摘要
推进东部地区产业向中西部地区转移,不仅可以加快东部地区产业转型升级,还可以促进中西部地区经济社会加快发展。从实践上看,近年来随着西部大开发战略和中部崛起战略的深入实施,东部地区鞋业、纺织服装业等一些传统劳动密集型产业和水泥、建筑陶瓷等高耗能产业向中西部地区转移已渐成趋势和规模,对此急需从理论上对其加以研究和总结。本文以温州鞋业产业向中西部地区转移为例,运用历史分析法、典型个案分析法、实证检验法等方法,通过实地考察和问卷访谈,对我国东部地区产业向中西部地区转移的理论与实践进行了系统研究。主要研究结论如下：
(1)国外相关的产业转移理论在一定程度上揭示了世界各国产业发展和转移的普遍规律,有较强的指导意义。但是,由于社会条件、政治制度、经济水平、资源禀赋和文化传统上的差别,各国产业转移问题都有自己的特殊性。因此,在分析我国国内产业转移时,有些理论不能不加取舍地简单套用。另一方面,虽然国内对产业转移及其相关领域的研究已有较强的基础,但对国内区域间产业转移的内在机理方面还缺乏系统深入的研究,在产业转移实证研究方面也还较为薄弱。
(2)上世纪30年代以来,中国历史上出现了三次较大规模的产业转移。其中,“抗战”时期和“三线”建设时期的两次产业转移,不是处于战争状态,就是以备战为背景,都是在战争环境逼迫下被动进行的,统筹区域经济发展始终不是最主要的目的。一旦战争环境发生变化,这种产业转移就趋于停滞甚至发生逆转。“西部大开发”以来的产业转移则是我国实施非均衡发展战略、东部地区工业化发展到一定阶段后,民营资本为主的东部地区产业在国家政策引导和市场经济规律作用下自发地向内地拓展的结果,具有极强的生命力,可以预期必将给中西部地区带来真正的工业腾飞。
(3)目前东部地区向中西部地区转移的产业主要有高耗能、污染性产业和劳动密集型产业,对前一类产业转移需要合理规划,并适当加以规范与控制,对后一类产业转移则需要加以政策鼓励和引导。东部地区产业向中西部地区转移既有扩张性动机,也有撤退性动机。不同转移动机的企业在目的地选择上明显不同。扩张性企业往往会有选择地进行设点布局,而撤退性企业则往往处于“肓流”状态。企业采用什么样的转移方式,往往与产业转移的类型、动因及目的地密切相关。当前,我国产业转移的“粘性”明显,中西部地区承接东部地区产业转移的成效并不太理想,障碍主要来自两个方面：一方面来自于转移方,包括转移地政府及企业自身；另一方面来自于承接方。制度环境是中西部地区的明显弱势,此外东部地区相对成熟的产业链和配套能力在中西部地区相对缺乏,这些都不利于产业转移。
(4)从产业层面上看,2006年前后我国鞋业开始发生“雁行模式”的产业转移,即从东部地区向中西部地区转移。
本研究在以下几个方面取得一些理论进展。
(1)简单的产业转移推拉模型难以解释当面临相同的推力、拉力和共同的中间障碍因素时,为什么有的企业选择了转移而有的企业却没有选择转移?为此,本文把企业家因素引入到产业转移的分析框架内,构建了扩展的产业转移推拉模型。
(2)提出了“相对优势耦合”的产业转移机理。产业转移能否取得预期的效果,关键就在于东部地区企业优势与中西部地区投资优势能否真正做到动态的优势耦合。
(3)对产业转移与劳动力转移的关系进行了研究,提出我国的劳动力转移和产业转移经历了一个从两者“逆向流动”到两者“逆向同向并存”的两阶段演变过程。
(4)构建了一个包括中央与地方各级政府、行业协会和企业“三位一体”的动力结构,从政府、企业和行业协会三个层面提出了加快我国东部地区产业向中西部地区转移的政策措施。
本文系统地总结了我国东部地区产业向中西部地区转移的客观规律,为相关制度创新和政策框架的构建提供依据。取得的成果对全面认识我国产业转移的内在机理和规律有重要理论价值,对我国产业转移制度创新和相关鼓励政策制定有较强的实际指导意义；从实践层面上看,可以为加快我国东部地区的产业转型升级、为西部大开发战略和中部崛起战略的实施提供有益的借鉴。
Promoting the industrial transfer from Eastern Region to Midwest Region in China, not only can speed up the industrial transformation and upgrading of Eastern Region, but also promote accelerating the economic and social development of Midwest Regions. From a practical point of view, in recent years, along with the in-depth implementation of the Western Development Strategy and the Strategy of the Rise of Central China, it has become the trend and scale that some traditional manufacturing industries such as shoes and clothing and some high energy-consuming industries such as cement have migrated from Eastern Region to Midwest Region. So it's urgently needed to be studied and summarized theoretically. In this study, taken the shift of Wenzhou footwear industry to the central and western regions as an example, the theory and practice of the industrial transfer from Eastern Region to Midwest Region in China were studied systematically through field visits, questionnaires and interviews. The main conclusions of this thesis are as follows:
(1) Foreign theories of industrial transfer related have revealed the universal law of the industrial development and transfer all over the world to a certain extent, and have a strong guiding significance. However, due to differences in the social conditions, political systems, economic level, resource endowments and cultural traditions, industrial transfer problems in various countries have its own particularity. Therefore, in the analysis of the industrial transfer in China, some theories can not to be failed to add trade-offs and simply applied mechanically. On the other hand, although studies on the industrial transfer and related fields in our country have been a strong foundation, but there is lack of in-depth and systematically study in the field of the internal mechanism of the industrial transfer between Eastern Region and Midwest Region in China. Furthermore, empirical research about industry transfer is also weak.
(2) Since the1930s in China's history, there have been three large-scale industrial transfer. Among them, the first two industrial transfer during the period of "Anti-Japanese" and the period of the construction of "Three lines", either be in a state of war, or in a background of preparing for the war, were conducted passively and forced by the war environments. That was always not the most important purpose to co-ordinate regional economic development. Once the war environment changed, such a transfer of industry tended to stagnate or even reversed. However, the industrial transfer since the implementation of the "Western Development" Strategy was the result of private capital expanding to the mainland spontaneously guided by the national policies and effected by the rules of the market economy when the industrialization of the Eastern Region developed to a certain stage. So it is full of very strong vitality, and can be surely expected to bring real industrial take-off to the Central and Western regions.
(3) The industries transferred to the Central and Western regions from the Eastern region mainly are high energy-consuming or polluting industries and labor-intensive industries currently. The former type of industry transfer requires rational planning, and should to be regulated and controlled appropriately. Contrast to this, the latter class of industrial transfer should to be encouraged and guided by all kind of policies. There were expansionary motivations or withdrawal motivations for the industrial transfer from the Eastern region to the Central and Western regions. Different enterprises of different transfer motives selected different destination obviously. The expansionary enterprises often selected the layout of the set point purposefully, however the withdrawal enterprises were often in a "blind flow" state. Which mode of industrial transfer adopted by enterprises often associated closely with the type of industrial transfer, motivation and destination. Currently, China's industrial transfer shows "sticky" obviously. The result of undertaking the industrial transfer from the Eastern region by the Midwest regions is not ideal. The barriers mainly come from two aspects:On the one hand, the barriers come from the transfer side, including the transfer government and the enterprises themselves; On the other hand, the barriers come from the undertaking side. The institutional environment is the obvious weakness of the Central and Western regions. In addition, the Midwest region relatively lacks of the relatively mature industry chains and supporting capacity and matching ability in the eastern region. All these are not conducive to the industrial transfer.
(4) In the industrial level, the "Flying Geese Model" transfer of Footwear industry in China has happened since2006.
This paper makes some important theoretical contributions as follows:
(1) Simple push-pull model of industrial transfer is difficult to explain when faced with the same push force, pull force and common intermediate barriers, why some enterprises selected the transfer while some companies chose not to transfer? To this end, this study introduced the entrepreneurs'factors into the analysis framework of industrial transfer, and built the extended push-pull model of industrial transfer.
(2) put forward the inherent mechanism of the comparative advantages coupling of industrial transfer. Whether the industrial transfer obtained the desired results, the key lied in the truly coupling of the enterprise advantages of the Eastern region and the investment advantages of the Midwest regions.
(3) Studied the relationship of the industrial transfer and labor migration, and put forward that China's labor migration and industrial transfer have experienced the two-stage evolution process from "reverse flow" to "the coexistence of reverse flow and codircctional flow".
(4) Built a "Trinity" power structure including the central and local levels of government, industry associations and enterprises, and put forward policies and measures for speeding up China's industrial transfer from the Eastern China to the central and western regions from the three different levels of government, enterprises and industry associations.
This paper Summarized systematically the objective laws of the industrial transfer from the Eastern Regions to the Midwest Regions in China, to provide a basis for building the institutional innovation and policy framework related. The results achieved have important reference value for us to comprehensively understand of the internal mechanism and laws of the industrial transfer, and are of strong practical significance for the institutional innovation of industrial transfer and related incentive policies making. From a practical point of view, the results achieved will provide useful lessons for the industry transformation and upgrading of the Eastern China, and the implementation of the Western Development Strategy and the Strategy of the Rise of Central China.
引文
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