摘要
随着中国城市化进程的加快，社会主义新农村建设风生水起，各地农村面貌正发生着复杂而深刻的变化。乡村景观规划作为加快新农村建设步伐的重要举措，是优化乡村人居环境的现实选择。时代发展的客观要求、城乡之间的结构性矛盾、乡村发展出现的一系列问题等，都决定了乡村景观规划是一项复杂而又艰巨的系统工程。
新农村建设在闽南乡村蓬勃兴起的同时，也暴露出不少的问题。城镇化扩张步伐的不断加快，城镇人口的激增，导致城市不断向乡村延伸，大量农村用地被征用为城市建设用地，新的集镇不断出现，传统的乡村景观格局受到很大冲击。如何正确应对新农村建设给闽南乡村景观带来的各种影响，继承和发扬乡村特色文化，建立以人为本的传统乡村景观体系，已成为闽南新农村建设所面临的重要课题。
本文拟从闽南乡村景观概况出发，分析新农村规划与建设的现状，研究出特定区域的乡村景观规划理念和方法。此项目的研究在理论上和实践中均具有一定的意义：
（1）有助于整合乡村各类景观资源，将资源优势转化为经济优势，加快闽南乡村的经济发展步伐。
（2）探索出闽南乡村景观规划模式，将为受城市化进程影响的新农村建设提供一定的参考。
（3）通过乡村景观的营造，有助于在闽南新农村建设中打造环境优美、生态平衡的闽南乡村人居环境，平衡景观开发与生态保护的关系，实现乡村的可持续发展。
本论文主要由三大部分内容构成整个研究体系。
第一部分作为研究的基础：主要是构建乡村景观规划的整体思路与研究框架，分析并评价国内外乡村景观规划的研究进展，借鉴德国、英国、荷兰等国城镇与乡村景观建设的实践，为国内乡村景观规划提出一些思路。
第二部分为论文的核心内容。首先，本文通过分析闽南农业景观的发展现状，提出关于农田景观、林地景观、园区景观等不同类型农业景观的规划方法。
其次，本文在对闽南乡村聚落景观定性化现状描述的基础上，对闽南乡村聚落景观的要素进行定量化分析，旨在形成一套科学合理的评价指标体系，对闽南乡村聚落景观进行合理的评估，为闽南乡村聚落景观的规划设计奠定一定的基础，并揭示当前闽南乡村聚落景观所存在的问题。
再次，针对闽南乡村聚落景观的现状和不足，本文由景观要素入手，旨在改善村民的生产生活条件、延续地方特色文化，从道路景观、绿化景观、农宅建筑等角度，重点阐述闽南乡村聚落景观规划的理论和实施方案，以期为闽南乡村景观规划理论研究提供一些有益的补充。
最后，结合实例为闽南乡村景观规划理论提供实践参考，以期使抽象的理论更具现实操作性。
第三部分主要是论文的总结和讨论，对于闽南乡村景观的政策扶持、监督管理等方面提出相应的建议，并总结本文的研究成果，对闽南乡村景观规划的进一步研究做出展望。
本文的主要创新点在于：
（1）总结闽南乡村农业景观的现状，从农田、园地、林地等方面提出相应的规划理论。
（2）构建闽南乡村聚落景观的相关评价体系，并由分析得出闽南乡村聚落景观应以聚落环境、建筑特征、传统文化等方面为规划重点。
（3）根据闽南乡村聚落景观评价结果，由绿化、建筑、道路等景观要素入手，探索建立适应闽南乡村聚落景观的规划模式。
With the acceleration of China's urbanization process, a construction boom of thenew socialist countryside is coming up, and this lead to district rural situationexperiencing complex and profound changes. Rural landscape planning is not only animportant action to speed up the new rural construction, but also the realistic choice tooptimize country living environment. The objective requirement from era development,the structural disharmony between urban and rural areas, and a series of questionsappeared along with the rural development decide rural landscape planning as acomplex and difficult system engineering.
There exposed a lot of problems while new rural construction has been booming inrural of southern Fujian. With the acceleration of the pace of urban expansion and aboom of urban population, it leads to extension from urban to rural continually and agreat deal of rural land has been taken for use of urban construction land. With The newtowns appear constantly. the traditional rural landscape pattern has been seriouslyimpacted. how to deal with kinds of influences coming from new rural construction torural landscape of southern Fujian; How to inherit traditional rural culture and establishpeople-oriented traditional rural landscape system, become important and inevitabletasks for new rural construction of southern Fujian.
Starting from introducing the general situation of rural landscape in the southern part of Fujian Province, the paper aims to figure out the ideas and methods of programingrural landscape in particular area by analyzing the current situation of planning and building a new countryside. The significance of the research of the project is significant both in theory and practice.
(1) It will help to integrate all kinds of rural landscape resources, to transform the resource advantages into economic advantages, to accelerate the pace of economic development in the rural southern part of Fujian Province
(2)It will find out the planning model of rural landscape in the southern part of Fujian Province and provide certain reference for the building of a new countryside, whichis affected by urbanization process.
(3) Constructing rural landscape helps to make a rural human settlement with beau tiful environment, to enjoy an ecological balance in the building of a new countryside of the southern part of Fujian Province, to balance the relationship between landscape development and conservatory ecology, to realize the sustainable development of the country.
The paper focused on the research system which includes three parts as following:
The first part is the basis of the study. It mainly design the overall idea and researchframework for rural landscape planning, and then analyze and evaluate its researchprogress both home and abroad, and further borrow practical experiences fromGermany, Britain, the Netherlands and other countries’ town and country landscapeconstruction, and finally puts forward some ideas for the domestic country landscapeplanning.
The second part is the core content of the paper. First of all, the paper analyzed thecurrent developing situation of southern Fujian’s agricultural landscape, then putforward planning methods on different types of agricultural landscapes such asfarmland, forest land, park landscape.Secondly, on the basis of qualitative description of current situation of southernFujian’s rural settlement landscape, the paper carried out an quantitative analysis on itselements, aims at forming a scientific and reasonable evaluation index system, toprovide a reasonable evaluation. The system would lay a foundation for rural settlementof southern Fujian’s landscape planning and design, and also reveal its existingproblems.
Thirdly, according to the present situation of southern Fujian’s rural settlementlandscape and shortages, this paper focused on landscape elements aims to improve theproduction and living conditions of the villagers, and extend local characteristicsculture. From the aspect of road, virescence, agriculture curtilage and buildinglandscape, this paper mainly discusses southern Fujian’s rural settlement landscapeplanning theory and implementation practice, so as to provide some beneficialsupplement for theory study of the rural landscape planning.
Finally, the paper combined some cases as practical reference to rural landscapeplanning theory of southern Fujian, to make the abstract theory more practicaloperability.
The third part is the summary and discussion. We put forward some proposalcorresponding to policy support, supervision and management of southern Fujian’srural landscape. And then summarized the result of this paper, further made a researchprospect on the landscape planningThe innovations of this paper are:
(1) We summarize the current situation of the rural agricultural landscape, and Putforward the corresponding planning theory from farmland、orchard、woodland and soon.
(2)To build relevant evaluation system of southern Fujian’s rural settlementconstruction of landscape, and By the analysis we can get southern Fujian’s ruralsettlement landscape should with settlement environment、construction features andtraditional culture as the key for planning.
(3) According to southern Fujian’s rural settlement landscape evaluation results, weexplore to establish southern Fujian’s rural settlement of landscape planning modewith green landscape、building and roads elements taken into consideration.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴-2009[M].北京;中国统计出版社,2009.
[2]我国农村生态环境令人忧[OL].[2005-05-26].http://www.ccrs.org.cn.
[3]粮食与耕地的思考[OL].[2005-05-26].http://www.people.com.cn.
[4]中国农村生态环境退化的现状、原因及其对策[OL].[2005-05-26].http://www.agrionline.net.cn
[5]谢花林,刘黎明,李蕾.乡村景观规划设计的相关问题探讨[J].中国园林,2003,(3):39-41.
[6]谢花林，刘黎明，李振鹏.城市边缘区乡村景观评价方法研究[J].地理与地理信息科学，2003，19(3).
[7]俞孔坚,刘东云.美国的景观设计专业[J].国外城市规划,1999,(2):1-9.
[8]刘黎明,曾磊,郭文华.北京市近郊区乡村景观规划方法初探.农村生态环境,2001,(3):55-58.
[9]埃比尼泽·霍华德著,金经元译.明日的田园城市[M].北京:商务印书馆,2002.
[10]张小林.乡村概念辨析[J].地理学报,1998,53(4):365-367.
[11]李金苹,张玉钧,刘克锋,胡宝贵.中国乡村景观规划的思考[J].北京农学院学报,2007,22(3):52-56.
[12]刘滨谊,人类聚居环境学引论[J].城市规划汇刊,1996,(4):5-11.
[13]金其铭,董昕,张小林.乡村地理学[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,1990:247-283.
[14]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马杰明,等.景观生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2001:55-112.
[15]祝自敏,胡希军,赵晓英.走有乡土特色的乡村景观规划之路[J].北方园艺,2007,(8):149-151.
[16]汤茂林,金其铭.文化景观研究的历史趋势[J].人文地理学,1998,13(2):41-45.
[17]刘之浩,金其铭.试论乡村景观文化的类型及其演化[J].南京师范大学学报,1999,22(4):120-123.
[18]金其铭,张小妹.乡村地理学[M].南京:江苏教育出版社,1990:247-283.
[19]秦源泽,邹志荣,管丽娟,陈虹.区域乡村景观规划体系研究初探[J].西北林学院学报,201025(5):207-211.
[20]闫艳平,吴斌,张宇清等.乡村景观研究现状及发展趋势[J].防护林科技,2008,5(3):105-108．
[21] FORMAN R.Some general principals of landscape ecology[J].Landscape Ecology,1996,11(3):133-142.
[22]刘黎明.乡村景观规划[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003:17-20.
[23] Edward A,Cook.HN.Van Liec Landscape planning and ecological Networks[M].Amsterdam:Elsevier,1994.
[24] MARC A.Landscape change and the urbanizationpr0cess in Europe[J].Landscape and UrbanPlanning,2004,67:9-29.
[25] AMMON F.The potential effect of national growth—manage—mentpolicy on urban sprawl andthe depletion of open spaces and farmland[J].Land Use Policy,2004,21(6):357—369.
[26] GOODEY B.In methods of environmental impact assessment [M].London:Oxford BrooksUniversity UCL Press,1995:78—95.
[27] J.0.西蒙兹.大地景观——环境规划指南[M],北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990:65-66.
[28]胡长龙等.园林规划设计[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002:144-146.
[29]庞明伟,龙波,许传军.“天人合一”——景观生态设计的现代理念[J].长春大学学报,2006,16(2)96-99.
[30]俞孔坚.景观:文化、生态与感知[M].北京:科学出版社,1998,(1):45-63.
[31] Chertow Marian R. The Eco-industrial Park Model Reconsidered. Journal of Industrial Ecology.Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.1999,2(3):8-10.
[32] Turner T Landscape Planning and Environmental Impact Design[M].London:UCL Press,1998.
[33] J.0.西蒙兹.大地景观一环境规划指南[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1990:65-66.
[34] Philips H L,Tomorrow by design-a regional design process for sustainability[M].New York:John Wiley&sons,Inc.,1998.33-43.
[35] Vos W H.Meekes trends in European cultural landscape development:perspectives for asustainable future[J].landscape and urban planning,1993,46:3-14.
[36]陶恩前.借鉴韩国“新村运动”更好地建设社会主义新农村[J].现代农业,2006,(5):92-93.
[37]齐增湘,龙岳林.乡村景观规划研究发展[J].湖南师范大学学报,2007,28,(4):192-193.
[38]谢花林,刘黎明.乡村景观评价研究进展及其指标体系初探[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(6):97-101.
[39]包志毅.陈波.乡村可持续性土地利用景观生态规划的几种模式[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2004,30(1):57-62.
[40]肖笃宁.景观生态学:理论、方法与应用[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1991:67-82.
[41]刘黎明,李振鹏,张虹波.试论我国乡村景观的特点及乡村景观规划的目标和内容[J].生态环境,2004,13(3):445-448.
[42]王云才,刘滨谊.论中国乡村景观及乡村景观规划[J].中国园林,2003,19,(1):55-58.
[43]刘黎明.乡村景观规划的发展历史及其在我国的发展前景[J].农村生态环境，2001,17,(1):52-55.
[44]肖笃宁.景观生态学研究进展[M].长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1999:46-78.
[45]王锐,王仰麟,景娟.农业景观生态规划原则及其应用研究[J].中国生态农业学报，2004,12,(2):1-4.
[46]王仰麟,韩荡.农业景观的生态规划与设计[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(2):265-269.
[47]刘滨谊,陈威.中国乡村景观园林初探[J].城市规划汇刊,2000,(6):66-68.
[48]王仰麟.景观生态分类的理论与方法[J].应用生态学报,1996,(1):84-86.
[49]王婷婷.城市边缘区乡村景观规划设计研究—以成都市三圣乡幸福梅林为例[D].成都:成都理工大学,2007:32-46.
[50]俞孔坚,李迪华,吉庆萍.景观与城市的生态设计:概念与原理[J].中国园林,2001,(6):3-11.
[51]傅伯杰.黄土区农业景观空间格局分析[J].应用生态学报,1995,(2):113-120.
[52]肖笃宁.沈阳西郊景观格局变化的分析[J].应用生态学报,1991,(1):75-84.
[53] Gulinck H, et al. A framework for comparative landscape analysis and evaluation based on landcover data, with an application in the Madrid region (Spain)[J].Landscape and UrbanPlanning,2001,(55):257-270.
[54] Goodey B.In methods of environmental impact assessment[M].London: Oxford BrooksUniversity UCL Press,1995:78-95.
[55]韦伟.基于有机化发展的城乡交错带景观规划[D].重庆:西南大学,2007:32-47.
[56]刘沛林.古村落:和谐的人聚空间[M].上海:上海三联书店,1997:82-96.
[57]张万方.中国新农村规划建设简明实用教程[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008:369-372.
[58]蔡龙铭.农村景观资源规划[M].中国台北:地景企业股份有限公司,1999:32.
[59]江益璋.农村空间研究[OL].[2003-10-18l. http://home.kimo.corn.tw/archman106/index.htm.
[60]方明,刘军.国外村镇建设借鉴[M].北京:中国社会出版社,2006:3-11.
[61]菜因哈德·格里比.前联邦德国景观规划概述[J].赵和生译,国外城市规划,1992(4):50.
[62]刘英杰.德国农业和农村发展政策特点及其启示[J].世界农业,2004(2):36-38.
[63] A.A. Manten. Fifty years of rural landscape planning jn the Netherlands[J].LandscapePlanning,1975(21:197-217
[64]金经元译.英国新城运动[J].国外城市研究,1984(3):56-68.
[65]邱建.英国的保护景观:立法及暗示[OL].[2005-07-01].ht:up://www.paper.edu.cn.
[66]黄服赐.英国袭产保育的地方行动[J].环境教育季刊,2000,42(2):26-27.
[67]刘振卿.浅析乡村旅游景观[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,1999,88(2):90.
[68]刘英杰.德国农业和农村发展政策特点及其启示[J].世界农业,2004(2):36-38.
[69]赵和生译.前联邦德国景观规划概述[J].国外城市规划,1992(4):50.
[70]易鑫.德国的乡村规划及其法规建设[J].国际城市规划,2010,25(2):11-16.
[71]陈威.景观新农村:乡村景观规划理论与方法[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2007:8.
[72]刘全波.英国城乡规划立法[J].城市规划,1990(4):54-57.
[73]吴佩瑛.英国的农业环境政策简介[J].农政与农情,1992(12):92—97.
[74]刘健:从新城到欧洲中心——巴黎地区新城建设回顾[J].国外城市规划,2002(1):12-16.
[75] Manten.Fifty years of rural landscape planning in the Netherlands[J].Landscape Planning,1975(2):197-217.
[76]韩选棠.农村社区更新规划之基本理念与实务[J].农业工程学报,1992,38(1):20-21.
[77]周拥军.社会主义新农村住宅建设初探[J].山西建筑,2007,33(4):33-34.
[78]王仰麟,韩荡.农业景观的生态规划与设计[J].应用生态学报,2000,11(2):265-269.
[79] Turner MG. Spatial and temporal analysis of landscape patterns.Landscape Ecology,1990,4(1):21～30.
[80]张慧,缪旭波,孙勤芳.景观生态学在农业景观生态规划中的应用[J].农村生态环境,2001,17(1):29-32.
[81]何丽芳.论观光农业旅游及可持续发展对策[J].四川农场,2006(1):32-35.
[82]陈望衡.农业景观的历史变迁:从农业社会、工业社会到后工业社会———兼谈社会主义新农村建设中的农业景观建设问题[J].河南社会科学,2007,15(4):13-15.
[83]张保华,谷艳芳,丁圣彦等.农业景观格局演变及其生态效应研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(1):114-122.
[84]郭玉华,黄勇,井瑾等.农业景观的生态规划和设计[J].湘潭师范学院学报:自然科学版,2007,29(1):72-75.
[85]王小华,赵燕,熊丽等.休闲农业的规划设计与经营[J].北方园艺,2006(3):53.
[86]刘荣章,臧春荣.休闲农业的人文理念与设计原则[J].台湾农业探索,2007(4):22-24.
[87]徐峰.观光农业景观设计[J].林业建设,2003(2):15-18.
[88]李春亭.观光农业景观结构和景观功能的研究[J].北京农业职业学院报,2008,22(1):26-28.
[89]何军斌.论生态农业景观的构成[J].湖南人文科技学院学报,2008,(6):64-66.
[90]何丽芳.论农业景观资源的旅游开发[J].经济与社会发展,2006.4(3):81~83.
[91] SCHAUMAN S,PFENDERM.An assessment procedure for countryside landscape[M].Seattle:Dep.t of Landscape Architecture, University of Washington,1982.
[92]李峰,吕卫东.美学概论[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2004:35~63.
[93]文化部外联局.联合国教科文组织保护世界文化公约选编[M].北京:法律出版社,2006:53~62.
[94]赵文杰.德惠市农业景观变化研究[J].东北师大学报自然科学版,2004,36(2):82-87
[95]王仰麟,赵一斌,祁黄雄.半干旱半湿润地区农业景观格局研究一一以冀西北涿鹿地区为例[J].中国农业资源与区划,2000,21(2):45-48.
[96]宇振荣,谷卫彬,胡敦孝.江汉平原农业景观格局及生物多样性研究[J].自然科学,2000,22(2):19-23.
[97]张艳芳,任志远.陕西秦巴山地农业景观空间格局与动态研究一一以柞水县下梁镇为例[J].陕西师范大学学报,2000,24(2):115-119.
[98]方明,董艳芳,李婧.农村社区规划与住宅设计[M].北京:中国社会出版社,2006:18.
[99]王菁.城市边缘区农田景观设计研究[D].合肥:合肥工业大学,2007:25-42.
[100]俞孔坚,刘东云.美国的景观设计专业[J].国外城市规划,1999,(2):1-9.
[101]陈威.景观新农村:乡村景观规划理论与方法[M].北京:中国电力出版社,2007:197.
[102]匡丽红.山地型乡村景观功能评价探讨[D].西南大学,2007:23-43.
[103]张祖群,赵荣,杨新军.中国传统聚落景观评价案例与模型[J].重庆大学学报（社会科学版），2005,11(2):18-22.
[104]杨知洁.上海乡村聚落景观的调查分析与评价研究[D].上海交通大学,2009.
[105]覃烨.城市高架轨道交通景观分析理论与评价模型[D].西南交通大学,2006.
[106]王军锋.道路景观评价指标体系研究[D].长安大学,2005.
[107]王亭皓.我国铁路景观影响评价研究——以西南山区铁路为例[D].西南交通大学,2009.
[108]毛伟.河南云台山风景名胜区景观资源评价[D].河南农业大学,2009.
[109]钟伟.基于GIS的四川省冰川景观评价研究[D].四川师范大学,2008.
[110]曾怡.广州市天河公园的园林景观评价与优化建议[D].华南师范大学,2010.
[111]冯平.评价论[M].上海:东方出版社,1995.
[112]付军.风景区规划[M].北京:气象出版社,2004:56-65.
[113] Saaty T. Modeling unstructured decision problems: A theory of a nalytical hierarchies
[C].Proceedingsofthefirstintenrationalconferenceonmathematicalmodeling,1977,69-77.
[114] Saaty T. The seven pillars of the analytic hierarchy process[C].Proceedings of the FifthInternational Symposium on the Analytic Hierarchy Process, http//www.is ahP4.2003.net/menus/about_ahp/Japan_ta.pdf,1999.
[115]许树柏.层次分析法原理[M].天津:天津大学出版社,1986:26-52.
[116] Saaty T.The Analytic Hierarchy Process [M].McGraw-HillInc, NewYork,1980.
[117] Hosoi Y, Kido Y, Nagira H．, Yoshida H．, Bouda Y.. Analysis of Water Pollution andEvaluation of Purification Measures in an Urban River Basin[J]．Water Science Technology，1996,34(12)：33-40.
[118] Lee C.S.,Wen C.G.. River assimilative capacity analysis via fuzzy linear programming[J].Fuzzy Sets and Systems,1996,79:191-201.
[119]胡莉莉.福州城市绿地景观格局分析及其景观评价与LUCC的相关性研究[D].福建农林大学,2008.
[120]梁莉.南宁市居住小区园林景观研究[D].广西大学,2010.
[121]陈乔婧.京西山区杂灌木林地森林景观改造规划的研究——以香山挂甲塔风景游憩区规划为例[D].北京林业大学,2010.
[122]刘文兰.甘肃连城国家级自然保护区景观资源综合评价研究[D].甘肃农业大学,2009.
[123]杨艳刚.生态环境质量评价方法在自然保护地域保护中的应用研究[D].内蒙古大学,2006.
[124]陈福美.苏州市主城区道路绿地人工植物群落调查研究[D].南京林业大学,2008.
[125]李舒仪.南京玄武湖公园植物景观评价与优化[D].南京林业大学,2009.
[126]李香红.内蒙古草原道路景观评价[D].内蒙古农业大学,2007.
[127]冯淑华,方志远.乡村聚落景观的旅游价值研究及开发模式探讨[J].江西社会科学出版社,2004,(12):230-234.
[128]陈勇,陈国阶.对乡村聚落生态研究中若干基本概念的认识[J].农村生态环境,2002,18(1):54-57.
[129]李远国.中国古代建筑风水学在现代建筑中的影响与运用[J].资源与人居环境,2005(5):36-38.
[130]朱岸林.传统聚落建筑的审美文化特征及其现实意义[J].华南理工大学学报:社会科学版,2005,7(3):27-30.
[131]王娟,王军.中国古代农耕社会村落选址及其风水景观模式[J].西安建筑科技大学学报:社会科学版,2005,24(3):17-21.
[132]张国梅.中国古代传统聚落的生态环境探析[J].安徽建筑,2003(6):1.
[133]沙润.中国传统民居建筑文化的自然地理背景[J].地理科学,1998,18(1):58-63.
[134]周拥军.社会主义新农村住宅建设初探[J].山西建筑,2007,33(4):33-34.
[135]李士太,孟东生.北方平原地区乡村景观规划设计探析[J].山西建筑,2007,33(4):18-19.
[136]郭旭.科学筹划乡村景观建设[J].新农村建设,2010(3):47-48.
[137]骆中钊,戎安,骆伟.新农村规划、整治与管理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2008:186-189.
[138]王崑,徐淑梅,李刚等.阿城七棵松乡村旅游规划设计[J].北方园艺,2008(2):249-253.
[139]龙祖坤.湖南乡村旅游环境及持续发展分析[J].生态经济,2008(1):106-109.
[140]赵伟韬,陈卉.我国新型乡村景观发展模式研究[J].黑龙江农业科学,2010(4):93-96.