摘要
研究以生物学、生理学、微生物学和遗传学等多学科理论为依据，采取科学地设计，借助
木麻寅种群背景研究资料、野外调查、野外试验、温室试验、室内测定和统计分析（GENSTATS
软件包,SAS软件包和南京林大的‘林木遗传育种软件包’)等研究方法，针对世界上木麻黄
研究热点 问题及我国木麻黄人工林存在的主要问题，充分利用在华南地区10余年科研工作
积累的27片树种、种源、家系和无性系试验的22万余个数据，及本文副导师澳大利亚科学与
工业组织(CSIRO)林研所主任级科学家KhongsakPinyopusarerk提供设在泰国、越南、斯里兰
卡、肯尼亚、洪都拉斯、台湾省等6个国家或地区的8个地点12万余个短枝木麻黄种源试验
的数据，系统分析和研究了短枝木麻黄和山地木麻黄树种的物候特性、繁殖特点，种源、家系、
无性系的多性状边传变异规律，主要林木性状在时间序列上的遗传变异，种源适生区预测，无
性系抗病能力，我国木麻黄人工林林地营养现状、木麻黄对土壤营养需求，本麻黄营养遗传型、
木麻黄并生遗传型等，并制定和概述了短枝木麻黄和山地木麻黄的育种策略，主要结论如下：
l.短枝和山地木麻黄的繁殖方式有种子繁殖和无性繁殖，无性繁殖包括扦插、嫁接和微繁殖。
两种参试木麻黄能在华南地区正常有性繁殖，多数适生种源，在2-3年生开始开花、结实，为
开展其育种策略研究提供了基础保障．短枝木麻黄的开花、结实与种源关系密切，来自东南亚
的种源开花、结实早，结实量大，而来自澳大利亚东海岸的部分种源的开花、结实相对晚且数
量较少，育种策略中应注意不同来源的育种材料的开花、结实特点问题。利用幼树幼嫩枝条水
培繁殖是两种参试木麻黄的有效繁殖手段之一。成功地利用微繁殖技术繁殖出了短枝木麻黄，
为我国短枝木麻黄优良遗传资源的收集和保存提供了有效方法。
2．7个树种/36个种源的比较分析表明7个树种在华南表现优劣顺序为山地木麻黄＞细枝木
麻黄、短枝木麻黄、粗枝木麻黄、滨海木麻黄＞森林木麻黄或鸡冠木麻黄。每个树种表现较
好的种源如下：山地木麻黄(13950)、短枝木麻黄（试验E873中的Wenchang种源）、细枝木麻黄
（试验E873中的13515和Qionghai种源，试验E883中的13518和13514）、粗枝木麻黄（试验
E873中Llizhou 种源，试验E883中13128）、滨海木麻黄（13986）、森林木麻黄（13992），鸡冠
木麻黄的种源间在多数性状上差别不大。山地木麻黄表现最好，造林后62月（试验E873）时其
单株材积是最差的鸡冠木麻黄的 80．15倍，50月时（E883）为 60．16倍。
3．短枝和山地木麻黄种源的树高、胸径和单株材积等性状在地点间、种源间和种源与地点
（PxS）互作间均存在极显著差异，43个短枝木麻黄种源主要质量性状在地点间、种源间和PxS
互作间也存在显著差异。而且多数性状上，短枝木麻黄种源、山地木麻黄种源/家系的地点方差
分量均较大。表明短枝和山地木麻黄种源，家系筛选，性状的地点效应、PXS互作效应是不可
忽视的因素，在育种策略中应采用不同类型的育种群体。本文中利用 6个国家、10个地点、43
个短枝木麻黄种源试验数据估算的15个性状遗传变异系数和遗传力的结果可作为今后华南地
中国林业科学研究院博士学位论文
区短枝木麻黄种源筛选、确定选择性状的依据。
4．从多年的短枝木麻黄种源试验结果看，总的遗传变异规律是来自澳大利亚北部至菲律宾的
天然种源和一些非天然分布区种源，如来自印度、斯里兰卡、越南和肯尼亚等，在华南地区均
能良好地生长，而来自澳大利亚天然分布区南部的种源的表现不佳，使短枝木麻黄种源呈现出
不连续性变异特点。这与短枝木麻黄分布区广，引种栽培面积大，参试种源的分布常常是被海
洋隔离和分布区生态条件差异大等因素有密切关系。同时，参试种源与立地互作效应极显著差
异，说明参试种源稳定性有差异。因此，不断扩大种源引种试验范围，筛选稳定高产的种源为
木麻黄遗传育种服务是非常必要的。
5．按地点对43个参试短枝木麻黄种源进行评定，结果为：试验E946（福建东山）中，优良
种源为18086（Ha hinh，VTM）、18118（AdinmpanaPura，India）、18355（CCffonouBenin，BEN）、
ledl3peempur KUaug，Indial、18244（BakoBormeo Sar。e，Malaslyed、18119（Rameswaramlsland，
Indis）、18288（Mambsfl：Ot Sri Lank、18348opan－tanPehang，Malasiyal、18015（Ch ndndipu riBrlBalasore，
Indial和 18008（Danvin Casuarina B，NT，Australied种源；试验 E944（广东阳西）中优良种源有
1815耳（＊Man，Pan叫互s，＊m）、18355（＊Mou，BenZn）、1吕128（Non NuNuoc，川ham）、18143
（Gene For．Res．Static几际）、18153（ElaBeach，PNG）、18127（hachLienVietnam）、
18134（KenyattaBeachKopa）、14233（RayofigProv，hailand）和18288（MadmpasriLank）。
这些种源均好于国内对照种源，分别占各自参试种源的25．0％和20．93％，相当于选择强度分别
为i＝1．242和卜1．343。18355和18288种源在两个试验点均表?
Two Casuarina species, C. equisetifolia and C. junghniana, were subjected to a
series of studies which aimed to improve the planing and use of these species in China.
The studies encompassed phenology, propagation, genetic variation, disease resistance,
nutrition, and symbiotic relationship with microofganisms. Data were collected from 27
experiments on species, provenance and progeny trials, clonal tests and glasshouse
experiments in China over the past 10 ten years. In addition, growth data from eight
international provenance trials of C. equisetghlta provided by Mr KHongsak
Pinyopusperk (the second supervisor of this thesis and leader of the IPTC proect) were
included in the studies on provenance variation. The overall results are sununarized
below:
1. Phenology and propagaion of C. equisetifolia and C. junghuhnboa in southern
China
Trees startd flowering about 2-3 years ther planting. Provenanes varied in the
age of first flowering and theting with those from Southeast Asia found to start
flowering and fruiting earlier than those from other countries.The two species can be
propagated by seed and vegetathe propagation. Viability of seeds can be maintalned
by storing the seeds at 4℃ temperatur for both species. Successful vegetative
propagaion methods include cutting, grafting and tissus culture. Water culture is one
of the most effective methds for cutting propagation of the two species. C.
equisetghlia can be propagated successfully by tissue culture, which is also an
effective method to preserve better genetic resources from plantations and
introduction trials in southern China. Grafting yielded less than 30% for both species
suggesting that more research is needed for this method.
2. Results of species/provenance trials in Hainan
Based on survival, growth, tree form and twon resistance, the order of the best
to the worst species was C. junghuhniana C. cunninghamiana, C. equisetifolia, C.
glauca, Allocasuarina littoralis, A. torulosa and C. cristata. The tree voliume of C.
junguhnbiana was 80 times greater tban that of C. cristata. There wer 2-8 times in
the difference in tree volume betwen C cunninghamiana, C. equisetifolia and C.
gleuca provenans.
中国林业科学研究院博士学位论文
3．Quanitati、raits，ree heights，DBH nd vol。es of C equlsetifOlia and C
八叩咖励n0na、re all屯dfie出扛ly dilibrellt bew叱en silos andp叮yen。es．here
were evlden of provenance x site（G x E） interachons．Some qualhatlye rits，tem
and b－h fealllres，Of 43 ptovenances of C equisetghlla wer also signficanly
differelltbCtW6CtW6en sit6it6a provenances or P x S in柏f8C’－xons．刀叱 Inieration effeCts
ndicated site effect m he selection of suitable provnances nd tha It Is necessny to
5ave srparatb既4u旧m则aions o！c equ心epe．
4．Based on ree heigh，DBH，silrvlval percemp，tem。is persistene nd sl：elll
叭d咖咖铭 n wo ntemantema咖 ptOVOllBllCO ials O5C OqO眺伽加O S仰咖M
China，he good Penonlling PoVellallCes were：seedlot 8086 （Ha inh，Vietnam，
18if8 ein－Puram，ii勾，18355（Cotonou， Benn，18013 pe－Kulaug，
M叭18244 p咖，8删叭灿刚，18119阳es－，b峋，18288
（Mambartota，Sri M，18348 （KUanta Pehang，Malasiya，18015
（Chandipur＄alasore，ndi刃 andl 8008 paha Casuanna Beach，Northern Tetritory，
Astralial in he E946 tial at DOllgshan，Fulian；nd seedlot 8154 pan，Pmp Is，
PHI，18355（Cotonou，Bent叭 18128won Nuoc，Vieinaln，18143（Gede，Kellya），
18153 ila Beach，P叩ua New Oun勾，18127（hach Lien，Vi一，18134
（Kenyatt，Beach Kenya），14233 （R．－－ty－－n，hailand and 18288 （Madagama Sri
Lankal in the E944 ial at Yrpi，o凹叩山叩．hese provenances wer better hn
thebest local land races Mm幻m血emc址阳．刀脏 sc卜以edprovenances were 25．0％
nd 20．93％of the total ptovenanes，respectively n he wo ials，eqti切dM to
SdSCdOO WOllS沏I“1．2耳2 Sd＝1．343．砌Mpo VCll8llCVS，18355alld 1828吕，
were al
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