摘要
电流变液作为一个新型的智能材料,通常为纳米或者微米级的具有高介电常数的介电颗粒与低介电常数的分散介质均匀混合而成的悬浮体系。该材料在外电场作用下表观粘度迅速增加,表现出类固体的性质。在电场下,电流变液的表观粘度迅速地变化,其原因是由于颗粒在两电极之间形成的桥联结构阻碍了结构进一步变化,表明流变性质的变化是由微观结构的变化引起的。电流变液的这种性质使其有广泛的应用前景,如减振器、阻尼器等。
电流变液的许多应用都需要工作在动态剪切状态下,因此研究电流变液在动态剪切下的力学行为是一个重要的课题。电流变液在动态剪切下相比静态下更复杂的行为特征,比如在屈服后的非线性行为,电流变效应在高速剪切下的迅速降低等。这些力学行为背后的微观结构变化及机理解释到目前为止还没有得到很好的解决。为了解决这个问题,本文在考虑了动态剪切下存在的颗粒自旋和界面滑移等因素,建立了计算模型,通过模拟计算结合实验测试的方法研究了电流变液在动态剪切下的力学性质和流变行为。首先解释了电流变液的抖动型流变行为；接着建立了动态弛豫时间的理论计算模型；然后研究了颗粒自旋对电流变液流变行为的影响；最后研究了边界滑移对电流变液力学性质的影响。
采用实验测试结合计算模拟的方法研究了电流变液的抖动型流变行为,并用提出的剪切滑移模型解释了产生该行为的原因。抖动型流变行为表现为,电流变液的剪切应力随剪切速率的增加有上下起伏的变化,这种特殊的流变行为反应了电流变液的微观结构变化。首先,制备了电流变液并测试其流变曲线,制备的材料表现出了抖动型的流变特征。然后建立了计算模型,根据实验测试的参数计算得出了流变曲线的模拟结果,模拟的曲线与实验曲线符合。最后用剪切滑移的边界模型解释了该特殊的流变行为。电流变液的抖动型流变曲线可以划分为四个区域,每个区域都能用提出的模型进行很好的解释。
建立了动态弛豫时间的理论计算模型,提高了弛豫时间在动态剪切下的计算精确性。在对电流变液的弛豫行为计算中,目前仍然采用了以颗粒处于静态为基础计算的Maxwell-Wagner弛豫时间,这对电流变液在动态下的描述有很大误差。在Maxwell-Wagner模型的基础上,考虑各参数随颗粒自旋角速度的影响,计算了介电颗粒在旋转情况下的等效介电常数和等效的电导率,建立了动态弛豫时间的唯象模型。动态弛豫时间在动态剪切下更精确,符合实验测试的结果。
采用实验测试结合计算模拟的方法研究了在不同弛豫时间下电流变液的流变行为,发现弛豫时间超过一定值后,电流变液的流变现象发生明显变化。制备了不同阳离子掺杂的二氧化钛电流变液,测试了掺杂对电流变液介电性质的影响,以及不同介电性质电流变液的流变行为。建立了颗粒介电弛豫的计算模型,计算了不同弛豫时间下的流变曲线并与实验结果作比较,发现当弛豫时间大于10-2秒量级后,电流变液的流变行为发现明显的变化。最后提出模型解释了介电弛豫对电流变液流变行为影响的原因。
采用计算模拟的方法系统地研究了边界摩擦对电流变效应的影响。考虑到边界摩擦包括两个因素的影响,一个是边界摩擦系数,一个是法向应力。首先,定性和定量地计算了在准静态和动态情况下,剪切应力随边界摩擦因子的变化关系,变化的趋势与符合实验变化的趋势。然后讨论了在法向应力变化的情况下,剪切应力随边界摩擦因子变化关系的适用性。最后模拟了与应力变化相对应的结构演化情况,解释了微观结构演化对宏观力学性质的影响。
Electrorheologcal (ER) fluids, a typical smart material, are usually composed of nano-sized or micro-sized particles with high dielectric constant dispersed in a liquid with low dielectric constant. When an electric field is applied, the randomly dispersed particles are rearranged along the field direction and form complex column-like structures, which results in a dramatically change of the apparent viscosity. The remarkable increase of the viscosity of the ER fluid is caused by the formation of chains that bridge the two opposite electrodes, and the rheological properties are affected by the structure transformations. This property enable ER fluids a great possibility in applications, such as absorber, and damping devices.
In many applications, ER fluids are worked in the dynamic shear state, and it makes the investigation on the mechanical properties of ER fluids in the dynamic shear state an important subject. The mechanical properties of ER fluids in the dynamic state are more complicate that in the static state. For example, the nonlinear flow behavior after yielding, and the dramatical decrease of shear stress under a high shear rate. These phenomena and the mechanism have not been understood clearly until now. In this dissertation, several factors such as the rotation of particles under shear, the slide between the chains and boundaries was studied to investigate the dynamic properties of the ER fluids under shear state. Based on the above analysis, a simulation model was further established. The mechanical properties and the flow behaviors of ER fluids under the dynamic shear were studied by using both the computer simulation and experiment testing method. Firstly, the trembling shear behavior of ER fluids was studied; secondly, to discuss the dielectric relaxation that existed in the dynamic shear state, a theory model was established to calculate the dynamic relaxation time; thirdly, it was found that the relaxation time had a great effect on the flow behavior; finally, the boundary effect that appeared obviously in the dynamic state was investigated, which played as an important factor in affecting the mechanical properties of ER fluids.
Experiment testing and computer simulations were conducted to study the trembling shear behavior of ER fluids. The phenomena that the shear stress of ER fluids went decrease and increase with the shear rate was defined the trembling shear behavior, which was caused by rupture and reformation of structures. An experiment was firstly conducted to study the flow behavior of ER fluids, and then a following computer simulation was performed to investigate the rheological properties of ER fluids. The as-prepared material showed a typical trembling shear behavior, and a shear-slide boundary model was proposed to understand its mechanism. The boundary friction force was considered within our model, which played as an important factor in affecting the properties. The simulated shear curves matched the experiment results very well. Moreover, the trembling shear behavior was divided into four regions and each region could be explained by the proposed model.
A theory model was established to calculate the dynamic relaxation time. Maxwell-Wagner relaxation time, which was calculated in the static state, was still used in the calculation of ER fluids. However, Maxwell-Wagner relaxation time made the calculation no longer accurate in the dynamic state. To develop the calculation of relaxation time, the efficient dielectric constant and the efficient conductivity were calculated in the dynamic state. Then a phenomenological theory was developed to calculate the dynamic relaxation time. The dynamic relaxation time was more accurate than the Maxwell-Wagner relaxation, and matched the experiment results very well in the dynamic state.
Experiment testing and computer simulation were conducted to study the effect of the rotation of particles on the mechanical properties and flow behaviors of ER fluids. The particles of ER fluids rotated around their center under a shear flow. The rotation of particles would change the magnitude and direction of the dipole, with further affecting the structure formation. The TiO2ER fluids with different doping were prepared to study the effect of doping on the dielectric properties of ER fluids, and their flow behaviors. A computer simulation model was established in considering the dielectric relaxation. Then, the rheological properties of ER fluids with different relaxation time were calculated by using this model. It was found that the rheological properties changed dramatically with the variation of the relaxation time. The mechanism of this phenomenon was explained clearly.
A computer simulation was conducted to systematically examine the boundary effect on the properties of ER fluids. We considered some elements of boundary effect, the boundary friction coefficient and the normal stress. First, the relations between the shear stress and the boundary friction coefficient were discussed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the tendency matched the previously reported experiment results. The optimum friction coefficient which could lead to the largest dynamic shear stress was obtained by this calculation. A compress load was exerted on the boundary to study the effect of normal stress. It was found that the calculation was still valid with the variation of normal stress. To further understand the mechanism of ER fluids in static and dynamic state, the structure transformations corresponding to the stress variation was discussed.
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