摘要
考试粗心现象是中小学生在学习过程中的一种常见的、但难以克服的一种心理现象，突出表现为对相应知识和技能已经构成掌握的前提下，学生在考试中出现遗漏与错误的一种心理现象。考试粗心不是由于先天因素造成的，而与后天学习过程中养成的不良的学习习惯有关，学习习惯不良引起的考试过程中心理能量的不合理分配，进而抑制了考试过程中的阅读感知与思维加工，造成疏忽与遗漏。研究者假设通过学习习惯的训练帮助矫正智力技能操作过程中不合理的心理能量分配关系，加强阅读感知与思维操作以及监控的加工深度，减少疏忽与遗漏，最终克服粗心现象。书写训练是养成学习习惯的重要途径，通过对考试粗心现象严重的学生进行必要的书写训练有助于学习者形成良好的学习习惯，有助于帮助克服考试过程中的粗心现象。结果显示：书写训练有助于帮助克服考试粗心现象，书写训练的效果直接影响考试粗心的克服效果，书写训练对于数学学科的考试粗心现象的克服更为有效。
Carelessness in exams is very popular and even hard to overcome for students in primary school and high school, characterized in avoidable mistakes and sometimes even some questions unnoticed and unanswered, despite their well mastery of the relevant knowledge and skills. Carelessness in exams is not inborn, but developed with bad study habits. The irrational distribution of psychological capacity in the course of an examination, caused by bad study habits, restrains the sense perceptivity of reading and the productivity of mind, hence negligence and carelessness in exams. The researcher hypothesizes that by developing good study habits, students can balance the irrational distribution of psychological energy in the course of the operation of intelligence and skill, strengthen the sense perceptivity of reading and the productivity of mind, and minimize and gradually avoid negligence and carelessness. Writing exercise is an effective way to good study habits. Adequate typography exercise is helpful for students to develop good study habits, and to overcome carelessness in exams. The study reveals the researcher is justified in his hypothesis: typography exercise helps to overcome carelessness in exams, especially in mathematic exams.
引文
1、 江志端 小学生计算粗心的心理分析与矫正对策 云南教育 1994 12
2、 隋永迁 粗心的背后 中学数学教学参考 1997 12
3、 薛赞洋 小学生计算“粗心”心理分析 青海教育 1997 11
4、 杨金凤 每日两分钟强化训练应用谈 内蒙古教育学院学报 1998 03
5、 张青秀 小学生计算“粗心”原因及对策小议 青海教育 1998 03
6、 在“粗心大意”的背后 语文世界 1998 06
7、 范小灿 小学生解答计算题的错误原因及其对策 小学教学参考 1998 7／8
8、 尹金松 粗心、马虎是学数学之大敌 数学通讯 2000 06
9、 王大清 计算粗心的心理分析与对策 小学教学参考 2000 10
10、 毛波 论学生视谱中的大忌——粗心 自贡师范高等专科学校学报 2001 04
11、 郑义臣 吉广庆 “粗心”的心理学探讨及对策 继续教育研究 2001 06
12、 高亚兵 对小学生计算粗心现象的心理学研究 浙江师范学院学报 2003 01
13、 John B Best 认知心理学 中国轻工业出版社 2000 05
14、 朱滢 实验心理学 北京大学出版社 2003 06
15、 张厚粲 徐建平 现代心理与教育统计 北京师范大学出版社 2003 11
16、 董齐 儿童创造力发展心理 浙江教育出版社 2000 07
17、 张卿华 王文英 人的神经类型测评研究 高等教育出版社 1993 01
18、 梁宁建 当代认知心理学 上海教育出版社 2003 11
19. Owens, Julie Sarno; Hoza, Betsy The role of inattention and hyperactivity impulsivity in the positive illusory bias Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 2003 Aug Vol 71(4)
20. Damrad-Frye, Robin; Laird, James D The experience of boredom: The role of the self-perception of attention Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 1989 Aug Vol 57(2)
21. Monastra, Vincent J.; Lubar, Joel F.; Linden, Michael; VanDeusen, Peter; Green, George; Wing, William; Phillips, Arthur; Fenger, T. Nick Assessing attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder via quantitative electroencephalography: An initial validation study Neuropsychology. 1999 Jul Vol 13(3)
22. Ruff, Holly A.; Capozzoli, Mary; Weissberg, Renata Age, individuality, and context as factors in sustained visual attention during the preschool years. Developmental Psychology. 1998 May Vol 34(3)
23. Moore, Cathleen M.; Egeth, Howard Perception without attention: Evidence of grouping under conditions of inattention Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance. 1997 Apr Vol 23(2)
24. Burns, G. Leonard; Gomez, Rapson; Walsh, James A.; de Moura, Marcela Alres Understanding source effects in ADHD rating scales: Reply to DuPaul Psychological Assessment. 2003 Mar Vol 15(1)
25. DuPaul, George J Assessment of ADHD symptoms: Comment on Gomez et al. Psychological Assessment. 2003 Mar Vol 15(1)
26. Nigg, Joel T.; John, Oliver P.; Blaskey, Lisa G.; Huang-Pollock, Cynthia L.; Willicut, Erik G.; Hinshaw, Stephen P.; Pennington, Bruce Big Five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: Links between personality traits and clinical symptoms Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 2002 Aug Vol 83(2)
27. Nigg, Joel T Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder? Psychological Bulletin. 2001 Sep Vol 127(5)
28. Hinshaw, Stephen P. Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachieve-ment in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms Psychological Bulletin. 1992 Jan Vol 111 (1)
29. Faraone, Stephen V.; Biederman, Joseph; Feighner, Jennifer A.; Monuteaux, Michael C. Assessing symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: Which is more valid? Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 2000 Oct Vol 68(5)
30. Monastra, Vincent J.; Lubar, Joel E; Linden, Michael The development of a quantitative electroencephalographic scanning process for attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder: Reliability and validity studies. Neuropsychology. 2001 Jan Vol 15(1)
31. Brock, S.E. ADHD students in the classroom: Strategies for teachers. In A.S. Canter & S.A. Carroll (Eds.), Helping children at home and school: Handouts from your school psychologist Bethesda 1998
32. Cushman, T. & Johnson, T.B Attention: Depression and temperament. NASP Communique. 2000a, October.
33. Cushman, T. & Johnson, T.B. Nutritional, medical and ecological sources of inattention. NASP Communique 2000b, November
34. DuPaul, G.J., Eckert, T.L., & McGoey, K.E. (1997). Interventions for students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: One size does not fit all School Psychology Review,
35. Ervin, R.A., Kern, L., Clarke, S., DuPaul, G.J., Dumlap, G., & Friman, P.C. Evaluating assessment-based intervention strategies for students with ADHD and comorbid disorders within the natural classroom context Behavioral Disorders 2000 (25)
36. Fouse, B. & Morrison, J.A. Using children's books as an intervention for attention-deficit disorder. The Reading Teacher 1997 (50)
37. McCarney, S.B., Wunderlich, K.C., & Bauer, A.M. The pre-referral intervention manual Columbia 1993
38. Rief, S.F. How to reach and teach ADD/ADHD children. West Nyack, NY: 1993
39. Semrud-Clikeman, M., Nielsen, K.H., Clinton, A., Sylvester, L., Parle, N., & Connor, R.T. An intervention approach for children with teacher and parent identified attentional difficulties Journal of Learning Disabilities 1999 (32)