摘要
我国北方干旱、半干旱地区沙尘暴频发,不仅给当地工农业生产和生态环境造成严重危害,而且由于它能把大量沙尘卷起进行长距离输送,因此作为巨大的流动污染源会影响到下游的我国北方地区和邻国日本的大气环境,危害人群健康,已引起相关科技工作者和广大民众的高度重视。为此,本文对其进行了以下几个方面的监测研究：首先探讨了沙尘天气对我国北方和日本城市大气环境的总体影响；其次定量分析了沙尘天气对沙尘重污染城市兰州市大气环境质量及相应水溶性离子的影响；最后研究了沙尘天气对邻国日本7个城市PM10质量浓度的影响程度,并以日本石川县门齐地区为例,细致研究了沙尘天气对日本PM10中水溶性离子造成的影响。
主要研究结果如下：
(1)利用地面气象观测站观测的沙尘实况资料和环保部发布的2006-2010年我国北方9个城市空气污染指数(API)数据,分析了沙尘天气对这些城市空气质量的影响。结果表明：2006年沙尘天气过程相对偏强；而2009年沙尘天气过程发生次数较少、强度较弱。西北路径是研究期间内我国沙尘天气过程最多的传输路径。PM1o是9个城市的主要空气污染物,作为首要污染物出现的频率非常高,在沙尘天气多发的春季尤为突出。沙尘天气对所选取城市的API指数都有明显影响,但是程度不同,总体上沙尘源区城市受到的影响较大,而沙尘影响区的城市受到的影响随着离沙尘源区距离的增加而逐步衰减,这反映了沙尘天气对我国北方城市空气质量影响具有区域性的特点。
(2)利用兰州气象局地面沙尘观测资料以及兰州市环境监测站的PM10、 SO2、NO2浓度等资料详细研究了兰州市沙尘天气特征及其对该市空气质量的影响。研究结果表明：1951-2010年期间浮尘、扬沙、沙尘暴3种类型的沙尘天气以浮尘发生次数最多,年均30.4次,三种类型的沙尘天气的年际变化总体上均呈现减少趋势。沙尘天气对2006-2010年间春季的PM10质量浓度影响最大,每年春季的沙尘日比非沙尘日PM1o质量浓度增加率在79%-343%之间,其中由于2007年沙尘天气强度大以及非沙尘日PM10质量浓度比较低的原因,当年沙尘增加率最大；沙尘天气对PM2.5和PM1.0浓度也有较大贡献；但对S02和N02的浓度影响不太明显。通过对发生在2007年5月10日一次强沙尘天气过程的细致研究,发现沙尘天气对三种粒径颗粒物浓度影响的特点是随着沙尘天气的入侵其颗粒物浓度陡然上升,然后达到较高的浓度水平,之后由于沙尘天气的减弱、消退或离境,颗粒物浓度也逐渐降低并缓慢恢复到常值水平；也就是说,当沙尘天气过境时,颗粒物浓度呈现陡然升高、到达最高点后而缓慢降低的变化态势。
(3)利用大气颗粒物水溶性组分和气体在线监测分析系统对兰州市2011年春季PM10中水溶性离子和相关气体进行连续监测,分析了沙尘天气和降雨对它们的影响。结果表明：监测期间浓度最大的气态污染物和PM10中浓度最高的水溶性离子分别是SO2和Ca2+,其平均浓度分别是5.87μg/m3、18.25μg/m3,这显然与兰州市的能源结构以燃煤为主和春季沙尘天气多发有关；降雨期间所有污染物的浓度比降雨前都有不同程度的下降,尤其对气态HN02、水溶性离子NO3-、 SO42-清除效果尤为明显；由于大风扩散能力增强的作用,沙尘期间的气态污染物浓度下降,而PM10中水溶性离子浓度却有不同程度的上升,作为沙尘颗粒物中代表性水溶性离子Ca2+浓度上升最为明显。其变化过程与颗粒物浓度的变化相似,即随着沙尘天气的侵袭,Ca2+浓度骤增并维持一段较高的浓度水平,之后由于沙尘天气的减弱、消退或离境,Ca2+浓度也逐步降低并缓慢恢复到常值水平。
(4)利用日本气象厅沙尘资料和环境省发布的日本7个不同地域和类型城市(札幌、箟岳、川崎、名古屋、大阪、松江和大牟田)的PM10质量浓度数据,研究了沙尘天气特征及其对这些城市PM10质量浓度的影响。结果表明：7个城市PM10平均值表现出显著的空间差异,其中大阪、川崎和名古屋的平均浓度较高,而箟岳和札幌的较低。由于当地污染源排放以及气象条件不同的原因,7个城市PM10日均值变化幅度和离散度都比较大。沙尘天气对日本7个城市沙尘日PM10质量浓度都有增加,但与我国北方城市相比,增加幅度及其绝对量值都明显减小,且呈现地区性差异,从影响的空间分布特征来看,总体上沙尘天气对这些城市沙尘日PM10质量浓度影响呈现自西向东降低、自低纬向高纬地区降低的格局。
(5)基于日本门齐地区的2001-2003年PM1o中水溶性离子监测分析资料,利用后向轨迹技术和正矩阵因子分析法,分析了该地PM10中水溶性离子变化特征以及来自于东亚大陆沙尘颗粒物对它的影响。研究结果表明：SO422-、NO3-和NH4+是该地2001-2003年期间PM1o中最主要的水溶性离子；由于受到东亚大陆沙尘颗粒物输送的影响,春季的nss-Ca2+、SO42-和N03-浓度出现高值；沙尘日的nss-Ca2+浓度是0.86μg/m3,大约比非沙尘日浓度增加了3倍。此外,沙尘日SO42-、 NO3-的浓度也高于非沙尘日,可能是由于沙尘颗粒物在输送过程中吸附途经之地SO2.NOx等气态污染物,并与之发生化学反应引起的。根据正矩阵因子分析法解析出影响日本门齐PM1o中水溶性离子4类污染源：即沙尘、海盐、硫酸盐、硝酸盐。
Dust events occur frequently in arid and semi-arid regions of the northern China, which do not only severely damage local industrial and agricultural production and eco-environment but also transfer a large amount of dust particles long distance. Thus, they can deteriorate atmospheric environment and harm human health in downstream areas such as Northern China and Japan as major floating pollution source, which have drawn high attention of relevant scientists and people. So, some aspects of dust events have been monitorted and studied in this paper. Firstly, the general impacts on the urban atmospheric environment of Northern China and Japan are discussed.Then, the impact on the atmospheric environment and water-soluble ions in Lanzhou city is quantitatively analyzed, which is seriously affected by dust events. Finally, the influence levels of dust events on the PM10concentrations of seven cities in neighboring Japan are studied. Moreover, as example of Menzenmaqi in Japan, the impact of dust events on water soluble ions in PM10in Japan is comprehensively investigated. The main conclusions are summarized as follows:
(1) The impacts of dust events on air qualities in the nine cities in Northern China are analyzed by using the air pollution index (API) data during2006-2010from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China and the observation data of dust events from Meteorological Observation Stations.The results show that the synoptic processes of blowing sand, dust storm and severe dust storm in China have taken place during2006-2010. The intensity of dust events is very strong in2006, which is relatively weak in2009. In addition, the frequency of dust events in2009is low. Northwest route is the most frequent transport route of dust events in China in this study. PM10is the main air pollutant in the nine cities, and its frequency is high as the primary air pollutan, especially in spring when dust events are apt to occur. Air qualities in these cities are all affected by dust events, and the influence levels are different, on the whole, the impacts on the urban air qualities in sand source are serious, and the impacts on the urban air qualities in affected regions decrease far from sand source according to geographic position, which reveals that the impact of dust events on the urban air quality in northern China presents regional characteristics.
(2) Characteristics of dust events in Lanzhou during1951-2010and the impact of dust events on atmospheric environment of Lanzhou are studied by using dust events data from Lanzhou Meteorological Observing Station and air pollutant data including PM10, SO2and NO2concentrations from Lanzhou Environmental Monitoring Station. The results show that floating dust, blowing dust and dust storm in Lanzhou have taken place during1951-2010. The most frequent occurring dust is floating dust, which is on average30.4days per year. Frequencies of three kinds of dust events generally descended from1954to2000. The impact of dust events on PM10concentration is serious in Lanzhou, the increase rate of PM10concentration in dust days compared with non-dust days in spring every year are between79%and343%. The highest increase rate is in the spring2007; resulting from the high intensity of dust events and low average PM10concentration in non-dust days.The impacts of dust events on PM2.5and PM1.0concentrations are both obvious; but the impacts of dust events on SO2and NO2concentrations are little. By analyzing carefully a severe dust event on May10,2007, it can be found that three diameter particles concentrations sharply increase with dust intrusion, then reach relatively high level, afterwards gradually drop and recover to the normal concentration level because of dust weakening, fading or leaving; in other words, when dust events invading, dust particles concentrations sharply increase, and after reaching the maximum value, they slowly drop.
(3) A semi-continuous measurement of water-soluble ions in PM10and related gases in Lanzhou in the spring of2011is conducted by using Monitoring Instrument for Aerosols and Gases. Based on the measurement, the impacts of dust events and rain on water-soluble ions in PM10and related gases are analyzed. The results indicate that the gas pollutant and water-soluble ions in PM10with the maximum concentrations in this study are SO2and Ca2+respectively, and the average concentrations are5.87μg/m3and18.25μg/m3, which is apparently due to high coal consumption and frequent dust events in spring in Lanzhou. Concentrations of all gas pollutants and water-soluble ions in rain are lower than those before rain, gas HNO2and NO3-, SO42-in PM10can be more effectively wiped off by rain. Gas pollutant concentrations in dust events tend to decrease due to strong wind, while the concentrations of water-soluble ions in PM10increase, Ca2+concentration as the representative dust particle goes up most obviously. The characteristic of Ca2+concentration variation in dust events is similar to that of dust particles, i.e., Ca2+concentration sharply increases with dust event invading, then, keeps at relatively high level for quite a long time, finally, gradually drops and recovers to normal concentration level due to dust weakening, fading or leaving.
(4) Characteristics of dust events in Japan during1967-2010and the impacts of dust events on the PM10concentrations in Japan are studied by the dust event data of the seven different geographical and type cities (Sapporo, Nonodake, Kawasaki, Nagoya, Osaka, Matsue, Omuta) from Japan Meteorological Agency and the PM10concentration data from the Ministry of Environmental Government of Japan. The results show that the PM10concentrations in seven cities have remarkable spatial variation, the average PM10concentrations of Osaka, Kawasaki and Nagoya are high, and the PM10concentrations of Nonodake and Sapporo are low. Due to different meteorological factors and air pollutant emission, average deviations of PM10concentrations in the seven cities have high variation and dispersion. The PM10concentration of dust days in7cities had increased due to the impact of dust events, but the intensity and absolute value were both low compared to Northern China, and the impact of dust events on the PM10concentration in Japan has regional discrepancy. The increase rates of PM10concentrations of dust days generally decrease from the west to the east, and reduce from low latitude to high latitude according to geography.
(5) Characteristics of water-soluble ions in PM10at Menzenmaqi, Japan from2001to2003and the impact of dust events on them are investigated by backward air trajectory analysis and positive matrix factorization. The results show that SO42", NO3-and NH4+are the main water-soluble ions in PM10at Menzenmaqi, Japan from2001to2003; The average monthly concentrations of SO42-, NH4+, NO3-and nss-Ca2+have prominent peaks in spring due to strong influence of dust events, the average nss-Ca2+concentration in dust days drastically increases when dust events invade, which is0.86μg/m3, about three times higher than that in normal days. In addition, the average concentrations of nss-SO2-, NO3-and NH+/in dust days are higher than those in normal days, for the reason that dust particles adsorb SO2and NOx, and react with them during the long-range transport. By positive matrix factorization method, the major source profiles of PM10were categorized as dust source, marine salt, secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate.
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