51lawyer.com/
    14. http://www.elitelaw.com/05Publications/02ResearchReports/01Telecom/index.shtml
    15. http://market.ccidnet.com/pub/report/show_3734.html
    16. http://www.wangluofa.com/
    17. http://www.angelaw.com/weblaw/
    18. http://www.law-bridge.net/lawyer/netlaw/
    19. http://www.hicourt.gov.cn/address/
    20. http ://www.trai.gov.in/consultation.htm
    21.英国电信管制机构:http://www.ofcom.org.uk/