摘要
随着世界范围内工业技术的发展,能源短缺和环境污染问题日趋严重,工程机械多采用柴油机—液压系统—多执行器驱动方案,耗油高、排放差,其节能问题已受到业界的广泛关注。我国作为能源消耗大国,面对环境污染和能源短缺的巨大压力,研发自主知识产权的节能型工程机械刻不容缓。随着变频调速和储能器的不断发展,混合动力在工程机械中的应用也得到了更多的技术支持。如何合理地进行此类工程机械的混合动力系统的设计,如何进行再生发电能量的回收和利用,如何进行系统的成本和原动机节油评估,逐渐成为热门研究课题。本文结合“混合动力技术在港口设备上的应用”研究项目,针对工程机械中的能耗大的问题,以混合动力系统理论为基础,以Saber仿真平台和电力电子新技术为研究手段,进行了如下研究:
(1)阐明了在节能环保的背景下,工程机械中采用混合动力技术的意义,将轮胎起重机这类典型工程机械作为研究对象,进行混合动力改造分析。
(2)分析了超级电容器的原理、电特性及应用关键技术,仿真验证了超级电容器的电特性,讨论了超级电容器在实际应用中需注意的串联电压均衡和能量监控问题,为超级电容器应用到工程机械的混合动力改造上建立了理论基础。
(3)分析了交流电动机的变频调速技术的发展现状,讨论了起重机变频调速的价值及起重机变频调速的机械特性,说明了在起重设备上采用变频调速技术能够明显地抑制有害的机械冲击,改善运行情况,并进行了矢量控制变频调速仿真。
(4)在国内首次独立开展了轮胎起重机混合动力系统的仿真研究,建立了轮胎起重机的混合动力系统数学模型。
(5)提出了Saber平台下超级电容器作为储能装置的轮胎起重机混合动力系统模型,实现了对其工作过程的仿真,并进行多方案仿真计算、对比分析,并对轮胎起重机实机进行耗油量实测,与仿真结果进行了对比分析,同比条件下,采用混合动力技术的UC-25轮胎起重机每个作业循环可节约柴油40%左右,节能效果十分明显;同时优选的混合动力UC-25轮胎起重机所配备的柴油机较原机额定功率下降了60%,排放随之改善,节能环保的意义凸显。
The problem of energy shortage and the environment pollution is serious gradually along with the development of industrial technology in the world.The project of diesel-hydraulic system-multi-exeutors is usually used in construction machinery,which result in high fuel consumption and bad exhaust,the energy saving problem has been paid attention to in construction machinery field widely.Being a high energy consumption country,facing the pressure of energy shortage and the environment pollution,the research of energy-saving construction machinery which has independent intellectual property rights is necessary.The application of hybrid will attain more technical support along with development of the variable frequency speed regulation techniques and energy storage equipment. Then,how to design the hybrid system of the construction machinery rationally,how to recycle the regeneration energy,how to evaluate the cost and the prime motor fuel saving,being the hot research task gradually.The dissertation is supported by the research project "the application of hybrid technology on port equipment".To improve the high fuel consumption construction machinery,hybrid theory is employed.Systematic researches have been done based on Saber software and modern electric power and electronic technology.Main research conclusions are listed below:
(1) The signification of using hybrid techniques in construction machinery under the background of energy-saving and environment-protection is expatiated,the hybrid system reconstruction using tyre crane as research object is analyzed.
(2) The working principle of supercapacitors,the electrical characteristics and the key techniques of supercapacitors are analyzed,and the electrical characteristics of supercapacitors are tested and verified by simulation software,the problem of voltage balance in series of supercapacitors and energy monitoring system for surpercapacitors are discussed,the theory foundation for the application of supercapacitors in construction machinery hybrid is built.
(3)The development status of variable frequency speed regulation techniques is analyzed,the value of crane's variable frequency speed regulation and the mechanical characteristics of crane's variable frequency speed regulation are discussed,the discussion above can explain that the application of crane's variable frequency speed regulation techniques would keep the harmful mechanical striking within limits and improve working condition,then the simulation of variable frequency speed regulation which use vector control technique is taken;
(4) The research on simulation of tyre crane hybrid is carried out independently in our country for the first time.The tyre crane hybrid mathematics model is set up.
(5) A tyre crane hybrid simulation model using supercapacitors based on Saber software is proposed,the working process of it is simulated,the simulation calculation and contrastion analyzing of multi-project are taken,the fuel consumption of real tyre crane is measured contrasting with the simulation result.The fuel consumption will reduce about 40%under the same condition on the per-cycle of UC-25 tyre crane which used hybrid technology.The energy-saving effect is obvious. The rate power of UC-25 tyre crane diesel will decrease 60%simultaneously,the bad exhaust will be correspondingly improved and the significance of energy-saving and environment protection is attained.
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