摘要
各类缺陷及微结构对材料强度及其使用寿命有非常重要的影响。现有的力学理论，对于不同形状及大小的缺陷（例如裂纹或孔洞），需要采用不同的理论、准则及强度特性进行评价，并且这些理论不仅是相对独立的，而且一些常见问题（如微小孔洞）仍无法解决。本研究的目的，是要建立一种能适合各种形状缺陷及大小的统一的强度或破坏评价方法。本研究的动机来自于一个工程力学界中被忽视的矛盾：一方面我们承认材料的强度特性（包括韧性）是材料所固有的，不因其几何形状的改变而改变；另一方面，对于不同形状的缺陷，却不仅要采用不同的理论进行分析，而且其评价参数及准则都是不同的，即使对同一种形状的缺陷，也会因其大小的不同而必须采用不同的理论（例如短裂纹与长裂纹）；更有甚者，对于现代精密机械等中常见的微小孔洞问题，目前尚无有效的强度或寿命评价方法。
本研究的方法是先提出理论，然后仔细验证其可行性。提出理论的基本依据是材料强度学，而验证的方法包含两个方面，一是验证本理论退化后与现有理论的一致性，二是对现有理论尚无法解决的问题，通过实验来验证本理论的有效性。
本文的主要创新点如下：
第一，提出材料强度的特征断裂长度概念，并以此为依据建立可以适合各种缺陷形状及大小的统一的强度评价方法，为连续介质力学在多晶材料中的应用拓宽了范围。该特征断裂长度是从材料的固有属性中提取出的材料强度参数，因此不受材料几何形状和尺寸的影响，故可以应用到含各种缺陷的材料的脆性断裂判断中。把基于特征断裂长度的破坏准则应用到微小孔洞的静态拉伸脆性断裂实验中发现，理论预测与实验结果符合得较好，而这一问题，是现有理论尚无法评价的。
第二，通过分析晶体材料的屈服机理和讨论局部区域的塑性变形，指出屈服强度与脆性断裂强度一样，具有特征屈服长度。并根据位错塞积理论，得到多晶材料屈服特征长度的表达式。基于此特征屈服长度，建立了适用于不同尺寸缺陷的屈服强度准则，该准则解释了含有不同大小圆孔平板的屈服应力随孔径变化的规律。并且通过中心含有不同直径尺寸圆孔的平板在常温下的拉伸实验，验证了新提出的屈服准则。该问题也是传统的弹塑性理论所无法评价的。
第三，把特征长度概念扩展到疲劳领域，分别对疲劳强度的评价和疲劳寿命的预测进行了理论分析和实验验证。基于疲劳损伤也是由某一个损伤区域决定而不是由某一点状态决定的观点，提出当材料的特征疲劳长度内的平均应力振幅达到疲劳强度时，材料会发生疲劳破坏。为了验证此疲劳准则的有效性，采用高强度不锈钢SUS630H900进行了室温下的疲劳试验，理论预测与实验结果也比较一致。
The fatigue life predictions of engineering structures and mechanicalcomponents are always affected by defects and micro structures (such as cracksand voids). In the existing theories for defects with different sizes and shapes,different theories and criteria are adopted, and these theories are independent.Furthermore, some common problems still can not be solved (such as the microvoids problems). The aim of this research is to establish a unified theory, which issuitable for various types of defects. The motion of this research is from aneglected contradiction in engineering mechanics: on the one hand, the strengthproperty of material is regarded as the intrinsic property of material,unchangeable with the geometry shape; on the other hand, for defects withdifferent shapes, different theories are developed with the different assessmentparameters. Even for the same type of defects, the criteria change with the defectsize. For example, the small crack and long crack require different theories. Whatis more, for the micro voids in the precise machines, there is not an effectivestrength criterion.
The method of this research is to propose a theory firstly, then to verify thefeasibility of the theory. The theoretic basis comes from the theory of materialstrength, and the validation techniques are from two aspects: one is theuniformity between the proposed theories degenerated and the existing theories;another is the effectiveness of the proposed theory for the problems which cannot be solved by the existing theories.
It has the following innovative points:
Firstly, the characteristic fracture length concept is proposed and is used toexpansion the range of continuum mechanics for the polycrystalline materials.The characteristic fracture length is a strength parameter extracted from the material intrinsic properties, so it is not affected by the geometry shape or size.This means that it possibly can be applied to the various types of defects, nomatter what the size or shape is. Meanwhile, the theoretical basis is discussed andthe validation of the characteristic fracture length is examined by experiments.
Secondly, based on the analysis of yield mechanism and local plasticdeformation of polycrystalline materials, the characteristic length concept iscontributed in the yield strength, which is similar to the case of brittle fracture.The expression of characteristic yield length of polycrystalline materials isobtained through the dislocation pile-up theory. The phenomenon of increasingyield stress with decreasing diameter size of a center hole in a plate is explainedreasonably with a yield criterion that is constructed on the concept ofcharacteristic yield length. In order to verify the yield criterion, experiments arecarried out with plate specimens drilled variously under room temperature, andthe results agree well with that predicted by the yield criterion.
Thirdly, the characteristic fatigue length of the brittle rupture of material isconcerned and investigated as an intrinsic material property, both theoreticallyand experimentally. Based on the concept of the fatigue failure determined by adamaged zone instead of a point, it is proposed that the material failure occurswhen the average stress amplitude over the characteristic fatigue length is largerthan the material fatigue strength. Plate specimens made of SUS630H900stainless steel are conducted in fatigue experiments at room temperature to verifythe characteristic fatigue length-based theory. Circular holes of various diametersare introduced in the center of specimens to generate the stress concentration andthe size effect. The sizes of holes affect the fatigue limits of the specimens. Andpredictions of nominal fatigue limits agree well with experiment results.
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