摘要
在知识经济时代,知识作为组织最有价值的战略性资源和核心生产要素,在企业发展中的地位与作用日益提高,越来越多的企业通过知识管理提升自身的竞争优势。知识共享管理已经成为企业知识管理中不可缺少的一环。以往学者对于知识共享的研究总体上沿着两条基本路线,即组织内部知识共享和组织间知识共享,而组织间知识共享是学者们长期关注的焦点。但是近来却有越来越多的学者将研究的目光转向组织内部,如何合理开发和运用蕴藏在组织内部庞大的无形知识资产,促进知识在不同部门和人员之间共享转移将成为竞争致胜的关键。组织内部知识共享无论是对于构筑竞争优势,还是保障企业持续成长都有积极意义。企业研发团队是典型的内生知识和知识共享的平台,每个成员必须通过分享资源和共享知识来协调完成各自的任务与项目。与此同时,每个成员有责任以一种适当的方式向其他成员提供信息、传授经验、交流体会,使研发团队成为一种高效的学习型组织。因此,研究企业研发团队知识共享的内在机制及影响因素具有重要的理论和现实意义。
本文以企业内部研发团队为研究对象,研究研发团队知识共享的内在机制及不同影响因素对知识共享水平的影响。本文的基本思想是以知识管理理论和组织学习理论作为理论基础,将研究触角深入到团队内部,根据研发团队内部知识共享的过程与特征,研究其知识共享的内在机制,构建并验证分析研发团队知识共享水平影响因素模型。
本文首先界定研发团队知识共享的相关概念,包括团队与研发团队、知识与技术知识、知识共享,在此基础上,从研发团队知识共享的动力、研发团队知识共享的博弈关系、网络关系及共享过程四个方面对研发团队知识共享的内在机制进行研究,为构建企业研发团队知识共享影响因素的概念模型及理论体系提供了理论基础。
在理论分析的基础上,根据知识共享障碍及粘滞信息理论分析,提出了企业研发团队知识共享影响因素的概念模型,并相应提出以下理论假设:知识对知识提供者、知识接受者、知识共享手段与知识共享环境产生影响,并最终影响知识共享水平;知识提供者、知识接受者、知识共享手段与知识共享环境作为知识共享的载体,发挥中介作用,知识通过这些载体在研发团队内部转移共享;这些影响因子直接或间接地影响着知识共享过程,决定着知识共享绩效。其中,从知识共享主体的角度来分析知识共享过程,涉及到的因素包括情境、内容和媒介三个部分。在知识共享双方的互动过程中,有许多因素会阻碍或减缓知识的共享,甚至使知识在转移过程中漏损和失真,造成知识共享失败。这些障碍分别来自于知识提供方、知识接收方、组织环境和知识本身多个方面。因此,上述两个模型为本文概念模型和相应理论假设的提出奠定了坚实的理论基础。
在概念模型与研究假设的基础上,从研究对象的选择、问卷设计与数据收集、变量的测量和分析方法等方面对全文实证分析进行方案设计,分析了结构方程模型的原理与基本程序,在此基础上,构建了各变量的测量量表,以SPSS13.0为数据分析研究工具,对收集到的数据进行描述性统计分析及量表的信度和效度检验。描述性统计分析结果表明,所收集的数据样本基本符合实际情况。信度和效度检验的结果表明,本研究整体具有较高的信度和效度。
为验证所提出的概念模型和研究假设,本文根据结构方程模型的分析过程,对构建的理论模型进行实证分析。通过AMOS7.0软件,对假设的理论模型进行评估,主要是对测量模型和结构模型进行分析,并计算评估各类适配度指标。在此分析基础上,提出了两个具有理论基础的竞争模型,同时与修正的原始假设模型进行相关参数的比较,从而确定了本文最终理论模型,并根据不同模型之间的比较,进一步分析模型中的相关内容。而后对论文提出的企业研发团队内部知识共享水平作用条件和作用路径的假设进行了检验,并对其原因及结果进行了讨论。最后,提出了提升研发团队知识共享水平的措施。
在研究过程中,本文全面借鉴已有的研究成果,深入挖掘知识共享理论、结构方程模型相关理论中的合理成分,在此基础上系统提出了企业研发团队内部知识共享水平影响因素概念模型与研究假设,设计研究方案并测量分析数据,应用结构方程模型方法进行概念模型分析与假设条件检验,这使得本文在理论上有所创新的同时,在实践中也具有一定的指导意义。
In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge’s role and function have been boosted over time as the most valuable strategic resource and core production factor. Accordingly, more and more enterprises enhance their competitiveness through the promotion of knowledge management. Thus, knowledge sharing management has become the indispensable part of enterprise knowledge management. According to literature review, the research of knowledge share by far has gone along two paths: inner-organizational and inter-organizational knowledge sharing, with the inter-organizational knowledge sharing as the favorite research focus by researchers for a long time. Nowadays, more and more researches shift their focus to inner-organizational knowledge share, because they come to recognize that the efficient exploitation and usage of valuable intangible knowledge assets and the sharing and transfer of knowledge between staffs and departments in the organization is the key in the survival, development and domination of enterprise in the increasingly intensified competition. Inner-organizational knowledge share not only builds up competitive advantage, but also maintains the sustainable development of enterprise. R&D team is the typical platform of endogenous knowledge and knowledge share. Every member of the team must fulfill their task through communication and knowledge sharing. Meanwhile, every member has the responsibility to provide information, impart experience, and exchange skills by this way or another, to transform R&D team into an efficient learning organization. As a result, the research on the inner mechanism and its influential factors of knowledge sharing has considerable theoretical and practical significance.
The paper takes R&D team in the enterprise as the research object, studies the inner mechanism and influential factors’impact on the level of knowledge sharing within the R&D team. With theory of knowledge management and organization learning as theoretical foundation, the study delves into the process and features of R&D team, explores the inner mechanism of the team’s knowledge share, constructs and testifies the model of factors influencing inner R&D team knowledge sharing level.
The paper first defines related concepts of R&D team including team, research team, knowledge and technological knowledge, knowledge sharing and so on. Then, its inner-mechanism is probed from the perspectives of incentives and process of knowledge share, game theory relations within the team and network theory, which are the theoretical foundation of building the inner R&D team knowledge share theory and the construction of the model of influential factors of its knowledge sharing level.
With theory analysis as the foundation, and according to the deep study on the process, obstacles of knowledge sharing and sticky information theory, the conceptual model of inner R&D team knowledge share influential factors is constructed, and the hypothesis is formed as follows: knowledge indirectly affects knowledge sharing level via knowledge provider, knowledge acceptor, knowledge sharing means, knowledge sharing environment; knowledge provider, knowledge acceptor, knowledge sharing means and knowledge sharing environment play the role of knowledge carrier and function as media. These influential factors directly or indirectly affect knowledge sharing process and finally determine the performance of knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing process is analyzed from the angle of knowledge sharing subject involving such factors as context, content and media. In the interactive process of knowledge sharing, factors may block or slow down it, and even omit, distort or damage knowledge in the process of knowledge transfer, resulting in the failure of knowledge share. By empirical and literature research, it is discovered that all the barriers come from knowledge provider, knowledge acceptor, organizational environment, and other factors. Thus, these two models provide solid theoretical foundation for the conceptual model and corresponding hypothesis.
After the construction of conceptual model and proposition of research hypothesis, the empirical research scheme is designed with the following factors taken into consideration: selection of research target, questionnaire design, data collection, variable measurement and analysis method. Structural equation model’s theorem and basic process are analyzed. Then, the measurement table of variables is constructed. With the help of SPSS13.0 as the tool of data analysis, the descriptive statistical analysis is conducted on the collected data, and the reliability and credibility of the measurement tables are testified. Descriptive statistical analysis indicates that the collected data sample tallies with the real situation fundamentally. The result of credibility and validity test demonstrates that the study is highly reliable and valid on the whole.
In order to testify the conceptual model and research hypothesis, structural equation model is adopted to empirically verify the theoretical model constructed. With AMOS7.0, the hypothesized theoretical model is assessed, with the focus on the analysis of measurement model and structural model, and suitable indicators of different categories are evaluated and computed. On the basis of analysis, two competitive models with theoretical basis are put forward, and by comparison with the original hypothesis model’s related parameters, the optimal theoretical model is defined. According to the comparison of different models, the related contents of the models are further analyzed. Then, hypothesis of functioning conditions and paths of knowledge sharing level within R&D team is verified. Finally, measures that should be taken to improve the knowledge sharing level within R&D team are introduced based on influential factors.
In the process of research, the research findings and literatures are fully and referred to, knowledge sharing theories are explored in depth, and the scientific factors of structural equation model are drawn on, and on the basis of these research, conceptual model of influential factors on knowledge sharing level within R&D team are systematically built and hypothesis are proposed. Research scheme is designed and data are analyzed. With the application of structural equation model, the conceptual model is analyzed and the hypothesized conditions are tested. As a result, the paper is theoretically innovative, while it is of significance in the guidance of practice.
引文
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