摘要
近二十年来，我国建筑业迅猛发展，建造了一大批高层和超高层建筑；另一方面，我国位于世界两大地震带的交界处，地壳运动活跃，地震灾害非常严重。高层建筑结构体型庞大、体系受力复杂、人员财产密集，其震害会比一般建筑结构严重得多。历次震害分析表明，结构倒塌是造成人员伤亡和经济损失的根本原因，因此研究强震作用下高层建筑结构的损伤演化规律和破坏倒塌机制，控制结构损伤过程和失效破坏模式，避免结构发生整体倒塌，对提高高层建筑的抗震安全性、减轻或避免高层建筑的震害具有重要理论意义和工程价值。本文针对高层钢框架结构、钢框架—钢板剪力墙结构以及钢—混凝土混合结构，深入研究了基于结构地震失效模式优化的灾变过程控制和基于MR阻尼器的结构非线性损伤控制，建立了高层建筑结构地震失效模式优化及损伤控制理论与方法。主要研究工作和创新成果如下：
（1）高层钢结构基于等抗震性能的失效模式优化设计。基于构件和结构的抗震性能指标，提出了高层建筑结构各类构件基于等抗震性能的失效模式优化设计方法。以结构损伤指数为约束方程，结构抗震性能指标为目标函数，结构参数为优化变量的多次优化迭代，使结构各类构件抗震性能指标收敛于预设值，进而达到结构各类构件等抗震性能的目的。分别以一9层钢框架结构的单目标优化设计和一15层钢框架—钢板剪力墙结构的多目标优化设计为例，数值分析了优化前后结构的动力响应和损伤发展过程。结果表明：优化设计后结构各层的层间位移和损伤分布更均匀，结构的薄弱部位不再出现，材料强度得到充分发挥，结构用钢量降低，结构整体抗震性能得以提高。
（2）高层建筑结构基于MR阻尼器的非线性地震损伤控制理论。推导了基于中心差分法的控制方程，并基于LS-DYNA有限元程序二次开发了结构的半主动控制平台，实现了高层建筑结构基于MR阻尼器的非线性地震损伤控制系统与结构一体化的建模、分析与设计。分别以一9层的钢框架结构和一15层的钢框架—钢板剪力墙结构为例，数值分析了控制前后结构的动力响应和损伤发展过程。结果表明：所开发的半主动控制平台计算稳定、速度快、精度高；采用MR阻尼器控制后的结构层间位移、残余变形和损伤指数等都明显减小，结构损伤分布范围更广，结构整体抗震性能明显提高，但当地震动峰值加速度增大到一定程度后，受MR阻尼器出力水平限制，结构损伤控制效果降低。
（3）高层钢—混凝土混合结构基于MR阻尼器的非线性地震损伤控制。提出了钢筋混凝土剪力墙的损伤准则，以强震下一15层的钢—混凝土混合结构为例，数值分析了未安装阻尼器、在核心筒与钢框架之间安装阻尼器以及在钢框架柱之间安装阻尼器三种情况下结构的动力响应和损伤发展过程。结果表明：MR阻尼器可在一定程度上控制结构层间位移、基底剪力和损伤发展；两种阻尼器安装方案具有相近的控制效果，但均不能抑制结构薄弱部位的产生；所分析工况中，钢框架均处于弹性受力阶段，而混凝土核心筒均发生较严重的破坏，这与MR阻尼器需要结构产生一定的层间位移才能起到控制效果相矛盾，因此，钢—混凝土结构的整体抗震性能由混凝土核心筒控制。
（4）钢—混凝土结构非线性地震损伤控制模型试验。试验研究了不同强度地震作用下，半主动控制、Passive on控制、Passive off控制对结构动力响应的控制效果。结果表明：Passive on和半主动控制的结构比Passive off和无控的结构优越；MR阻尼器具有很好的耗能能力，Passive on和半主动控制下MR阻尼器耗能能力约为Passive off的2~3倍；结构频率下降都发生在无控或者Passive off对应的工况，表明MR阻尼器能较好地控制结构损伤的产生和发展。基于二次开发的钢材和混凝土单轴弹塑性损伤本构模型，建立了能定量描述结构损伤发展过程的等效纤维单元模型，通过振动台试验验证了模型的求解精度。此外，提出一种应用试验测得的应变反演相应部位应力和损伤发展的方法，该方法能获得材料应力和损伤发展过程。
In the recent two decades, the construction industry has been rapidly developedin China, and a large number of tall building structures have been built. However,China is located at the convergent boundaries of two worst seismic zones, so thecrustal movement is very active and the earthquake disaster is very serious. Since tallbuildings are characterized with large size, complex loading state and high density ofproperty and population, the earthquake disaster of such buildings is usually far moreserious than that of other buildings. Previous earthquakes have demonstrated that thecollapse of building structures is the primary cause for casualty and economic loss.Therefore, for the tall building structures under large earthquake, the study on damageprocess law and collapse mechanism, controlling the damage process and failuremode, and prevention from global structural collapse is of great theoreticalsignificance and engineering value in terms of increasing the structural seismic safety,reducing or preventing seismic disaster.
In this dissertation, focusing on the steel frame structure, steel frame-steel plateshear wall structure and steel-concrete structure, the catastrophic process controlthrough failure mode optimization and the nonlinear seismic damage control usingMR dampers are intensively studied, and the failure mode optimization method anddamage control theory of tall buildings under seismic excitations are proposed. Inspecific, the innovations and achievements can be summarizes as follows:
(1) An equivalent seismic performance optimization design method of tallbuilding structures is proposed based on the seismic performance indices of structuralmember and structure. By employing the damage index as the constraints, SPI as theobjective function and parameters of structural members as the optimization variables,the optimization is realized through multi-step iterations until the SPIs are convergentto the expected values so as to achieve the goal that each type of the structuralmembers has the same seismic performance. Taking a single-objective optimization ofa9-story steel frame and a multi-objective optimization of a15-story steel frame-steelplate shear wall (SPSW) structure as examples, the structural dynamic responses anddamage process before and after the optimization are numerically analyzed. It isindicated that the relative displacements and damage distribution of the optimized structure is uniform, the structural weaknesses and damage concentration are avoided,the material strength are extensively utilized, the steel usage is reduced and the globalseismic performance of buildings is significantly increased.
(2) A nonlinear seismic damage control strategy of tall building structures usingMR dampers is proposed. The basic control equation based on central differencemethod is derived, the semi-active control platform is developed through thesecondary development of LS-DYNA program, and the structure and the nonlinearsemi-active control system integrated modeling, analysis and design are realized.Taking a9-story steel frame and a15-story steel frame-steel plate shear wall (SPSW)structure as examples, the dynamic responses and damage process of the structureswith and without MR dampers are analyzed, results indicate that the control platformis numerically stable with fast solution speed and high precise. The relativedisplacement, residual displacement and damage of each story are all significantlyreduced, the damage distribution is more extender, and the global seismicperformance is increased after MR damper is employed. However, because of thelimit output force capacity of the MR dampers, the control effectiveness decreaseswith the earthquake intensities.
(3) The nonlinear seismic damage control strategy of steel-concrete hybridstructure using MR dampers is studied, and the damage criterion of reinforcedconcrete shear wall is proposed. Tanking a15-story steel-concrete hybrid structureunder large earthquake as a numerical example, the dynamic responses and damageprocess of the structure without MR dampers, with MR dampers located between steelframe and concrete tube, and with MR dampers installed between the columns of steelframe are analyzed. It is indicated that MR dampers can effectively control the storydrift, story shear force and damage process; the two styles of MR damper allocationhave similar control effectiveness, but both cannot restrain the weaknesses anddamage distribution. In all conditions, the steel frame is elastic while the concrete coretube is seriously damaged, which is not coincident with the control mechanism thatMR damper produce control force passively when certain inter-storey relativedisplacement occurs. The global seismic performance of steel-concrete hybridstructure is controlled by the concrete core tube.
(4) The nonlinear seismic damage control of the scaled model structure is studiedthrough shaking table tests. Under different earthquake excitations, a series of shakingtable tests with semi-active control, Passive on control, Passive off control are conducted. It is indicated that the semi-active control and Passive on control are moreeffective than that of the uncontrolled and the Passive off control ones, the energydissipation capacity of the MR damper of semi-active and Passive on control is of2~3times’ excellence as that of the Passive off control ones, and the structural damagemainly increase during the Passive off and the uncontrolled cases, which proves thatthe MR dampers-based damage control is effective. Moreover, the uniaxialelastic-plastic damage material model of steel and concrete are developed through thesecondary development of LS-DYNA program, the equivalent fiber element modelwhich can quantitatively simulate the damage process of structure is developed, andthe simulation precision is verifies by the shaking table tests. An inversion strategy ofusing the measured strains to calculate the stress and damage process at thecorresponding position where strain gauges are attached is proposed, this methodmakes the most of the measured strain data to get the material stress and damageevolution process.
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