摘要
随着经济发展的高速增长,汽车数量急剧增加,交通拥堵问题导致的“城市病”愈演愈烈。交通是城市经济活动的命脉,直接关系着国民生计,因此解决交通拥堵问题成为全球关注的焦点。近年来,ITS从人-车-路的动态关系出发,以已有出行者信息为基础,提出一系列提高道路利用率和交通流量,降低交通拥挤程度和交通事故发生率,减少因交通拥堵和事故等造成的延误,以及科学诱导等方法,在一定程度上缓解了交通拥堵问题。交通信息是ITS中交通管理、交通控制、交通诱导、交通指挥及交通信息服务等功能的重要信息来源,是进行科学交通管理与规划的依据。因此,交通信息采集的全面性、可靠性、精确性和实时性直接关系着道路交通系统的管理效果和控制效果。
现有的基于各种磁频、波频、视频和GPRS/CDMA等交通信息采集技术,获得了部分实时交通参数,解决了一些交通问题。但是上述方法受采集技术或环境限制,只能获得断面的交通信息,不能够及时全面地反映宏观交通状态或实时描绘微观出行者的需求。本文选择了逐渐替代数字广电、电信和网络业务的IPv6网络作为采集环境。IPv6具有大地址空间、安全性好、移动性支持优异和高效QoS等优点,契合了对全部出行者进行实时采集的需求。
本文以国家重点基础研究发展计划(973计划)项目“大城市交通拥堵瓶颈的基础科学问题研究”课题“城市交通系统的组织优化与控制”和吉林省科技发展计划项目“移动IPv6运营基础架构研究”为依托,集中研究了基于IPv6的智能交通信息采集与处理方法,对未来智能交通网络建设与管理观念进行探索性研究。
论文的研究建立在两个假设条件之上：第一,以全面的静态交通信息关联库为支撑,包括地理信息系统(GIS)、车辆自然信息库和出行人基本信息库等,实现人民生活全面数字化；第二,具有完善的交通通信网络,且车辆上均配置信息采集和移动通信的车载单元。
本文首先提出了基于IPv6的人-车-路-环境协同的概念体系,建立了以信息流为主线的逻辑体系,搭建由移动接入层、公共传输层和控制中心组成的基于IPv6的ITS框架体系。构建一个集信息采集、通信、存储为一体的IPv6智能交通信息系统(简称IPv6信息系统)。车载信息采集单元完成前端信息采集,采集内容包括：GPS定位信息和其它传感器读取的车辆仪表信息,主要包括运行方向和速度等参数和出行人持卡识别信息。采集信息封装到IPv6数据包中,并通过高速传输网络报送至控制中心。采用光纤传输和远距离无线传输协议802.16e构建骨干传输网络。为避免车辆密集情况下,并发报送造成网络拥塞,设计了根据车辆的车况、通讯和信用状态信息组建相对稳定和快速的车载自组网络协议,降低了对无线信道的需求,减轻无线信道的拥塞,保证采集信息的实时稳定传输。控制中心进行信息提取获得智能交通参数,用于实时交通管理、控制与诱导,分析交通安全、出行分布和城市土地利用等问题。控制中心还完成交通网络AAA核心管理和信息存储与发布功能。
出行者在移动过程中,需要不断地进行网络域间切换。不当切换方式将造成网络和应用的中断。为此,引入AAA机制进行交通网络的运营和管理,提出邻域快速认证、授权策略和全程记账,并建立基于消费信息进行实时收费的道路交通计费模型。通过认证、授权和记账的实时作用,实现基于AAA的智能交通网络动态管理方案,由此来保证车辆在进行域间切换时的网络连续和网络与交通资源的合理配置。
在交通信息网络实时和连续的前提下,进行了交通流的描述和特征提取。
以边标号法和矩阵论为基础,对宏观路网的自然属性、路网中路段的自然属性和节点的社会属性进行描述,并实现了矩阵、真实路网和抽象路网的相互转化,将真实的路网抽象成数学模型。在宏观路网和路段特性分析基础上,提出了微观的路段网格(Block)表达法。通过对Block的空间属性、邻居属性、车辆存在属性、时空通行限制属性的分析,建立了出行人、车辆、相位、微观Block、路段、节点和环境之间的时空协同关系模型。
在该模型基础上,根据Block的车辆存在性,通过定位在Block内的车辆唯一标识UniqueID与车辆自然信息和位置报送信息的关联关系,采集到海量智能交通信息。进而提取出交通流三要素流量、速度和密度的特征信息数据——特别是其他方法无法准确获得的区间速度、密度等重要参数；提取出车辆OD矩阵,获得路径选择概率、单车转弯概率和公交乘客量等交通参数。
仿真实验证明信息采集网络有效避免了网络拥塞,保证了系统传输效率；AAA机制可以实现对车辆的实时动态管理。车辆定位模型表达了人-车-路-环境的协同关系,既可以实现微观车辆实时信息采集与跟踪,又能够获得中观的流量、密度、速度等信息,还能够呈现宏观路网的实时状态和了解交通流参数的分布规律,可以为智能交通控制、诱导和安全提供依据。
Rapid economic growth, vehicle possession increase, and traffic congestion result in serious "city problems". City traffic is vital in urban economic activities, and become a focus of solving congestion worldwide. In recent years, ITS, in light with user-vehicle-road dynamic relation, based on travelers'data, to some extent releases the problem of traffic congestion by improving road utility and traffic flow, lowering the rate of traffic congestion and accidents, reducing the delays caused by congestion and accidents, as well as guiding scientifically. Traffic information is the key source for functions of traffic management, traffic control, traffic guidance, and traffic information service. It provides foundation for scientific traffic management and planning. Therefore, comprehensive, reliable, accurate and timely traffic information collection directly affects the results of management and control in road transportation system.
Based on current traffic information collection techniques of magnetic frequency, wave frequency, video frequency and GPRS/CDMA, some of the traffic problems can be solved when real traffic parameters are obtained. While restricted by surroundings and approached of information collection, only part of the entire information is available. Demand can not be met if macro transport situation or real micro individual travelers are required to describe. IPv6 network, which gradually replaces digital radiocasting, telecommunications and network, serves as data collection condition. It satisfies all the requirements for real data collection of all vehicles, with the merits of mega-spatial, guaranteed, mobile, and highly efficient QoS features.
The paper is based on the Plans for National Key Rudimental Research Developments (Project 973)--"Optimal organization and control in city traffic system" in the Program of "Research on the fundamental scientific issue of urban traffic bottleneck", and the Plans for Jilin Province Scientific and Technological Development-"Framework research by mobile IPv6 orientation". Tentative research is made on the network construction and management concept of future intelligent transport.
The research of the thesis is on two presuppositions. First, it is established on the foundation of overall static transport information database, including GIS, vehicle information database and pedestrian information database. City residents'life is entirely digitalized. Second, transport communications network is consummated and vehicles are installed vehicle-carried units for information collection and mobile communication.
The system framework of comprehensive transport information collection and procession was first raised in light of IPv6 in the thesis. It is composed of three layers for collecting, transmitting and storing ITS information, i.e., mobile input interface, public transmission, and control center. Vehicle-carried data collection units collect information of GPS data, and vehicle meter data read by sensors. These data are about the running direction and speed, and travelers' ID as well. The data are packed in IPv6 data package, and reported to the control center through high speed transmission network, which adopts light-fiber transmission and long distance wireless transmission 802.16e protocol. To avoid network jam in rush hour of vehicle data collection and report, we design the comparatively stable and rapid vehicle-carried network in accordance with vehicle conditions, communications, and accreditation. The adoption of 802.11g protocol makes multi-way transmission to reduce the requirement and congestion of wireless data channel. Real and stable transmission of collected data is guaranteed. Control center processes the collected data to make real traffic management and control, and to analyze issues of transport safety, trip distribution and urban land allocation. It is also accountable for the core functions of management, data archive and broadcast for transport network AAA.
When vehicles run, continuous contacts are conducted within the domains in the network. Improper switches will block the contacts. The introduction of AAA system into transport network running and management may fasten the speed of ascertain and authority in adjacent domains, and formulate transport fee-levy models based on real time consuming data. Through the real time functions of ascertain, authority and record, dynamic management approach of intelligent transport network is realized base on AAA. Network continuity and rational allocation of transport resources are guaranteed when vehicles run past different domains.
At the premise of real and continuous transport information network, the features of traffic flow are defined.
Based on marginal tag method and matrices theory, the natural features of macro road network and blocks, as well as the social features of nodes are defined. Real road network is abstracted into mathematic models to actualize the transformation of matrix, real road network, and abstract network. After analysis on macro road network and blocks, the idea of block is stressed on to analyze its spatial, adjacent, vehicle existing, and temporal-spatial restriction features. Temporal-spatial coordination models are formulated among pedestrians, vehicles, phases, micro block, route, nodes and environment.
When the UniqueID is joined with reports of vehicles' natural data and their positions, numerous data are collected, considering the properties of vehicles'existence in the block. Flow, speed and density, three key parameters of traffic flow, are obtained, especially variable speed and density that can hardly gathered by other means. OD matrices are formulated to get the probabilities of route selection, single vehicle turning, and volume of public transport passengers.
Simulation tests prove that data collection network effectively tackles network congestion, guarantees system transmission. AAA system makes real time dynamic management on vehicles. Coordination of pedestrian-vehicle-road-environment is expressed by vehicle positioning models. Three levels are achieved to lay foundation for intelligent transport control, guide and safety that micro vehicle real time data are collected and tracked; flow, density and speed are obtained; real time data and traffic flow parameters in macro road network are found.
引文
[1]杨兆升.智能运输系统概论[M].第1版.北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[2]全永燊,刘小明等著.路在何方：纵谈城市交通[M].北京：中国城市出版社.2002.
[3]王笑京,沈鸿飞,马林等.中国智能交通系统发展战略[J].北京：人民交通出版社,2006.
[4]杨冰等编著,智能运输系统[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2000年09月
[5]陆化普.智能运输系统[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2002.
[6]黄卫,陈里得.智能运输系统(ITS)概论[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1999.
[7]欧冬秀.交通信息技术[M].上海：同济大学出版社.2007.
[8]张文溥.道路交通检测[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2009.
[9]杨佩昆,吴兵.交通管理与控制[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[10]宋颖华.交通检测技术及其发展[J].公路,2009(9)：34-37.
[11]段翊冰.公路交通信息采集方式的综合比较[J].中国交通信息产业,2006,(11)：106-107.
[12]史忠科,曹力.交通图像检测与分析[M].北京：科学出版社,2007.
[13]Zhang Guohui,Ryan P. Avery, Wang Yinhai.Video-based vehicle detection and classification system for real-time traffic data collection using uncalibrated video cameras[J].Transportation Research Record.2007,1993:138-147.
[14]代博兰,刘明远,肖威.面向智能交通的数据采集技术的研发现状[J].中国水运(下半月),2009,9(3)：95-96
[15]贾冬冬.AutoScope视频车辆检测系统在高速公路监控系统中的应用[J].公路交通科技,2003,20(S1)：48-51.
[16]Boyce D, Kirson A, Schofer J. Design and implementation of ADVANCE. IEEE Proceeding of 3rd International Conference on Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems.1993:415-426
[17]Sarvi M, H origuchi R, Kuwahara M. A methodology to identify traffic condition using intelligent probe vehicles [C], The 10th ITS World Congress, Madrid,2003.
[18]张晓春,吕北岳,杜清运,等.基于车载GPS技术的交通浮动车检测系统设计研究[J].ITS通讯,2004,6(3)：12-16.
[19]Fouladvand M E, Darooneh A H. Statistical analysis of floating car data:an empirical study[J]. The European Physical Journal,2005,47(2):319-328.
[20]胡明伟.基于GPS的实时交通信息采集方法的研究[J].公路交通技术,2007,(5)：121-125.
[21]Lahrmann H. Floating car data for traffic monitoring [C], The i2Turn 2007 Conference, Aalborg, Den mark,2007.
[22]Nakata T, Takeuchi J. Mining traffic data from probecar system for travel time prediction [C]. The 2004 ACM SIGKDD Int'l Conf on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, Seattle, USA,2004.
[23]董敬欣,吴建平.使用浮动车检测OD矩阵的算法及可靠性分析[J].北京交通大学学报,2005,29(3)：73-76.
[24]王力,王川久,沈晓蓉等.智能交通系统中实时交通信息采集处理的新方法[J].系统工程,2005,23(2)：86-89.
[25]Fouladvand M E, Darooneh A H. Statistical analysis of floating car data:an empirical study[J]. The European Physical Journal,2005,47(2):319-328.
[26]University of Maryland Transportation Studies Center (UMD), Final evaluation report for the CAPITAL-ITS operational test and demonstration program[R]. Maryland:Univ. of Maryland, College Park,1997.
[27]YIM Y B Y, Investigation of vehicles as probes using global positioning system and cellular phone tracking:Field operational test, Rep. No. UCB-ITS-PWP-2001-9, California PATH Program [R]. Berkeley, California:Institute of Transportation Studies, Univ. of California at Berkeley,2001.
[28]Brian L Smith, Han Zhang, Michael D Fontaine, et al. Wireless Location Technology-Based Traffic Monitoring:Critical Assessment and Evaluation of an Early-Generation System [J]. Journal of Transportation Engineering,2004,130(5):576-584.
[29]Qiu Zhijun, Cheng Peng, Ran Bin. Investigate the feasibility of traffic speed estimation using cell phones as probes[J]. International Journal of Services Operations and Informatics,2007,2(1):53-64.
[30]胡坚明,宋靖雁,李伟.基于无线定位技术的交通信息获取方法研究[J].公路交通科技,2007,24(10)：113-117.
[31]胡明伟.无线定位技术应用于实时交通信息采集研究[J].深圳大学学报理工版,2007,24(3)：246-251.
[32]王西点.基于手机位置的实时交通信息采集技术[J].中国交通信息产业,2009,(1)：128-130.
[33]范文.我国首款交通路况预测产品问世[N].科技日报,2008-10-15(10)
[34]郑建湖,王明华.动态交通信息采集技术比较分析[J].交通标准化,2009,(4)：42-47.
[35]王祺,胡坚明,王易之,等.一种基于车间通信的交通信息采集方法[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2009,39(S2)：7-12.
[36]W. Wen. A dynamic and automatic traffic light control expert system for solving the road congestion problem [J].Expert Systems with Applications.2008,34(4):2370-2381.
[37]张丽珍,李欣.基于RFID技术的实时交通信息采集处理[J].交通标准化,2007,(12)：44-47.
[38]许伦辉,傅惠.交通信息智能预测理论与方法[M].北京：科学出版社,2009.
[39]Bell M. Future directions in traffic signal control [J]. Transportation Research Part A: Policy AND Practice,1992,26(4):303-313.
[40]李瑞敏,史其信.几种无线通信技术在智能交通系统中的应用探讨[J].ITS通讯,2003,(3)：46-50.
[41]王强,张和生,叶华.交通信息采集的UDP通信方法[J].电子测量与仪器学报,2009,23(3)：39-44.
[42]刘元安,翟明岳,吴惠兰等.宽带无线接入和无线局域网[M].北京：北京邮电大学出版社,2001.
[43]Vijay K. Garg. IS-95 CDMA and cdma2000:Cellular/PCS Systems Implementation[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2002.
[44]Good, D.J. Cellular Packet Communication. IEEE Transactions on Communications[J], 1989,37(8):885-890.
[45]曾华燊,窦军.论下一代网络与下一代Internet及其体系结构.计算机应用,2007,27(11)：2615-2618.
[46]胡杨.美联邦政府发布IPv6指令[EB/OL]. (2010-09-29)[2010-11-03]. http://www.cnw.com.cn/news-international/htm2010/20100929_208450.shtml.
[47]戴鑫.日本运营商迫切发展IPv6网络发展促信息服务升级.通信信息报.2010年4月日第A14版
[48]Cstyle.沃达丰罗马尼亚实现核心网全IP转型[EB/OL]. (2008-07-01) [2010-11-03]. http://www.it.com.cn/f/network/087/1/617187.htm.
[49]吴建平CERNET2:面临下一代互联网挑战.智能建筑,2006,6：12-13.
[50]蒋亮,郭健.下一代网络移动IPv6技术[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2005.
[51]IETF RFC 2460. Internet protocol, version 6(IPv6) specification[S],1998.
[52]邸乃壮,用IPv6来缓解北京交通拥堵——访日立(中国)研究开发有限公司总经理增位庄一[J].中国城市经济.2005,11：74-75
[53]陈林,蒋昌俊,刘磊,等.基于信息网格平台的车载交通信息服务系统研究[J].ITS通讯,2005,(3)：46-50
[54]南金瑞,王军,马慧杰.基于Internet的网络化交通信息采集系统[J].计算机工程与设计,2006,27(10)：1718-1721.
[55]黄卫,路小波.智能运输系统(ITS)概论[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2008.
[56]周永华.移动交通信息服务系统的体系结构与关键技术[J],计算机工程.2006,32(16)：280-282
[57]Jeremy J. Blum, Azim Eskandarian, and Lance J. Hoffman. Challenges of Intervehicle Ad Hoc Networks[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,2004 Vol.5,No.4,347-351
[58]Ramin Hekmat. Ad-hoc Networks:Fundamental Properties and Network Topologies[M]. Netherlands:Springer 2006.
[59]李明峰,冯宝红,刘三枝.GPS定位技术及其应用[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2006.
[60]马建.IPv6原理及在移动通信中的应用[M].北京：科学出版社.2004：19-30.
[61]Lin Zhang, Peizhen Liao, Noor Sahibzada Ahmed.A QoS extension for next step in signaling in mobile IPv6 environment[C].4th International Conference on Mobile Technology, Applications and Systems, Mobility 2007, Incorporating the 1st International Symposium on Computer Human Interaction in Mobile Technology. Singapore,2007:249-253.
[62]Wang Demin, Cao Yan, LiuXin, Wang Dianhai. NSIS Resource Reservation Mechanism Based On the Crossover Node in the Mobile IPv6 Environment[C].3rd IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA 2008)Singapore,2008.06:1991-1996.
[63]彭天笑.移动IPv6快速切换在MBWA中的应用[J].现代电信科技,2003,(10)：21-24.
[64]Mehmet S. Kuran, Tuna Tugcu.A survey on emerging broadband wireless access technologies[J]. Computer Networks.2007,55(11):3013-3046.
[65]方旭明,戚彩霞,向征IEEE 802系列无线网络网状组网与移动切换技术综述[J]. 计算机应用,2006,26(8)：1756-1761.
[66]何军等译.无线通信与网络(第2版)[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[67]Lee, Jin-Shyan, Su, Yu-Wei,Shen, Chung-Chou. A comparative study of wireless protocols:Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi[C].33rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. Taipei, November,2007:46-51.
[68]Alavi, Hamed S., Mojdeh, Mona, Yazdani, Nasser. A quality of service architecture for IEEE 802.16 standards[C].2005 Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications.Perth,Octobor,2005:249-253.
[69]Rodellar, Daniel; Fournier. Ferran Moreno; Sellin, Rudiger.On Track to access large Capacity in the MAN:The Broadband Wireless Access Standard 802.16[J], ComTec. Swisscom.2003,81(9):15-21.
[70]周文安,付秀花,王志辉等译.无线通信原理与应用[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.
[71]李舒,张栋良,蒋昌俊.车载无线自组网络连通性分析[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(3):888-899.
[72]彭玉旭,张力军.Ad Hoc中基于位置的路由转发策略比较[J].解放军理工大学学报(自然科学版),2004,5(6)：21-24.
[73]PASSMANN C, BRENZEL C, MESCHENMOSER R. Wirelessvehicle to vehicle warning system[A]. SAE2000 World Congress, Detroit, MI[C]. USA,2002.
[74]FIEBIG B. European traffic accidents and purposed solutions[A]. Proc of the ITU-T Workshop on Standardisation in Telecommunication for Motor Vehicles[C].2003.24-25.
[75]郑少仁,王海涛,赵志峰,等.Ad Hoc网络技术[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2005.
[76]Wisitpongphan N, Bai Fan, Mudalige P, et al. Routing in Sparse Vehicular Ad Hoc Wireless Networks[J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications,2007,25(8)：1538-1556.
[77]常促宇,向勇,史美林.车载自组网的现状与发展[J].通信学报,2007,28(11)：116-126.
[78]RUDACK M, MEINCKE M, LOTT M. On the dynamics of ad hoc networks for inter vehicle communication (IVC)[A]. Proc of the ICWN 2002[C]. Las Vegas, USA,2002.
[79]SCHMITZ R, LEIGGENER A, FESTAG A. Analysis of path characteristics and transport protocol design in vehicular ad hoc networks[A]. Proc of the 63rd IEEE Semiannual Vehicular Technology Conf onVTC-Spring[C]. Melbourne, Australia,2006.
[80]陈林星,曾曦,曹毅.移动Ad Hoc网络—自组织分组无线网络技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006.
[81]张衡阳,李莹莹,刘云辉.基于地理位置的无线传感器网络路由协议研究进展[J].2008,25(1)：18-21.
[82]Ko YB, Vaidya N H. Location aided routing (LAR) in mobile ad hoc networks [J].Wireless Networks,2000,6(4):307-321.
[83]Karp B, Kung H T. GPSR:greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks [C].ACM/IEEE MOBICOM. Boston:ACM Press,2000:243-254.
[84]PERKINS C E, ROYER E M. Ad hoc on demand distance vector routing[C]. Proc of IEEE WMCSA'99.1999.
[85]周赫,CHEN Ji wei,舒炎泰,etc.一种用于移动自组网的方向性路由协议[J].2008,25(4)：1193-1195.
[86]陈军,徐笛,李式巨,等.一种稳健的城市场景车载Ad hoc路由策略[J].电子与信息学报.2007,29(11)：2555-2559.
[87]Zhigang Wang, Lichuan Liu, MengChu Zhou, etc. Ansari.A Position-Based Clustering Technique for Ad Hoc Intervehicle Communication[J]. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics Part C:Applications and Reviews.Piscataway.2008:201-208.
[88]陆颖.基于分簇的车载自组网路由协议研究[J].微处理机,2010(4)：39-42.
[89]R.Braden, Ed,L.Zhang, S. Berson, et al. Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)--Version 1 Functional Specification[S/OL], (1997-09)[2008-03-07] http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2205.txt.
[90]鲁忠辉,陆丽萍.车载自组网应用层VDTP协议的研究与仿真[J].现代计算机,2009(10)：45-47.
[91]戴帅,陈艳艳,荣建,等.公共交通系统的可靠度研究[J].北京工业大学学报,2006,32(9)：813-816.
[92]刘听.分布式设计环境系统模型[D].吉林大学,2004.
[93]李新付,楼才义,徐建良译.无线移动通信网络[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2001.
[94]周长林.可计算性与计算复杂性[M].长春：吉林大学出版社,2001.
[95]卓力,沈兰荪,朱青.视频流关键技术的研究进展[J].电子学报,2002,30(8)：1213-1218.
[96]朱畅华,裴昌幸,李建东,等.网络测量及其关键技术[J].西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版),2002,29(6)：813-818.
[97]徐昌彪IP QoS体系结构综述[J].重庆邮电学院学报,2001,13(2)：36-42.
[98]陆化普.解析城市交通[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社,2001.
[99]王昭然,谢显中,赵鼎新.车载自组织网络关键技术[J].电信科学,2011,(1)：44-51.
[100]徐志伟,冯百明,李伟.网格计算技术[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2004.
[101]都志辉.网格计算[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2002.
[102]Wang Xin-ying, Juan Zhi-cai, Liu Xin, Mei Fang. Research on Grid-based Short-term Traffic Flow Forecast Technology[C].2009 International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology, ICCET 2009. Singapore:449-451.
[103]袁振洲,吴家庆,刘梦涵.国外ITS数据存储技术现状与发展趋势[J].中外公路.2003,23(4)：13-15.
[104]S. Glass, T. Hiller, S. Jacobs, et al. Mobile IP Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Requirements. [S/OL](2000-10) [2007-04-15]. http://www.ietf.Org/rfc /rfc 2977.txt
[105]徐鹏,廖建新,朱晓民,等.移动IP与SIP集成应用中优化的AAA过程[J].通信学报,2006,27(1)：1-7.
[106]David W Chadwick, Andrew Basden. Evaluating Trust in a Public Key Certification Authority[J] Computers & Security,2001,20(7):592-611.
[107]Gabriel Lopez, Oscar Canovas, Antonio F. et al.. A network access control approach based on the AAA architecture and authorization attributes[J]. Journal of Network and Computer Applications.2007, (30):900-919.
[108]马冬,何大可,郑宇,等.基于AAA的移动IP快速认证注册方案研究[J].铁道学报,2008,30(1)：98-103
[109]A.Hess, G.Schafer. Performance evaluation of AAA/Mobile IP authentication.Proceeding of 2nd Polish-German Teletraffic Symposium (PGTS' 02) [C]. Gdansk, September,2002, Poland.
[110]Apfelbeck. J., Georgokitsos. K., Turban. K.A..UMTS mobility managemen[J]. Electronics and Communication Engineering Journal,1993,5(3):159-164.
[111]Hahnsang Kim, Hossam Afifi. Improving Mobile Authentication with New AAA Protocols,2003 International Conference on Communications, Anchorage, May 11-15,2003[C]. United states:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.2003.
[112]Phone Lin, Shin-Ming Cheng, Wanjiun Liao.Modeling Key Caching for Mobile IP Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Services[J]. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY.2009,58(7):3596-3608.
[113]王立明,杨波.集成AAA的移动IP注册方案[J].西安电子科技大学学报(自然科学版),2004,31(6)：952-954.
[114]Babak Sadighi Firozabadi, Marek Sergot, Olav Bandmann. Using Authority Certificates to Create Management Struetures[C]. In Proceedings of Security Protocols, 9th International Workshop, Cambridge, UK, APril,2001:134-145.
[115]吴震,王能,陈勇康.移动IP中的验证与授权问题的讨论[J].计算机应用,2002,22(2)：10-13.
[116]David F., Ferraiolo, Janet A. et al. Richard Kuhn.Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Features and Motivations[C]. In Proceedings of 11th Annual Computer Security Application Conference, New Orleans, LA, December,1995:241-248
[117]廖斌,郭巧,蔺源,等.基于MIPv6的AAA系统接入控制的实现[J].计算机工程,2006,32(21)：113-118.
[118]刘听,宋现敏,王喆,等.基于AAA的智能交通运营模式设计[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2010,40(S1)：189-194.
[119]王笑京,齐彤岩,蔡华.智能交通系统体系框架原理与应用[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2004.
[120]姜桂艳,张玮,常安德.基于GPS浮动车的交通信息采集系统的数据组织方法[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2010,40(2)：397-401.
[121]朱善利.微观经济学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1994.
[122]陈启美,金凌,王从侠.高速公路通信收费监控系统构成与进展[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2006.
[123]余一村.高速公路合理通行费定价标准研究[D].华南理工大学,2010.
[124]尹宏宾,徐建闽.道路交通技术控制技术[M].广州：华南理工大学出版社,2000.
[125]薛美根,程杰.伦敦道路拥挤收费政策[J].城市交通,2007,5(6)：14-17.
[126]Transport for London. Central London Congestion Charging Impacts Monitoring Fifth Annual Report [R]. London:London Transport Museum,2007.
[127]MIT.What is Kerberos? [EB/OL] [2006-08-22].http://web.mit.edu/kerberos/www/.
[128]C. Rigney, S. Willens, A. Rubens, W. Simpson.Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)[S/OL](2000-06)[2007-08-13].http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2977.txt.
[129]P. Calhoun, J. Loughney, E. Guttman,et al. Diameter Base Protocol. [S/OL], (2003-09)[2007-08-13]. http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3588.txt.
[130]张晓伟,施亮,吴智铭.基于RADIUS协议的AAA服务器设计及其在移动IP中的应用研究[J].微型电脑应用,2005,21(1)：13-16.
[131]刘运通,石建军,熊辉.交通系统仿真技术[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2002：65-80.
[132]邹智军,杨东援.路网描述仿真模型[J].西安公路交通大学学报,2001,21(4)：33-35.
[133]邹亮,徐建闽.公共交通路网描述方法及诱导模型设计[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33(9)：41-44.
[134]钟石泉,马寿峰,贺国光.交通诱导系统路网状态描述方法及仿真研究[J].系统工程学报,2009,24(1)：25-31.
[135]李清泉,杨必胜,郑年波.时空一体化GIS-T数据模型与应用方法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2007,32(11)：1034-1041.
[136]POTTS R B, OLIVER R M. Flows in Transportation Networks[M]. New York and London:Academic Press,1972
[137]Sheffi Yosef. Urban Transportation Networks:Equilibrium Analysis with Mathematical Programming Methods[M]. Englewood Cliffs:Prentice hall Inc.,1985.
[138]姜桂艳,常安德,张玮.基于GPS浮动车采集交通信息的路段划分方法[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2010,35(1)：42-45.
[139]DE-LA BARRA T. Integrated Land Use and Transport Modeling [M]. Cambridge University Press,1989:65-87
[140]Anez J, DE, LA BARRA T, P.,et al. Dual Graph Representation of Transport Networks [J]. Transportation Research B,1996,30 (3):209-216.
[141]万绪军,胡安洲.用边标号法解决交通网络连通性问题[J].中国公路学报,1999,12(4)：73-77.
[142]万绪军,胡安洲.交通网络连通性表达法的研究[J].运筹与管理,1999,8(3)：61-66.
[143]王秋平,谈雪龙,张生瑞.城市单点交叉口信号配时优化[J].交通运输工程学报,2006,6(2)：60-64.
[144]姚荣涵,王殿海.交通流时空描述模型[J].公路交通科技,2008,25(10)：110-116.
[145]马万经,杨晓光.基于时空优化的单点交叉口公交被动优先控制方法[J].中国公 路学报,2007,20(3)：86-90.
[146]姚荣涵.车辆排队模型研究[D],吉林大学,2007.
[147]钟连德,荣建,周荣贵,等.城市快速路与高速公路交通流特性的对比分析[J].公路交通科技.2005,22(1)：48-51.
[148]李清波,符锌砂.道路规划与设计[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2002.
[149]吴瑞麟,沈建武.城市道路设计[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003.
[150]何富贵,张燕平,张铃.基于社团为粒度的网络分割方法[J].南京大学学报(自然科学),2010,46(5)：511-519.
[15l]全永燊.城市交通控制[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1989.
[152]隋亚刚,李瑞敏,郭敏,等.城市道路系统编码方法及其应用[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2009.
[153]王殿海.交通流理论[M].北京：人民交通出版社.2002.
[154]中华人民共和国建设部.城市道路交通规划设计规范(GB 50220-95)[S].1995.
[155]马骏.交通流理论基础[M].北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2004.
[156]Athol P. Interdependence of Certain Operational Characteristics within a Moving Traffic Stream[J]. Highway Research Record,1965, (72):58～87.
[157]王炜,孙俊.大型交通网络OD矩阵推算方法研究[J].东南大学学报,1996,26(6A)：47-54.
[158]赵晖.基于公交IC卡信息的居民出行OD推算研究[D].长安大学,2009.
[159]Augustin Soule, Antonio Nucci, Rene L.Cruz, et al,. Estimating dynamic traffic matrices by using viable routing changes[J]. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. 2007,15(3):485-498.
[160]崔洪军.大型活动交通组织管理关键技术研究[D].东南大学,2006.
[161]Michael P.Dixon, L.R. Rilett. Real-time OD estimation using automatic vehicle identification and traffic count data[J]. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering.2002,17(1):7-21.
[162]张智勇.城市快速道路车辆跟驰模型研究[D].北京工业大学,2002.
[163]Wu Chen, Zhilin Li, Meng Yu, et al. An Integrated Map-Match Algorithm with Position Feedback and Shape-Based Mismatch Detection and Correction[J].Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems:Technology, Planning and Operations,2008,12(4)：168-175.
[164]郑平方,常青,张其善,等.车载GPS/DR组合导航系统的研究[J].北京航空航天 大学学报,1999,25(5)：513-516.
[165]Rui Hirokawa,Naoyuki Kajiwara,Junich Takiguchi.Carrier-phase differential GPS/DR/LS hybrid navigation for an autonomous ground vehicle[J].Review of Automotive Engineering.2006,27(1):117-120.
[166]马海波,张利国,陈阳舟,等.基于循环神经网络的车载DR状态估计[J].系统仿真学报,2006,18(S2)：337-342.
[167]房建成,申功勋,万德军,等.GPS/DR组合导航系统自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波模型的建立[J].控制理论与应用,1998,15(3)：385-390.
[168]宋广辉,刘淑珍,耿英杰,等.OD调查简介[J].东北公路,1996,(2)：77-82.
[169]刘听,王殿海,王新颖,等.基于IPv6的智能交通信息采集与处理方法[J].吉林大学学报(工学版),2010,40(5)：1225-1229.