摘要
电气化铁路是经济和社会发展的大动脉,机车牵引供电网的安全和稳定性关系着电气化铁路的正常运营。由于电力机车采取单相和整流方式供电,电力机车负荷产生的负序、谐波和无功等电能质量问题,严重威胁着电气化铁路牵引供电网和上级电力系统的安全和稳定运行。因此,必须采取有效的电气化铁路电能质量综合补偿措施,提高牵引供电网供电的安全可靠性。
本文在国家科技支撑计划重大项目子课题“高速铁路供电系统综合补偿及谐波抑制技术”的支持下,针对交直电力机车供电系统(传统电气化铁路)和交直交电力机车供电系统(高速电气化铁路)两种牵引供电系统的电能质量综合补偿方法,深入研究了适用于两种牵引供电系统的电能质量综合补偿装置拓扑结构、电能质量补偿参考量(负序、谐波和无功)的实时检测方法以及控制策略。论文的主要工作和创新点如下：
(1)提出一种用于交直电力机车供电系统的综合补偿装置拓扑结构和控制策略,降低有源补偿装置的容量,并降低装置的总体成本。该补偿装置由有源补偿装置——铁路功率调节器(Railway Static Power Conditioner, RPC)和无源补偿装置晶闸管控制投切电容器(Thyristor Switched Capacitor, TSC)构成。分析了该补偿系统的工作原理、成本和谐波放大特性,提出了该系统的总体控制策略和控制实现方法,实现了RPC与TSC的协调控制。仿真和实验结果表明,所提的综合补偿系统及其控制方法能有效降低RPC的容量,并获得较好的综合补偿效果。
(2)分析了采用三相V/V牵引变压器的高速铁路供电系统的负序和谐波补偿原理,提出了基于铁路功率调节器补偿器的高速铁路负序和谐波综合控制方法。运用矢量分析方法对高速铁路供电系统的负序补偿原理进行了详细分析,揭示了高速铁路供电系统的负序补偿机理；提出了高速铁路供电系统的负序和谐波实时检测方法。为了实现补偿目标的可选择性,提出了有功、无功和谐波参考指令分量从总补偿参考指令中进行分离的方法。
(3)提出一种用于高速铁路供电系统的混合型综合补偿装置及补偿策略,优化了高速铁路综合补偿装置的补偿容量,以较低的补偿容量取得较好的负序补偿效果。针对高速铁路负序电流大的特点,提出了一种由铁路功率调节器RPC和无源补偿装置晶闸管控制滤波器(Thyristor Controlled Filter, TCF)、晶闸管控制电抗器(Thyristor Controlled Reactor, TCR)构成的混合型综合补偿拓扑结构。分析了该系统的结构和工作原理；在剖析补偿装置中RPC与TCF、TCR补偿容量与负序指标关系的基础上,并结合高速铁路牵引网的不同运营工况,提出混合型补偿系统的各子系统补偿容量设计方法,及一种适用于该补偿系统的专家推理控制策略；并提出适合该系统的参考电流实时检测方法和控制方法以实现所提补偿策略。仿真结果表明,提出的混合型高速铁路补偿系统及其补偿策略能针对机车运营工况获得较好的负序抑制效果。
(4)提出一种基于两相三线制变流器的高速铁路用负序补偿系统及其复合控制方法,减少了补偿装置功率开关器件数目,并提高了补偿装置电流控制效果。为了简化补偿系统主电路结构,节约硬件成本,提出了一种由两个单相降压变压器和一个两相三线制变流器构成的高速铁路用负序补偿系统。在建立两相三线制变流器电气模型的基础上,详细分析了两相三线制变流器的工作原理,并发现了两相三线制变流器可视为由两个单相变流器合并而成的特性。为了提高电流跟踪响应的速度和稳态精度,提出了由滞环控制和广义积分控制组成的复合控制方法。仿真和实验结果证明了基于两相三线制的高速铁路用负序补偿器及其复合控制方法的有效性。
(5)研究了铁路功率器主要元件的参数设计方法,介绍了模拟实验装置的研制技术。对具有典型代表性的铁路功率调节器主要元件参数的取值方法进行了研究,以优化装置安全性和控制性能为条件,提出了铁路功率调节器中单相降压变压器变比和容量、交流输出电感及直流侧电容的参数设计方法。并介绍了基于RPC模拟实验装置的构成,以及实验装置控制器的硬件和软件设计方法。重点介绍了控制电路中过零检测、采样前滤波电路及采样电路、过压过流保护电路和通信电路等控制器外围电路,还介绍了主程序、中断程序和通信程序的设计方法。参数设计方法和模拟实验装置的研制为理论研究成果的实验验证提供了条件,也将为工程样机的试制奠定基础。
Electrified railway is the main artery of economic and society development, and the security and stability of locomotive traction power supply decides the normal operating of electrified railway. Because the electric locomotives are supplied by single phase power sources obtained from rectifiers, the power quality problems (such as negative sequence, harmonic and reactive), which are caused by electric locomotive, seriously threat the safe and stable operating of traction power supply grid and upper power system. Hence, valid power quality integrated compensation methods for electrified railway should be adopted to enhance the security and stability of locomotive traction power supply system.
Under the support of sub-project of state science and technology support program named "integrated compensation and harmonic suppression technology for high-speed railway power supply system", this paper studied power quality integrated compensation methods of two traction power supply systems, which are AC-DC power locomotive power supply system (conventional electrified railway) and AC-DC-AC power locomotive power supply system (high speed electrified railway). The power quality integrated compensation topology, real-time detection method of power quality compensation references (negative sequence, harmonic and reactive) and control strategy were studied in this paper. The main work and innovations of this paper are listed as follows.
(1) An integrated compensation topology and control strategy for AC-DC power locomotive power supply system was presented, the rating of active compensation part was effectively reduced, and the overall cost of the compensator was reduced. The presented topology is composed of active equipment—railway static power conditioner (RPC) and reactive equipment—thyristor switched capacitor (TSC). The operating principle, characteristics of cost and harmonic amplification of this compensator were analyzed, and the overall control strategy and its realization methods were presented, which realizes the coordination control between RPC and TSC. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the proposed compensation topology and its control method can reduce the compensation rating of RPC, and achieve a good integrated compensation effect.
(2) The negative and harmonic compensation principle for high-speed railway power supply system with a three-phase V/V traction transformer was analyzed, and negative sequence and harmonic control method for high speed railway power supply system based on railway static power conditioner was presented. The principle to compensate negative-sequence currents for high-speed railway power supply system with a three-phase V/V transformer was explained by using the vector analytical method, and a strategy to provide the compensation references for negative-sequence and harmonic currents is proposed. Also, a method to separate active current, reactive current and harmonic current references from the total negative-sequence and harmonic current references was given.
(3) A hybrid integrated compensation system for high-speed railway power supply system and its compensation strategy were presented, the compensation rating of this compensator was optimized, and a good negative compensation effect was achieved with relatively low compensation capacity. To aim at the big negative sequence current of high-speed railway power supply system, a hybrid integrated compensation system composed of railway static power conditioner (RPC), thyristor controlled filter (TCF), and thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) was proposed. The topology and operation principle of proposed compensation system were investigated. Based on the analysis of relationship between the compensation rating of RPC, TCF and TCR and negative sequence index, and considering the operating cases of electric locomotives, a compensation rating design method of the sub-system of the proposed hybrid compensation system and an expert reasoning control strategy for the proposed system were presented. A method to generate the compensation references for the compensator and a control method to realize the compensation strategy were presented. Simulation results demonstrates the proposed hybrid compensation system for high-speed railway power supply system and its compensation strategy can achieve a good negative sequence compensation effect under different operating cases of electric locomotives.
(4) A negative sequence compensation system based on two-phase three-wire converter for high speed railway power supply system and a compound control method for this compensator were presented. The power switch number of the proposed compensator was decreased, and the current control effect of the compensator was enhanced. In order to simplify the main circuit of compensator and save the cost, a negative compensation system composed of two single-phase step-down transformers and a two-phase three-wire converter was presented. Based on the established electric model of two-phase three-wire converter, the operation principle of two-phase three-phase converter was analyzed, and the the characteristic of two-phase three-wire converter can be treated as two single-phase converter combining was discovered. In order to enhance the response speed and steady precision of current tracking control, a compound control method composed of hysteresis loop control and generalized integral control was presented. Simulation and experimental results confirm the validities of the negative sequence compensator for high speed railway power supply system based on two-phase three-wire converter and its compound control method.
(5) The parameter design method for main components of RPC was investigated, and the design technology of simulative experimental setup was introduced. As RPC is a typical compensator of the integrated compensators for electrified railway power supply system, the parameters selection method of RPC main components was investigated. Taking the security and control performance optimization of the setup as the condition, design methods of turns ratio and rating of single-phase step-down transformer, AC output inductance and DC-link capacitor were presented. The structure of RPC simulative experimental setup was introduced, and also the hardware and software design methods of the control system in the experimental setup. The zero-crossing detection circuit, before sampling filter circuit, sampling circuit, over-voltage over-current protection circuit, communication circuit and other peripheral controller circuit were introduced. The main program, interruption program and communication program design method were also gived. The parameters design method and the design technology of simulative experimental setup provide the experimental testing condition for academic research results, and will also lay the foundation for engineering prototype trial.
引文
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