摘要
高效的运输和物流、以及物流网络是世界经济全球化的必要组成部分,拥有良好海运物流网络的港口城市和沿海区域,一直处于全球化的前沿。但同时海运物流体系和其运作环境正经历着巨大的变化,也给港口城市和区域可持续发展带来挑战和风险。全球海运物流网络与港口城市—区域存在着复杂的空间相互作用机理。本论文以港口空间里的海运物流活动为核心,基于海陆向结合视角与海运物流企业行为为主线,把握海运物流体系自身演变规律和机制,分析全球海运物流网络的形成和特征,探讨区域体系在全球网络中的嵌入。在此基础上,考察海运物流活动与城市和区域的关系演变,探寻全球化背景下港口、城市和区域的海运物流经济综合体的存在,进一步地探索海运物流体系的空间治理体制和机制创新,具有显著的理论价值和实践意义。
运输贯穿着实物流通道和路径。运输经济学强调运输产品的完整性和客户的参与,要求海运物流服务产品的完整性和包括货主在内的海运物流所有成员的整合协作。运输生产的网络经济性决定了海运物流主要活动者的行为策略,和海运物流体系发展趋势。海上运输专业化、海运速度提高和船舶大型化是实现运输的空间和时间效用的技术保障,实现时空压缩。运输业发展可改变人类活动的范围和耗费的时间和资本,决定着“社会与技术的范式”,当海运物流体系有技术重大变化时就会领跑区域经济社会发展。
谋求全球化的厂商将自身物流功能外包,采购完整物流服务产品,为运输链成员提供向全球物流服务供应商转型的机会,实现经营项目和地理范围扩大。实物流环环相扣,意味着其空间构建过程有赖于行为者所在地域在物流链中的动态位。无论是美国大都市区制度应对公共管理辖区破碎化,还是中国的行政区兼并应对行政区经济,都难以解决海运物流“流动空间”特性对区域管理的挑战。治理理论认为因为政府失效和市场失效的存在,治理权威与治理主体应多元化,企业是经济活动的治理主体,这为海运物流空间治理的企业参与提供了理论依据。经济活动的不同治理模式,以及企业权力的不均衡引起的领先企业所具有的治理地位等使得区域的海运物流体系处于在自身掌控能力之外的动态变化之中。
区域治理和全球价值链治理都强调治理主体之间的认同原则,认同的力量可以从结构主义、新制度主义和网络理论中得到理论支撑。海运物流体系的行为者在港口、城市和区域空间内建构基于“文化认同”的共同体,构筑避风港,以对抗全球失控的无序竞争、降低不确定性和风险。
全球经济时代,海运物流是海运实践和海运研究的新范式,为了理解全球海运物流需要构建一组概念。首先是海运物流的概念。海运物流是满足客户需要的持续过程,在需要经过海运的发送地到最终收货地之间,以客户愿意支付的价格,将恰当数量的恰当货物、按恰当的条件,在客户指定的恰当时间送达至恰当地点的恰当收货人。此概念为海运物流从业成员提供理解全球化的实物流空间的现实、形成共同的战略和行动模型、框架和思维方式。其次是海运物流供应链的概念。在海运物流领域,从发货人至收货人过程涉及海运公司、码头运营商、代理经纪等诸多专业化企业,构成了海运物流服务链。这一概念的建立,有利于从企业角度审视海运物流系统的时间和空间维度上的动态；另一方面,码头运营商等企业身份显现了放松管制以后港口运作中企业行为的影响,从而将“港口”纳入物流体系之中。第三是全球海运物流网络的概念,即以国际海上运输网络为基础,以港口为枢纽中心,陆上的公路、铁路及内河通航水系等多式联运通道所构成的集疏运体系为末端的全球实物流网络。在这个概念框架下,考察全球实物流的海向和陆向通道网络及其海陆界面的空间布局,海运物流企业的市场运营战略和空间组织特征。第四,区域港口嵌入全球海运物流网络的概念。这需要观察区域港口在全球海运物流网络中的地位,嵌入方式和嵌入机制。
为了向最终客户提供完整物流服务产品,整合是最重要原则,通过组织方式变革实现空间和功能一体化,以解决因功能、产权、运营权的分割而造成的海运物流链破碎化。运输组织革命、运输和信息技术进步和放松管制为实现全球范围的海运物流整合提供了技术和体制保障。
海运航线和可移动运载工具船舶组成了海向物流网络,各航线上所投入的船舶运力体现了各条海向通道的大小和能力；大宗干散货、液体散货和集装箱货在海向通道里大量迅速流动是全球经济最壮观的景象。各有不同物流绩效特征的陆上运输通道和场站实现了海运物流的配送功能。
为了掌控服务产品的完整性和质量,海运物流企业谋求对物流链的控制,出现了海运物流网络运营组织的海陆一体化。国际海运业者和码头企业是实现海运服务链功能和组织整合中的渠道领袖,前者通过“编织”海向网络、打造登陆的港口节点、进而继续构建陆向网络,后者具有整合陆向的运输、仓储配送和航运服务支撑功能的优势。港口根植于海运物流链中,是各功能活动会合的空间场所；其发展需要置于全球海运物流体系之中。
城市和区域的海运物流体系嵌入全球海运物流网络中,突出地表现为区域港口吞吐量的增长。中国沿海港口群在太平洋西岸的整体凸显,是世界航运重心东移、和中国沿海区域成为全球海运物流网络重要组成部分的体现。中国沿海地区作为海运物流的市场所在实现了市场嵌入,通过基础设施大规模、专业化和集装箱化建设,以及航运通道网络建设实现了网络嵌入,而海运物流链上企业的市场运作战略,实现供应链嵌入。港口投资和经营市场、海上航运市场、以及海运物流链其它服务市场的开放是嵌入全球海运物流网络的市场机制。
海运物流体系发展,表现为时间维度上的发育和完善,和空间维度上的集聚和扩散过程。在很长一段历史里,海运物流服务的供应链系统不完善、服务链比较短,海运物流活动与区域的相互作用在一有限的空间范畴内。由于“城市”这个空间单元在不同历史时期存在地理尺度上的极大差异,因此采取“港一城界面”为空间剖析单元,以表征港口及海运物流活动与城市的交互作用,突出这-空间里两者不同程度和形式的相互依存关系,及其广泛的经济社会政治背景。
历史上海运物流活动集聚及与特定空间的互动,培育了港一城界面,孕育了港口城市,促进其繁荣和发展。由于海运物流体系发展的技术剧变的拉动作用,海运物流集聚空间受其拉动呈现一定的迁移轨迹。宁波案例显现了海运物流活动是港口城市发育和成长的基本动力,不同历史时期的海运物流活动培育了形态各异的港一城界面和港口城市。
海运物流体系的发展也呈现空间扩散之势。其驱动力有三重,包括因集聚对港—城界面造成的土地和环境等压力,中心城市对航运组织经营活动和各类支撑服务业的拉动作用,以及内陆区域对物流配送节点和工业客户等的拉动作用。信息和交通技术使非实物流环节的部门获得了空间流动自由,改变了区位选择要素顺序,实现海运物流在港口、港口城市、中心城市和区域的空间重塑。在此自由流动背景下土地市场是分散化的强烈决定因素。
港口城市—区域是区域海运物流体系的空间投影、全球化下海运物流系统运作的新空间。宁波案例显示企业在物流通道组织、以及实现区域融入全球海运物流中的重要作用。现代港口城市构建的海运物流平台、海运物流网络的陆向区域化和区域中心城市成为海运物流支撑服务业的区位选择,这一组现象构成了宁波地域上港口城市—区域海运物流的空间单元。在不同历史时期,港口城市和区域对海运物流体系的治理制度也有着积极的响应和生动的演变过程。
全球海运物流体系的空间布局和治理特征表现为海向空间的灵活性和无根性,陆向空间边界渐失,空间整体协作性和治理空间的区域化。区域海运物流体系受到双重风险。一方面,跨国船公司拥有海运物流链治理权,其在海向空间运作的无根性,以及在内陆节点的渗透,对港口和港口城市发展带来极大风险。另
一方面,在全球—地方化的张力下,放松管制、私有化进程等体制转型过程中,海运物流体系受到地方分割,政府缺位和越位共存现象的影响。
海运物流体系在港口城市—区域的空间治理需要体制和机制的创新,治理手段需突破原来单一的依靠政治和行政方式,形成由海运物流行为者多元主体共同参与的区域治理体制,才能避免空间冲突。基于“认知共同体”的港口物流共同体的伙伴关系,主要体现为政府部门、企业和非赢利机构(包括个人)共同参与全球海运物流的治理。营销和文化策略有利于实现共同体的组织构建和制度构建,加强目标认同感。通过各物流活动主体的互动协同努力,满足港口城市—区域内企业、居民对提供通往国内其它地区及世界的通道的需求,实现区域整体利益最大化目标,加强区域经济竞争能力,促进港口城市—区域的空间形象凸显。
本论文试图在以下三方面实现创新：
1.揭示海运物流体系发展规律,构建全球海运物流网络、阐明其运营组织和基本特征,阐释中国沿海港口群嵌入全球海运物流网络的动力机制。
2.以“港—城界面”为考察海运物流与港口城市的主导标志,揭示两者互动关系时空演变规律。海运物流在港—城界面的集聚和发展培育了古代和近代的商贸型港口城市,其空间迁移驱动港口城市发展；日益完善与发达的全球海运物流体系空间重塑,构成容纳海陆双向互动的地域利益空间共同体,促进了港口城市—区域的发育和发展。
3.基于全球性城市—区域理念,提出“港口城市—区域”的科学概念,尝试建构“全球性海运物流——全球性海运物流网络——全球性海运物流服务产业——全球性生产网络——港口城市—区域”相互依存的空间逻辑依存关系；探讨了全球化背景下基于共同认知的“港口物流共同体”多元主体共同参与的区域治理机制。
Efficient transportation and logistics, and the logistics networks are the necessities of current global economy. Port cities and those coastal regions with favorable maritime logistics networks are the frontline soldiers of globalization. However, changing maritime logistics system and the dynamic market environment, in which it operates, have been challenging the sustainable development of port cities and its regions. There is complex mechanism for the interaction between global maritime logistics networks and port city-region.
Port geography studies may, on the basis of traditional trajectory of spatial study, epistemologically shift to the evolution and the mechanism of maritime logistics system and the formation and features of global maritime logistics networks, with a focus on the activities of the companies, and combined view of seaward and landward. This can goes further to the study of how maritime logistics activities act as a sustainable mechanism for city and region development, the emergence of a territorial maritime logistics complex of port city-region, and the spatial governance for maritime logistics region.
The product integrity of maritime logistics service means the service integration of all the member companies of supply chain for the maritime logistics. The specialization of maritime transportation, higher speed and ship enlargement are the technological support for the space and time utilities of transportation.
Outsourcing of logistics functions and purchasing integral logistics service are observed to be an important strategy for companies seeking for global operation. This continuous process provides chances for transportation operator to become global logistics service providers. The seamless character of material flow means the logistics space construction depends on the dynamic position of all the logistics actors. The features of "fluid space" of maritime logistics raise much challenge to regional management. The epistemic community based on culture cognition of the actors and shareholders of the maritime logistics field could be used to meet the disordered global competition, so as to reduce the uncertainty and risk.
In the context of globalization, a new paradigm would be adopted to ground the maritime practice and study with a theme of maritime logistics. Four terms need to be conceptualized for the better understanding of global maritime logistics——firstly, maritime logistics, the final service product to the customers and the shippers; secondly, supply chain of maritime logistics service, including all the actors of maritime logistics; thirdly, global maritime logistics networks, connecting all the logistics activities with marine concern from the departure place to the destination; and fourthly, the insertion of local or regional maritime logistics system into global networks, which focusing on the insertion modes and mechanism.
Integration is an important principal for producing integral logistics service products to final customers. The organization transform would be a strategic option for spatial and functional integration, and a solution to the function, property and operation fragmentation of maritime logistics chain. Containerization, inter-modal transportation, technological development in transportation and information provide the technological and institutional support for the maritime logistics integration in the global territory.
Shipping lines and mobile vehicles constitutes the seawards logistics networks, of which the sea channels depends on the input ship capacity. The quick and mass circulation of dry and liquid bulk cargoes and containers are the most impressive sea view of the global economy. The terminals and land corridors, with different logistics performance features, are the basic facilities for distribution of maritime cargoes.
For ensuring the integrity and quality of service products, maritime logistics companies seek to the control of the logistics chains, and adopt the integration strategy of sea and land channels of the maritime logistics networks. International carriers and terminal operators take the advantage to be the channel captains in this process of the function and organization integration. Embedded in the maritime logistics, ports are the intersection arena of various maritime functions, meaning its development shall be grounded in global maritime logistics.
The insertion of maritime logistics system of a region could be expressed with its large amount of port throughput. The embedding of Chinese coastal regions in the global maritime logistics networks is realized in three modes, which are market insertion, networks insertion and supply chain insertion. The mechanism is the opening up of Chinese markets in port investment and operation, shipping, and other auxiliary maritime service market.
The maritime logistics system develops in two dimensions. Temporally, it breeds, growths and improves. Spatially, its activities concentrate or decentralise. In a long history, the supply chain of maritime logistics was imperfect and often with short chains, and the activities concentrated in a limited territory, which usually bred port-urban interface, a seminal space of a port city. The technical dramatic change of maritime logistics system pulls the migration of the concentrated territory of its activities. The Ningbo case shows the fundamental mechanism of maritime logistics activities for the breeding and growth of a port city, and in the process of its evolution period it fostered several port-urban interface and port cities with various morphology.
The dispersing of activities of maritime logistics systems is driven by three factors, including the land and environment pressure on the port-urban interface from the activity concentration, the pulling force from the regional central urban to the organizing and managing activities of shipping and other auxiliary service industries, and also the pulling force from the inland to the logistics distribution activities and manufacturing customers. The modern technology of information and transportation provide the non-physical department the opportunity to move freely, and change their location choice determinant, and hence reconstruct the territorial structure of maritime logistics in port, port city, regional central city and the inland region. In this free moving environment, land market became an most important determinant for the activities dispersing.
Port city-region is the spatial projection of regional maritime logistics system, and new territory for its global strategy. In the case of Ningbo, enterprises show their active roles in logistics channel organization and the insertion into global systems. In Ningbo area, the port city-region is a new space scale for maritime logistics analysis, with the modern port city as an operation platform, the inland region as the distribution system, and regional central city as the location for its managing and non-physical service industry. In the evolution process of maritime logistics system in Ningbo, port city and the region have active reaction to its spatial governance.
The governance of maritime logistics system needs innovation in institution and mechanism, which will goes beyond the traditional political and jurisdictional tools. The partnership of port logistics community based on epistemic community can be an innovative approach to the spatial governance for the modern maritime logistics system. Channel marketing and cultural tactics are the useful tools for identity and community construction in the port city-region.
引文
Alix Y., Slack,B., Comtois C.. Alliance or Acquisition? Strategies for Growth in the Container Shipping Industry, the Case of CP Ships[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,1999,(7):203-208
Almotairi,B.,Lumsden K... Port logistics platform integration in supply chain managemen[J], International Journal of Shipping and Logistics,2009,(1)2:194-210
Ashar,A..Revolution Now[J]. Containerisation International,2002,(35)56-59
Baird A.. Privatization trends at the world's top-100 container ports"[J]. Maritime Policy & Management, September 2002 (29)3:271-284
Baird, A. J..Global Strategy in the Maritime Sector:Perspectives for the shipping and Ports Industry, the Third Meeting of the Inter-American Committee on Ports (CIP), Merida, Mexico,2003Sept.9-13.
Baird A.. The development of global container transhipment terminals [J]. in Wang J.J..Oliver D.,Notteboom T.,et al..(ed.) Ports,Cities, and Global Supply Chains[M].England:Ashgate Publishing Company,2007
Barke, M.. Transport and trade [M]. Edinburgh:Oliver & Boyd,1986
Bassett K, Griffiths R & Smith I. Testing governance:partnerships, planning and conflict in waterfront regeneration.Urban Studies,2002,10(39):1757-1775.
Berger R. EURINPRO,"Mastering the challenges of the supply chain:trends and vision for European logistics"[N],2003
Bichou, K. and Gray.R. A logistics and Supply Chain Management Approach to Port Performance Measurement [J]. Maritime Policy & Management 2004,(31)1:47-67
Bichou, K.,Bell, M.G.Internationalisation and consolidation of the container portindustry: assessment of channel structure and relationships[J]. Maritime Economicsand Logistics.2007, (9):35-51
Bichou,K.,Gray R.. A Logistics and Supply Chain Mmanagement Approach to Port Performance Measurement[J]. Maritime policy and Management,2004,(31)1:47-67
Bichou K.,Gray R..A Logistics and Supply Chain Management Approach to Port Performance Measurement[J]. Maritime Policy & Management,2004(31):147-167
Bird, J.H.The Major Seaports of the United Kingdom[M]. London:Hutchinson Press,1963
Bird J. H.. Seaports and Seaport Terminals[M].London:Hutchinson Press,1971
Bird,J.H..Of Central Places, Cities and Seaports[J]. Geography,1973,(58):105-118
Bird,J.H..Centrality and Cities[M], London:Routledge Direct Editions,1977
Bird,J. H..Seaports as a subset of gateways for regions:a research survery[J]. Progress in Human Geography,1980(4)3:360-370
Bird,J.H..Gateways:Examples from Australia, With Special Reference to Canberra[J], Geographical Journal,1986,(152)1:56-64
Boyer, K.. Principles of Transportation Economics[M]. New York:Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 1997
Breen A. & Rigby D..The New Waterfront:A worldwide Urban Success Story[M]. London: Thames and Hudson,1996
Brocard, M, Lecoquierre, B & Mallet, P..Le chorotype de l'estuaire europeen[J]. Mappemonde. 1995,(3):6-7
Business Wire,"Nike Equipment Signs up Manlo Logistics to Manage Distribution Centres in North America, Europe", Business Wire/Reuter Textline,1998, Feb.2
Canna E.Taking JIT to new Limits[J]. American Shipper.1995,(2):54
Carbon V.,de Martino,M.. The Changing Role of Ports in Supply-Chain Management:an Empirical Analysis[J].Maritime Policy & Management,2003,(30)4:305-320
Carbon V.,Stone A..Growth and Relational Strategies Used by the European logistics service providers:Rationale and outcomes[J]. Transprotation Research Part E.2005,(41):495-510
Caves,D.,Christensen, L.,Swanson, J.. Productivity Growth, Scale Economies and Capacity Utilization in US Railrods,1955-1974[J]. American Economic Review,1981,(71):994-1002
Chang Y.,Lee, S.,Lie,S..Factors Affecting Liners'Port Selection by Trade Route[N],2002,12, http://www.kmi.re.kr/data/linksoft/admin
Charlier, J. the Regeneration of Old Port Areas for New Port Uses[A], in Hoyle, B.S. & D. Hilling (ed.). Seaport Systems and Spatial Change[M]. Chichester, Sussex, John Wiley Publishing,1992
Childe,V..The Urban Revolution[J]. Town Planning Review,1950,(21):3-17
Chopra,S.,Meindl,P..Supply Chain Management:Strategy, Planning and Operations,(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall,2004
Christaller W. translation by C.W.Baskin.Central Places in Southern Germany[M]. Englewood Cliffs, NL:Prentice Hall,1966.63
Christopher M..物流与供应链管理——降低成本与改判服务的战略(第2版,英文版)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2003
Coe,N.M.,M,Hess.,H,W-C Yeung. P. Dicken and J. Henderson.. Globalizing Reginal Development: A Global Porduction Networks Perspective [J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 2004,(29)4:468-484
Cooley,C.H..The theory of transportation. In Sociological theory and social research:Being selected papers of Charles Horton Cooley. Originally published in Publications of the American Economic Association,1984:9
Cooper, J.C. Logistics Strategies for Global Businesses. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management,1993,(23) 4:12-23.
Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals,美国物流或供应链协会,]http://cscmp.org
Cullinance,K., Toy,N.. Identifying influential attributes in freight route/mode choice decisions:A content analysis. Transportation Research Part E:Logistics and Transportation Review 2000,(36)1:41-53
Dagger R.,Metropolis, Memory, and Citizenship[J]. American Journal of Political Science,1981,(25)4:715-737
De Martino,M..& Morvillo,A.. A Logistics Integration for the Development of the National and Local Economic System:the Case of the Port of Naples. Proceedings of Logistics and Research Network,2005 Sept.7-9,UK, Plymouth. Logistics Research Network, Cilt, pp.125-130
De Monie,G. the Global Economy, Very Large Containerships and the Funding of Mega Hubs[N]. Port Finance Conference, London,1997.6.26-27
Deudney D. Ground Identity:Nature, Place, and Space in Nationalism[A]. in Lapid Y. and Kratochwil F. (ed.), The Return of Culture and Identity in IR Theory[M]. Colorado:Lynne Rienner Publisher.,1996:133
Dornier,P.P.,Ernst,R.,Fender, M.,Kouvelis,P..Global Operations and Logistics:Text adn Cases.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,1998
Driessen, H., Mediterranean Port Cities:Cosmopolitanism Reconsidered [J]. History and Anthropology,2005 (16):129-141
Ducruet,C., Lee S-W.. Frontline Soldiers of Globalisation:Port-city Evolution and Regional Competition[J]. Geojournal,2006,(67)2:107-122
Ducruet,C.,Rozenblat,C.,Zaidi,F..Ports in Multi-level Maritime Networks:Evidence From the Atlantic (1996-2006)[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,2010,(18)4:508-518
Duncan,O..From Social Sysem to Ecosystem[J].Sociological Inquiry,1961,(31)2:140-149
Ernst D.Global Production Networks and the Changing Geography Innovation Systems: Implicatons for Developing Countries. Journal of Economics Innovation and New Technologies,2002,(11)6:497-523
European Commission.. White Paper. European Transport Policy for 2010:Time to Decide[N]. 2001..ec.europa.eu/transport/...white_paper/lb_texte_complet_en
European Commission.. Protrans:analysis of third-party logistics market. Deliverable No.1,
Competitive and Sustainable Growth Programme of the 5th Framework programme,2000.10
Evers, P.T., D.V. Harper, & P.M. Needham. The determinants of shippers perceptions of modes[J]. Transportation Journal 1996,(36)2:13-25
Fleming,D.K. AND Hayuth,Y..Spatial characteristics of Transportation Hubs:Centrality and Intermediacy[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,1994,(2) 1:3-18
Ford, L. A Model of Indonesian City Structure[J]. Geographical Review,1993,(83)4:374-396
Franc,P.,and Horst, M..Understanding Hinterland Service Integration By Shipping Lines and
Terminal Operators:a Theoretical and Empirical Analsis[J]. Journal of Transprot Geography,2010,(18)4:557-566
Frederickson G. The Repositioning of American Public Administration[J]. Political Science and Politics,1999,32(4):701-711
Fremont A..Empirical Evidence for Integration and Disintegration of Maritime Shipping, Port and Logistics Activities[N].. OECD. International Transport Forum,2009.1
Fremont,A..Global Maritime Networks,the Case of Maersk[J].Journal of Transport Geography, 2007(15):431-442
Fremont A., & Soppe M.. Northern European Range:Shipping Line Concentration and Port Hierarchy[J].in Wang J.J..Oliver D.,Notteboom T.,et al..(ed.) Ports,Cities, and Global Supply Chains[M].England:Ashgate Publishing Company,2007
Friedmann J. China's Urban Transition[M]. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2005
Friedman,T.L.. The World is Flat[M]. New York:Farrar, Strauss and Giroux,2005
Gaubatz,Piper Rae.1995.Urban Transformation in Post-Mao China:Impacts of the Reform Era on China's Urban Form. In Deborah S. Davis et al.,eds.,Urban Spaces in Contemporary China:The Poential for Autonomy and Community in Post-Mao China,29-32. Washington,D.C.:Woodrow Wilson Center Press and Cambridge University Press
Gereffi G.. Global Commodity Chains:New Forms of Co-ordination and Control among Nations and Firms in International Industries. Competition and Change,1996,(1)4:427-439
Gereffi G..Global production systems and third world development[M].Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,2002
Gereffi,G.,Humphrey,J.,Sturgeon,T.. The Governance of Global Value Chains[J].Forthcoming in Review of International Political Economy,2005,12(1):78-104
Gilman,S..Sector Competition and Hub Port Potential in Atlantic Container Trader[N]. Paper Presented at the International Association of Maritime Economicsts Conference. Halifax,Canada, 1999.9.13-14
Gleave M.B. Port activities and the spatial structure of cities:the case of Freetown, Siera Leone[J]. Journal of Transport Geography 1997(5):257-275
Gordon, D. Managing the changing political environment in urban waterfront redevelopment. Urban Studies,1997,34(1):61～83
Gottmann J. Megapolis and Antipolis:The telephone and the structure of the city. In The Social Impact of the Telephone, de Sola Pool, ed. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press,1977
Graham,M.G..Stability and competition in intermodal container shipping:Finding a balance[J]. Maritime Policy and Management,1998(25):129-147
Grubler,A.. The Rise and Fall of Infrasructures——Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport, Physical Verlag, Heidelberg,1990
Hall P.. Waterfronts:a new urban frontier[A]. in Bruttonesso R. (ed.) Waterfronts:a new frontier for cities on water[C]. Venice:Internaitonal Centre Cities on Water,1993:12-19
Harrington J.W.. Empirical research on producer service growth and regional development: international comparisons [J]. Professional Geographer,1995,(47):1:66-74
Haas P. Introduction:Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination[J]. International Organization,1992,46(1):1-35
Hagerstrand T. A Note on the Quality of Life-time [A]. In:Carlstein T. et al.(eds.). Timing Space and Spacing Time[M]. Vol.2:Human Activitiy and Timing Geography. London:Edward Arnold,1978
Hayuth Y.. Containerization and the Load Center Concept[J]. Economic Geography,1981,(57) 2:160-176
Hayuth Y..Globalisation and the Port-Urban Interface:Conflicts and Opportunities[A],in Wang J.J. et al (ed.) Port,Cities and Global Supply Chains[A], England:Ashgate Publishing,2007:141-156
Hayuth, Y.. Inland container terminal function and rationale. Maritime Policy and Management [J].1980(7)4:557-571
Hayuth, Y..Intermodality:Concept and Practice[M]. London:Lloyds of London Press,1987
Hayuth,Y..the Dynamics and Dimensions of Port-City Interrelationships[J]. Geoforum,1989,(20): 4
Hayuth Y.. the port-urban interface:an area in transition[J]. area,1982,(3):219-224
Heaver,T.,Meersman,H.,Moglia,F.and Van de Voorde E.. Do Mergers and Alliances Influence European Shipping and Port Competitions?[N]. Paper to be presented at the Joint Colloquium Centre for International Transport Management, London Guildhall,University of National Research Council,,1999.6.14-16
Heaver T.. The evolving roles of shipping lines in international logistics[J]. International Journal of Maritiem Economics,2002,(4):210-230
Henderson,J.,P. Dicken,M. Hess, N. Coe,H.W-C Yeung. Global Production Networks and the Analysis of Economic Development [J]. Review of International Political Economy,2002,(9)3: 436-464
Hess,M., and J.-P. Rodrigue. The transport geography of freight distribution and logistics. Journal of Transport Geography,2004,(12)3:171-184
Hesse M.. Global Chain, Local Pain:Regional Implications of Global Distribution Networks in the German North Range[J]. Growth and Change,2006,(37)4:570-596
Hilling.D.. the Evolution of a port system:the case of Ghana[J]. Geography,1977,(62)2:97-105 Hochstein A..优化港口绩效的战略计划：世界各国的经验.哈奇姆等.运输业的民营化[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2004：146-168
Holden M. Jr. The Governance of the Metropolis as a problem in Diplomacy[J], The Journal of Politics,1964,26(3):627-647
Hoover,E.M.. The Location of Economic Development[M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1948
Hospers, Gert-Jan. Beyond the blue banana? Structural Change of European Geo-economy [J]. 42th European Congress of the Regional Science Association, Dortmund, Germany 2002,Aug 27-31
Huib E., Carlo J..(Ed.). Information society and spatial structure[M]. Belhaven Press,London,UK, 1989,159-185
Hoyle,B..East African Seaports:an Application of the concept of Anyprot[J]. Transactions and Papers of the Institute of British Geographers,1968,44:163-183
Hoyle B S,and Pinder D A. Seaports,cities and tranpsort systems [A]. In:Hoyle B S,and Pinder D A (eds.).Cityport industrilization and regonal development[M]. London:Belhaven,1981:1-10
Hoyle,B..the Port-city Interface:Trends,Problems and Examples[J].Geoforum,1989,20:429-435
Hoyle, B.,Charlier J. Inter-Port Competition in Developing Countries:an East African Case Study[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,1995,(3)2:87-103
Hoyle B. Global and local change on the port-city waterfront[J].the Geographical Review, 2000,(90)3:395-417
Hoyle B. Lamu:waterfront revitalization in an East African port city.Cities[J]. the International Journal of Urban Policy and Planning,2001,18(5):297-313
Hoyle B. Urban waterfront revitalization in developing countries:the example of Zanzibar's Stone Town, the Geographical Journal,2002,168(2):141～162
Humphrey J.,Schmitz H..Governance in Global Value Chains[A]. Humbert Schmitz(ed.),Local Enterprise in the Global Economy:Issues of Governance and Upgrading[M].2003,32(3):19-29
llleris S. Producer services:the key sector for future economic development. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development,1989,(1):20-35
Ingram G. K.. Patterns of metropolitan development:what have we learned?[J]. Urban studies,1998,(35)7:1019-1035
Janelle, D.G., & M. Beuthe. Globalization and research issues in transportation[J].Journal of Transprot Geography,1997,(5)3:200
Keeler, J., Formby, J.. Cost Economies and Consolidation in the US Airline Industry[J]. International Journal of Transport Economics,1994,(21)1:21-45
Kenyon J. Elements in interport competition in the United States[J]. Economic Geography,1970(46):1-24
Kettl D. Government by Proxy:(Mis) Managing Federal Programs[M].Washinton DC:CQ Press, 1988
Kirzner I.. Discovery and the capitalist process[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1985
Kosambi M.,Brush J.. Three Colonial Port Cities in India[J]. Geographical Review,1988,(1):32-47
Krane D..the State of American Federalism,2002-2003:Division Replaces Unity[J]. Publius,2003, (33)3:1-44
Kuby,M.,Reid N..Technological Change and the Concentration of the U.S General Cargo Port
System:1970-1988[J]. Economic Geography,1992,(68)3:272-289
Lam J., Yap W.Y..A Measurement and Comparison of Cost Competitiveness of Container Ports in Southeast Asia[J]..Transportation,2006,(33)6:641-654
Langley J.,Coyle J.,Gibson B.,et al.. Managing Supply Chains[M]. Canada:Cengage Learning, 2009
Lee,J.Y.. Rodrigue,J-P.Trade Reorientation and Its Effects on Regional Port Systems:the Korea-China Link along the Yellow Sea Rim[J].Growth and Change,2006,(37)4:597-619
Lee,S-W.,Song,D-W.,Ducruet,C., A tale of Asia's world ports:The spatial evolution in global hub port cities[J]. Geoforum,2008,(39)1:372-385
Lee T-W.,Park N-Y.,Lee D-W..A Simulation Study for the Logistics Planning of a Container Terminal in View of SCM[J]. Maritime Policy & Management,2003,(30)3:243-3254
Losch A..The Economics of Location[M].New Havan:Yale University Press,1954
Lynn L. Jr. et al. The Emipircal Study of Governance:Theories, Mondels, Methods[N]. Presented at the Workshop on Models and Methods for the Empirical Study of Governance, Unviersity of Arizona, Tucson,1999
March J. and Olsen J. The New Institutionalism:Organizational Factors in Political Life[J], American Political Science Review,1984,78(3):734-749
MatonsJ..港口民营化：公共管理的历史与前景[A].哈奇姆等.运输业的民营化[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2004：124-145
Mayer H M. the port of Chicago and the St. Lawrence Seaway [A]. Development of Geography Research Papers[M]. No.49, Chicago:University of Chicago,1957
Mayer H M. Some geographic aspects of technological change in maritime transportation[J]. Economic Geography,1973(49):145-155
Mayer H.M. Current Trend in Great Lakes Shipping[J]. GeoJournal,1978,2:117-122
Man Diesel A/S, Denmark.. Propulsion Trend in Bulk Carrier(散货船的推进系统发展趋势),2009
Man Diesel A/S, Denmark.. Propulsion Trend in Container Sh ip(集装箱船舶推进系统发展趋势)2009
Man Diesel A/S, Denmark.. Propulsion Trend in Bulk Carrier (散货船的推进系统发展趋势), 2009
McCalla R.. Global change, local pain:intermodal seaport terminals and their service areas[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,1999,(7):247-254
McCalla,R.,Slack,B.,Comtois,C.. the Caribbean Basin:adjusting to Global Trends in Containerization[J]. Maritime Policy and Management,2005,(32)3:245-261
McGee T G. The Southeast Asian City:A SocialGeography of the Primate Cities[M]. London:G. BellSons Ltd,1967
McKinnon,A.,Woodburn,A..Logistical Restructuring and Road Freight Traffic Growth:an Empirical Assessment[J].Transportation,1996,23:141-161
MDS INTERMODAL. The European Container Freight Market:containers inland (Chester),1998
Meixell M.,Gargeya V..Global Supply Chain Design:a Literature Review and Critique[J]. Transportation Research Part E,2005,41:531-550
Miles G. L.. "Unmasking Japan's Distributors"[N], International Business. April 1994,p42
Muller G. Intermodal freight transportation (4th ed.). Eno Transporation Foundation, Washington,D.C.,1999
Norcliff et al.. The emergence of Postmodernism on the urban waterfront, Journal of Transport Geography,1996,4(2):123-134
Notteboom.T..Concentration and load centre developmentinthe European Container Port System[J].Journal of Transport Geography,1997,(5)2:99-115
Notteboom,T.,Winkelmans, W.. Structural changes in logistics:how will port authorities face the challenge?[J]. Maritime Policy and Management,2001(28)1:71-89
Notteboom,T. Container shipping and ports:An overview[J].Review of Network Economics,2004,(3):86-106
Notteboom T., Rodrigue J-P.Inland freight distribution and the sub-harborization of port terminals. Dalian,2004.9.22-26
Notteboom,T.,Rodrigue,J.-P.. Port regionlization:towards a new phase in port development [J]. Maritime Policy and Management,2005,(32)3:297-313
Notteboom T., Merckx F.. Freight Integration in Liner Shipping:A strategy serving global production networks[J]. Growth and Change,2006(37)4:550-569
Notteboom,T.,Rodrigue,J-P..Re-assessing Port-hinterland Relationships in the Context of Global Commodity Chains[A], in Wang J.J. et al (ed.) Port,Cities and Global Supply Chains[A], England:Ashgate Publishing,2007:51-68
Notteboom,T.,Rodrigue,J-P..Containerisation, box logistics and global supply chains:The integration of ports and liner shipping networks[J]. Maritime Economics & Logistics,2008,(18):152-174
Notteboom,T.,and Rodrigue J-P.. The corporate geography of global container termina operators.2010,unpublished paper
Notteboom.T..Concentration and the formation of multi-port gateway regions in the European container port system:An update. Journal of Transport Geography,2010,(18)4:567-583
OECD. Territorial Reviews:Busan.Korea.2004
Olivier, D.. Private entry and emerging partnerships in container terminal operations:evidence from Asia[J]. Maritime Economics & Logistics,2005,(7):87-115
Olivier,D.,Parola F.. The success of Asian Container Port Operators:the role of information Technology, in Ports, Cities, and Glbal Supply Chains [M].Wang J.J.,Olivier D., Notteboom T..(ed.). Ashgate,2007:205-218
Olivier, D., Parola, F.,Slack, B., Wang,J.J.. The time scale of internationalisation:the case of the container port industry[J]. Maritime Economics & Logistics,2007,(9):1-34
Pacione M.. Urban Geography:a global perspective (2e)[M]. London:Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group,2001
Panayides P.. Maritime Logistics and Global Supply Chains:Towards a Research Agenda[J].Maritime Economics & Logistics,2006,(8):3-18
Parola,F., Veenstra A., the Spatial Coverage of Shipping Lines and Container Terminal Operators[J].Journal of Transprot Geography,2008,(16):292-299
Perpillou, A.. Geographie de la circulation. Les cours de Sorbonne, vol.1, Paris.1959
Peters B.G.. Institutional Theory in Political Science[M], London and New York:Wellington House,1999
Pinder D, Hoyle B & Husain M. Retreat, redundancy and revitalization:force, trends and a research agenda. In Hoyle B.et al (eds) Revitalising the waterfront, international dimensions of dockland redevelopment. London:Belhaven,1988:247～260.
Polzug公司网站,http://www.polzug.de/index.php?id=2&L=2
Prasad, S., Babbar, S. International Operations Management Research:Classification, Analysis, and Agenda[J]. Journal of Operations Management,2000,(18)2:207-247
Quinn J A.. The hypothesis of the median location [J]. American Sociological Review,1943,(8): 148-156
Rhodes,R.A.W..The New Governance:governing without government [J].Political Studies, 1996,(44)4:652-667
Rimmer, J..the Changing Status of New Zealand Seaports,1853-1960[J].Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1967a,(57) 1:88-100
Rimmer, J.. The search for spatial regularities in the development of Australian seaports(1861-1961)[J]. Geografiska Annaler,1967D,(49B) 1:42-54
Rimmer P. J.. Conceptual framework for urban and regional transport need in Southeast Asia[J].Pacific Viewpoint,1977,(18):133-147
Rimmer,P. J.. Ocean liner shipping services:corporate restructuring and port selection/ competition[J]. Asia Pacific Viewpoint,1998,(39)2:193-208
Rimmer,P.J.. the Search for Spatial Regularities in the Development of Australian Seaports 1861-1961/2",Geografiska Annaler,1967,(49) 1:42-54
Roberts,J.,Formulating and Implementing a Global Logistics Strategy[J].International Journal of Logistics Management,1990(2)
Robinson,R..Asian Hub/Feeder Nets:the Dynamics of Restructuring[J].Maritime Policy and Management,1998,(25)1:21-40
Robinson,R..Competitive Efficiency and Competitive Advantage:the Basis for Austrialian Port Reform[N], Paper Presented at the Maritime Technology 21st Century Conference, 1992,University of Melbourne, Melbourene
Robinson R..Ports as Elements in Value-driven Chain Systems:the New Paradigm[J]. Maritime Policy & Management,2002(29) 3:241-255
Rodrigue,J-P. The Geography of Transprot Systems, http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans
Rodrigue J-P.,Debrie J.,Fremont A., Gouvernal E..Functions and actors of inland ports:European and North American dynamics[J]. Journal of transport geography,2020(18):519-529
Rodrigue,J.P. The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey:Global Changes, Regional Gains and Local Challenges in Port Development[J].Les Cahiers Scientifiques du Transport, 2003,(44):55-75
Rodrigue, J-P..Appropriate models of port governance:lessons from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey[A], in D. Pinder and B. Slack (eds) Shipping and ports in the 21st century[M]. London, Routledge,2004
Rodrigue,J.P..Transportation and the geographical and functional integration of global production networks[J].Growth and Change,2006,
Rodrigue, J.-P.. Challenging the derived transport demand thesis Geographical issues in freight distribution[J]. Environment & PlanningA.2006,(38)8:1449-1462
Roso,V.,Woxenius J.,Lumsden K... the dry port concep1:connecting container seaport with the hinterland[J] Journal of transport geography,2009,(17):338-345
Sassen,S.. The Global City:New York, London,Tokyo[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1991
Schneider M.Teske P.Toward a theory of the political entrepreneur:evidence from local government[J], the American Political Science Review,1992,(86)3:737-747
Schumpeter,J.A..Capitalism,Socialism and Democracy[M]. New York:Harper & Row,1942,1975
Scott A.J..Industrial Organization and Location:Division of Labor, the Firm and Spatial Process Economic Geography,1986(62)3:215-231
Scott A.J. Metropolis-From the Division of Labour to Urban Form,University of California Press,Berkeley,CA,1988
Scott A.J.. From Silicon Valley to Hollywood:Growth and Development of the multimedia industry in California[M]. Los Angeles,CA:University of California, The Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies,1995
Scott,A.J..Global City-Regions:Trends, Theory, Policy[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press,2001
Seidman H., and Gilmour R. Politics, Position, and Power:From the Positive to the Regulato State(4th ed) [M] New York:Oxford Unversity Press,1986
Slack,B..Domestic Containerization and the Load Center Concept[J].Maritime Policy & Management,1994,(21)3:229-236
Slack,B., Comtoi,C.,and Sletmo,G..Shipping Lines as agents of change in the port industry[J]. Maritime Policy and Management,1996,(23):289-300
Slack B. Across the pond:container shipping on the North Atlantic in the era of globalisation. Geojournal 1999,(48)1:39-59
Slack, B., Comtois, C., McCalla, R.. Strategic alliances in the container shipping industry:a global perspective[J]. Maritime Policy & Management,2002,(29):65-76
Slack,B.,Fre'mont,A..Transformation of port terminal operations:from the local to the global [J].Transport Reviews,2005,(25):117-130
Slack B., McCalla R.J. and Comtois C.. Logistics and maritime transport:a fundamental transformation[N]. Presented paper at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Geographers.Los Angeles,2002.03
Slack,B..Pawns in the Game:Ports in a global Transporation System[J]. Growth and Change,1993(24):579-588
Song,D-W.,Panayides P.Global Supply Chain and Port/Terminal:Integration and Competitiveness [J]. Maritime Policy & Management,2008,(35)1:73-87
Song,D-W., Panayides P.. Global Supply Chain and Port/Terminal:Integration and Competitiveness[N]. Paper presented on International Conference on Logistics, Shipping and Port Management,2007
Sommer, J.W..the Internal Structure of African Cities[M]./Knight CG, Newman J L. Contemporary African Geography and Change. Engelwood Cloffs, NJ:Prentice Hall,1976
Stopford,M..Maritime Economics[M].Cornwall UK:Routledge.2005:254-264
Sturgeon,T.. Modular production networks:a new American model of industrial organization[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change,2002,(11)3:451-496
Taaffe J.,Morrill L.,Gould R.. Transport expansion in underdeveloped countries:a comparative analysis[J]. Geographical Review,1963,(53)4:503-529
Tavasszy,L., Ruijgrok,C.,Thissen,M.. Emerging global logistics networks:implications for transport systems and policies[J].Growth and Change.2003,(34)4:456-472
Taylor,D..Global Cases in Logistics and Supply Chain Management[M]. International Thompson Business Press, Boston,MA.1997
Thomas C.. Public Management as Interagency Cooperation[J]. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,1997,7(2):221-246
Thomson,M..Modern Transport Economics[M].Harmondsworth, Penguin,1974
Tongzon,J.,Sawan,L..Port Choice in Competitive Environment:from the Shipping Lines' Perspective[J]. Applied Economics,2007,(39):477-492
Tracey M.,Tan C., Vonderembse M.,Bardi E..A reexamination of the effects of Just-In-Time on Inbound Logistics[J].International journal of logistics management,1995,(6)2:25-38
Tunbridge J. & Ashworth G. Leisure resource development in cityport revitalisation:the tourist-historic dimension[A].in Hoyle B.&Pinder D.(ed.) European port cities in transition[M]. London:Belhaven Press,1992:176-200
Tunbridge, J. Policy convergence on the waterfront? A comparative assessment of North American revitalisation strategies in revitalising the waterfront, London:Belhaven Press, 1988:67-91
Ullman E L. and Harris C D. The nature of cities[J]. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,1945(242):7-17
UNCTAD. Port Marketing and the Challenge of the Third Generation Port,1995
UNCTAD.Ports Newsletter,Novermber,1999,No.1
UNCTAD.Review of Maritime Transport,2006
UNCTAD. Review of Maritime Transport,2007
UNCTAD.Review of Maritime Transport,2008
UNCTAD. Industrial Development Report,2009
UNCTAD, Review of Maritiem Transport,2010
UNESCAP. Economic and Social Survey of Asia and Pacific 2007,附录表6
Vance J E.. The merchant's world:the geography of wholesaling[M]. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Pretice Hall,1970:12-102
Vigarie A. Maritime industrial development areas:structural evolution and implicaitons for regional development [A]. In:Hoyle B S,and Pinder D A (eds.).Cityport industrilization and regonal development[M]. London:Belhaven,1981:23-36
Wakeman,T..Marine transportation of international freight for the Northeast Corridor,2008. In Anticipating 2025 in Northeast Corridor transportation:Aerial,highway, marine and rail Technolgies & Linkages. Institute of Public Administration, Public policty forum, University of Delaware, Newark,DE,
Wang,J.J.. A container load center with a developoing hinterland:a case study of Hongkong[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,1998,(6)3:187-201
Wang,J., Slack B.. The evolution of a regional container port system:the Pearl River Delta[J]. Journal of Transport Geography,2000,(8):263-275
Wang,T-F..Cullinane,K.. The efficiency of European container terminals and implications for supply chain management[J] Maritime Economics & Logistics,2006,(8)82-99
Weigend G. Some elements in the study of port geography[J]. Geographical Review,1958,(48):185-200
Whebell C F J.Corridors:a theory of urban systems[J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1969,(59):1-26
Winston C.. Conceptual Developments in the Economics of Transportation:an Interpretive Survey[J]. Journal of Economic Literature,1985,(23):57-94
Wijnolst, N.(ed.) Dynamic European Maritime Clusters. Maritime Forum, Norway.2006
Wilbanks J.. Geography and technology [A]. In:Brumn D.,Cutt L.,Harrington W..(ed.),Geography and technology[M]. Dordrecht, Netherlands:Klumer Academic Publisher,2004
Willingdale,M.C.Ship-operator Port-routeing Behavior and the Development Process[A],in Seaport Systems and Spatial Change[M],Hoyle,B.,Hilling D..(eds), New York:John Wiley,1984:43-59
Woxenius J..Temporal elements in the spatial extension of production networks. Growth and Change[J].2006,(37)4:526-549
WTO. International Trade Statistics,2001
WTO. International Trade Statistics,2008
Xavier F.(ed.).Load Centers in the Mediterranean Port Range-Ports Hub and Ports Gateway[C].40th Congress of the European Regional Science Association, in Barcelona,2000:274
Ying J. The inefficiency of regulating a competitive indusry:productivity gains in Trucking Following Reform[J]..The Review of Economic and Statistics,1990,(72):191-201
安筱鹏,韩增林,杨荫凯.国际集装箱枢纽港的形成演化机理与发展模式研究[J].地理研究,2000,(19)4：383-390
安筱鹏,韩增林.综合物流时代的到来与港口功能的演变[J].热带地理,2001,(21)3：276-281
奥兹·谢伊(Oz Shy)[著].张磊[译].网络产业经济学[M].上海：上海财经大学出版社,2002
鲍尔索克斯(Bowersox,D.J)克劳斯(Closs,D.J).(1998)[著].林国龙等[译].物流管理：供应链过程的一体化[M].机械工业出版社,1999
保罗·萨巴蒂尔(Paul Sabatier)[著].彭宗超等[译].政策过程理论[M].北京：生活读书新知三联书店,2004：305
伯特·罗森布罗姆(Rosenbloom,B)[著].李乃和[译].营销渠道管理(第6版)[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2002
本尼迪克特·安德森(Benedict Anderson)[著].吴叡人[译].想象的共同体—民族主义的起源与散布[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2005
蔡观(译).自强重振中的纽约-新泽西港[J].中国港口,2001,4：44
曹有挥.集装箱港口体系的演化模式研究——长江下游集装箱港口体系的实证分析[J].地理科学,1999,(19)6：485-490
曹有挥.长江沿岸港口体系空间结构研究[J].地理学报,1999,(54)3：233-239
曹有挥,曹卫东,金世胜,等,中国沿海集装箱港口体系的形成演化机理[J],地理学报,2003,(58)3：424-432
曹有挥,李海建,陈雯,中国集装箱港口体系的空间结构与竞争格局,地理学报,2004,(59)6：1020-1027
柴彦威,王恩宙.时间地理学的基本概念与表示方法[J].经济地理,1997(17)3：55-62
陈才.区域经济地理学[M].北京：科学出版社,2003：33
陈航.海港地域组合及其区域的初步研究[J].地理学报,1991,46(1)：480-487
陈航.海港形成发展与布局的经济地理基础[J].地理科学,1984,(4)2：125-131
陈航.论海港地域组合的形成机制与发展过程[J].地理学报,1996(51)6：501-507
陈航,栾维新,王跃伟.我国港口功能与城市功能关系的定量分析[J].地理研 究,2009,(28)2：475-483
陈桥驿.中国历史名城[M].北京：中国青年出版社,1986
城乡建设建设环境保护部.现代海港城市规划[M].哈尔滨：黑龙江人民出版社,1985
陈再齐,曹小曙,阎小培.广州港经济发展及其与城市经济的互动关系研究[J].经济地理,2005(25)3：373-378
大卫·哈维(Harvy D.)[著].胡大平[译].希望的空间[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2001
大前研一[著].黄柏棋[译].无国界的世界[M].北京：中信出版社,2007
董海洋.拯救地中海[J].世界环境.2001(3)：13-16
董洁霜,范炳全.国外港口区位相关研究理论回顾与评价[J].城市规划,.2006(30)2：83-88
董洁霜,范炳全,刘巍巍.现代物流发展与港口区位合作博弈分析经济地理,2005,(25)1：114-117
范菊华.“认识共同体”和全球气候制度[J].国际观察,2006,(3)：30-35
菲利普·科特勒,凯文·凯勒[著].卢泰宏,高辉[译].营销管理[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2009
弗朗索瓦—格扎维尔·梅里安.治理问题与现代福利国家[J].肖孝毛[译]国际社会科学,1999,(1)：59-68
韩彪.交通运输发展理论[M].大连：大连海事大学出版社,1994
韩增林.试论环渤海地区港口运输体系的建设与布局,经济地理,1995,1：154-159
韩增林,王成金.21世纪物流地理学的发展与展望[A].中国台湾海峡两岸地理学研讨会暨地理学会年会,上海,2001,8
韩增林,安筱鹏,王利等.中国国际集装箱运输网络的布局与优化[J].地理学报,2002,(57)4：479-488
韩增林.中国国际集装箱运输网络的布局与优化[J].地理学报,,2002(57)4：480-488韩增林,安筱鹏.集装箱港口发展与布局研究[M].北京：海洋出版社,2006
赫尔德(Held,D.),麦克格鲁(McGrew,A.)等[著].杨雪冬[译].全球化大变革—全球化时代的政治、经济与文化[M].社会科学文献出版社,2001
和记黄埔有限公司2008年度报告,http://www.hutchison-whampoa.com,2009.9.12
胡序威.杨冠雄(编).中国沿海港口城市[M].北京：科学技术出版社,1990
简·雅各布斯[著].金衡出[译].美国大城市的死与生[M].译林出版社,2005：478
蒋仁才,荣朝和,李雪松.发达国家放松运输管制原因的理论分析[J].1996,(6)：80-84
交通部.2001年公路水路交通行业发展统计报告,http://www.moc.gov.cn
交通部,2006中国航运发展报告
交通部,2009中国航运发展报告
景秀艳,景刚.全球与地方的契合：权力与生产网络的二维治理[J].人文地理,2007,(3)：22-27
卡丁(Gourdin K..)[著].綦建红等[译].全球物流管理——新千年的竞争优势[M].北京：人民邮电出版社,2002(原版2001)
肯尼斯·巴顿(Kenneth Button)[著].冯宗宪[译].运输经济学[M].北京：商务印书馆,,2006.(1993原版)
科伊尔(ColyleJ.),巴迪(BardiE.),诺瓦克(NovackR.)[著].罗茨,杨雪冬[译].运输管 理[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2004：30
科伊尔(Colyle J.),巴迪(Bardi E.),兰利(Langley J)[著].企业物流管理：供应链视角[第7版].电子工业出版社,2007：238-255
郎宇,黎鹏.论港口与腹地经济—体化的儿个理论问题[J].经济地理,2005,(25)6：767-771
黎群.航空公司战略联盟的经济动因分析[J].管理工程学报,2005,(19)2：99-103
李爱国,黄建宏.新经济地理理论视角下的现代物流对区域经济发展的影响[J].改革与战略,2006,11：9-11
理查德·哈特向(Richard Hartshorne) [著].叶光庭[译].地理学的性质[M].北京：商务印书馆,1996
吕拉昌,阎小培.现代物流经济与经济地理学[J].地域研究与开发,2003,(22)2：5-7
李王鸣.港口城市国际研究主题的分析[J].经济地理,2000(20)2：14-17
李忠奎.世界交通运输EDI技术的发展和应用[J].世界交通运输EDI技术的发展和应用,1999,11：66-70
梁琦.产业集聚论[M]一北京：商务印书馆.2004
梁双波,曹有挥,吴威,等.全球化背景下的南京港城关系发展效应分析[J].地理研究,2007,(26)3：599-608
梁双波,曹有挥,曹卫东,等.港城关联发展的生命周期模式研究——以南京港城关联发展为例[J].人文地理,2009,5：66-70
梁双波,曹有挥,曹卫东,等.长三角港口物流经济空间差异及演化分析[J].经济地理,2009,(29)7：1082-1087
林士民.再现昔日的文明-东方大港宁波考古研究[M].上海：上海三联书店,2005
林琳,傅鸣,许学强.广州珠江滨水区更新模式的思考[J].人文地理,2007(1)67-72
刘德学等.全球生产网络与加工贸易升级[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2006
刘秉镰.论港口城市的经济发展[J].天津社会科学,2000,(6)：59-62
刘恒武,王力军.试论宁波港城的形成与浙东对外海上航路的开辟[A].宁波与海上丝绸之路[M].北京：科学出版社,2006：123—131
刘君德,舒庆.中国区域经济的新视角——行政区经济[J].改革与战略,996,(5)：1-4
刘君德.中国转型期“行政区经济”现象透视——兼论中国特色人文—经济地理学的发展[J].经济地理,2006,(26)6：897-901
刘君德.中国转型期凸现的“行政区经济”现象分析[J].理论前沿,2004,(10)：20-22
刘冉.董玛力.宋涛.新加坡“港—城”关系转型的经验借鉴[J].世界地理研究,2008(17)4：71-78
刘荣煜.现代物流与城市区域空间组织研究[J].物流技术,2010,10：1-3
刘卫东,Dicken P.,杨伟聪.信息技术对企业空间组织的影响——以诺基亚北京星网工业园为例[J].地理研究,2004,(23)6：833-844
刘卫东,甄峰.信息化对社会经济空间组织的影响研究[J].地理学报,2004,(59)增刊：67-76
罗伯特·帕特南(Robert Putnam)[著].王列,赖海榕[译].使民主运转起来[M].江西人民出版社,2001
罗萍.我国港口与城市互动发展的趋势[J].综合运输,2006,10：16-20
罗思东.美国大都市区政府理论的缘起[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2004,(5)：108-114
罗思东.美国地方政府体制的“碎片化”评析[J].经济社会体制比较(双月刊),2005,(4)：106-110
马丁·克里斯托弗(Martin Christopher)[著].何明珂等[译].创造增值网络：物流与供应链管理(第3版)[M].北京：电子工业出版社,2006
马克·莱文森(Mark Levinson)[著].姜文波等[译].集装箱改变世界[M].北京：机械工业出版社,2008
迈克·克朗(Mike Crown) [著].杨淑华,宋慧敏(译).文化地理学[M].南京：南京大学出版社,2005曼纽尔·卡斯特(Castells M.)[著].夏铸九,王志弘等[译].网络社会的崛起[M].社会科学文献出版社,2000
曼纽尔·卡斯特(Castells M.)|[著].夏铸九,王志弘等[译].认同的力量[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2006
迈克尔·波特(Porter,M.E.)(1985)[著].陈小悦[译].竞争战略[M].北京：华夏出版社,1997
木宫泰彦[著].胡锡年[译].日中文化交流史[M],北京：商务印书馆,1980：584
宁越敏.新的国际劳动分工、世界城市和我国中心城市的发展.城市问题,1991(3)：2-7
潘峰华,王缉慈.从“被动嵌入”到供应链园区投资“外商直接投资的新模式”?[J].中国软科学,2010(3)：95-103
彭传圣.北美港口2006年集装箱吞吐量排名[J].水运科学研究,2007,2：50
彼得·迪肯(Dicken,P.)刘卫东等译.全球性转变——重塑21世纪的全球经济地图[M].商务印书馆,2003(原书1999年)
全球治理委员会.我们的全球伙伴关系(Our Global Neighborhood)[M].牛津大学出版社,1995：2-3
荣朝和.论运输化[M].北京：中国社会科学出版社,1993
荣朝和.关于运输业规模经济和范围经济问题的探讨[J].中国铁道科学,2001,22(4)：97-104
荣朝和.运输发展理论的近期进展[J].中国铁道科学,2001,(22)3：1-8
荣朝和等.集装箱多式联运与综合物流：形成机理及组织协调[M],北京：中国铁道出版社,2001
荣朝和.从运输产品特性看铁路重组的方向[J].北方交通大学学报(社会科学版),2002,(1)1：13-18
荣朝和.探究铁路经济问题[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2004
荣朝和.西方运输经济学[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2008
石崧,宁越敏.劳动力空间分工理论评述[J].经济学动态,2006(2)：101-105
斯波义信[著].宁波及其腹地[A].施坚雅[主编],叶光庭等[译].中华帝国晚期的城市[M].北京：中华书局,2000：469—526.1970
宋炳良.港口城市发展的动态研究[M].大连：大连海事大学出版社,2003
宋德星.基于国家安全的我国国际海运网络治理模式探讨[J].中国行政管理,2008,(8)：20-22
宋家泰.城市-区域与城市区域调查研究[J].地理学报,1980,35(4)：389-430
孙光圻(主编).国际航运政策[M].大连：大连海事大学出版社,1998：264-272
孙光圻.国际航运政策中的自由主义和保护主义[J].中国水运,1998,(10)：21-24
唐·泰普斯科特(Don Tapscot),阿特·卡斯顿(Art Caston)[著].米克斯[译].范式的转变—信
息技术的前景[M].大连：东北财经大学出版社,1999
汤因比(Toynbee Keith),厄本(Urban)[著].王少如,沈晓红[译]汤因比论汤因比：汤因比
与厄本对话录[M].上海：上海三联书店,2007：77-83
藤田昌久,保罗·克鲁格曼(Paul Kmgman),安东尼·维纳布尔斯(Anthony Venables)著].梁琦[译].空间经济学——城市、区域与国际贸易[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社,2005
托马斯·弗里德曼(Thomas Friedman)[著].何帆[译].世界是平的[M].长沙：湖南科学技术出版社,2006
王成金,金凤君.中国海上集装箱运输的组织网络研究[J].地理科学,2006,(26)4：392-401
王成金.中国港口分布格局的演化与发展机理[J].地理学报,2007(62)8：809-820
王成金a.全球集装箱航运的空间组织网络[J].地理研究,2008(27)3：636-648
王成金b.世界航运企业重组及其对航运网络结构的影响——兼论对中国港口体系的影响[J].世界地理研究,2008,(17)1：94-105
王成金c.现代港口地理学的研究进展及展望[J].地理科学进展,2008,(23)3：243-251
王缉慈.创新的空间：企业集群与区域发展[M].北京：北京大学出版社.2001
王建国,吕建鹏.世界城市滨水区开发建设的历史进程及其经验[J].城市规划,2001(7)：41-46
王杰,杨赞,陆春峰.港口腹地划分的两种新方法探讨——以大连国际航运中心为列[J].中国航海,2005,3：57-61
王列辉.浙闽台的港口—腹地[A].吴松弟(编).港口城市及其腹地与中国现代化[c].济南：山东画报出版社,2006：103-126.
王列辉.驶向枢纽港—上海宁波两港空间关系研究(1843-1941)[M].杭州：浙江大学出版社,2008
王圣云,沈玉芳.长山群岛港口地域组合空间结构演化定量分析[J].地理科学进展,2008,(27)4：103-109
王旭.美国城市发展模式[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2006：373
王铮等.IT产业研发枢纽形成条件研究与其应用研究[J].地理研究,2007,,26(4)：651-661
文嫮.价值链空间形态演变下的治理模式研究[J].中国工业经济,2006,(2)：45-51
吴必虎,贾佳.城市滨水区旅游-游憩功能开发研究[J].地理学与国土研究,2002(2)：99-103
吴传均,高小真.海港城市的成长模型[J].地理研究,1989(8)4：9-15
吴传钧,高小真.海港城市的成长模式[J].地理研究,非功过1989(8)4：9-16
吴建新,刘德学.全球价值链治理研究综述[J].国际经贸探索,2007,(23)8：9-14
吴建新,刘德学.全球价值链中治理与升级的关系[J].山西财经大学学报,2008,(30)6：58-63
吴松弟.港口—腹地与中国现代化的空间进程[J].河北学刊,2004,(24)3：160-166
吴松弟,王列辉.唐朝至近代长江三角洲港口体系的变迁轨迹[J].复旦学报,2007,2：98-109
西村幸夫[著].王惠君[译].再造魅力故乡,日本传统街区重生故事[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
西蒙·哈奇姆(Simon Hakim),保罗·塞登斯塔特(Paul Seidenstat),加里·鲍曼(Gary Bowman)[著].林晓言,蔡文燕[译].运输业的民营化[M].北京：经济科学出版社,2004
肖蓉.虚拟的空间和想象的共同体——互联网中的民族认同和族际互动[N].中央民族大学,学位论文,2007
辛元欧.古代中朝海上交往与船文化交流[J].中国航海,2000(2)：94-100
熊永均.铁路与经济增长[J].北京：铁道部信息所情报室内论文,1995
徐国平,宗蓓华.集装箱枢纽港形成机理探讨[J].改革与战略,2007(23)10：106-108
许学强,周春山.论珠江三角洲大都会区的形成[J].城市问题,1994(3)
许学强,周一星,宁越敏.城市地理学(第二版)[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2009：
徐骅,金凤君等.集装箱环球航线的枢纽区位优化[J].地理学报,2008(63)6：593-602
徐永健,阎小培.城市滨水区旅游开发初探：北美的成功经验及其启示[J].经济地理,2000(1)：99-103
徐永健,阎小培,许学强.西方现代港口与城市、区域发展研究述评[J].人文地理,2001(16)4：28-33
薛晓源,陈家刚.全球化与新制度主义[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2004
亚当·斯密(Smith A.,1776)[著].唐日松(译),北京：华夏出版社,2005
杨葆亭.我国中古海港城市历史发展阶段及其规律探讨[J].城市规划,1983,4：52-60
杨家其.基于模糊综合评判的现代港口腹地划分引力模型[J].交通运输工程学报,2002,(2)2：123-126
杨吾扬,王富年.论中国港口建设条件的地域类型[J].经济地理,1983,(3)4：293-298
杨吾扬,张国伍等.交通运输地理学[M].北京：商务印书馆,1986：305
杨靳,邵哲平.自由主义航运政策对中国航运业的影响[J].中国水运,2006,(6)8：23-24
叶红军.港口法解析[M].北京：人民交通出版社,2003
易志云,赵晓光.港口城市发展的功能作用与天津发展战略[J].天津社会科学,2004,5
俞可平.作为一种新政治分析框架的治理和善治理论[J].公共行政管理科学,2001,(5)：35-39
袁志耕(主编).集装箱码头[M].上海：中国纺织大学出版社,1998：243
约翰·科伊尔(Colyle J.),爱德华·巴蒂(Bardi E.),小约翰.兰利Langley J.[著].文武等[译].企业物流管理—供应链视角(第7版)[M].电子工业出版社,2007
约瑟夫·熊彼特(Josef Schumpeter)[著].吴良健[译].资本主义、社会主义与民主M].北京：商务印书馆,1999(原著1943)
詹姆斯·罗西瑙(James Rosenau)[著].张胜军,刘小林等[译].没有政府统治的治理[M].剑桥大学出版社,1995
詹姆斯·罗西瑙.面向本体论的全球治理[A].俞可平(主编).全球化：全球治理[M].北京：社会科学文献出版社,2004：55-67
张宏波,纪永波.港口投资主体多元化在中国的发展[J].港口经济,2006,(1)：40-42张京祥,刘荣增.美国大都市区的发展及管理[J].国外城市规划,2001,(5)：6-9
张京祥,吴缚龙.从行政区兼并到区域管治——长江三角洲的实证思考[J].城市规划,2004,(28)5：25-30
张庭伟,冯晖,彭治权.城市滨水区设计与开发[M].上海：同济大学出版社,2002.03
张耀光,韩增林,杨荫凯等.辽宁港口地域组合形成,发展与可持续发展研究[J],经济地理,1999(19)5：95-100
郑弘毅.海港区域性港址的经济地理分析[J].经济地理,1982,(2)2：114-119
郑弘毅,顾朝林.我国沿海城市布局演变过程及其规律[J].经济地理,1988(8)4：261-263
郑弘毅,蒋宁玲.我国海港城市性质及其拟定方法[J].城市规划,1982,6：29-32
郑绍昌(主编).宁波港史[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1989：236.
竺菊英.近代宁波的资本主义工业[J].浙江学刊,1995(1)：42-48.
褚晓波,傅亦民.一座古代城市仓储的前世今生——宁波元代永丰库遗址保护记[Jl.中国文化遗产,2006(5)：56—69.
庄佩君.集装箱港口竞合战略研究[J].中国航海,2005,(1)：77-81
庄佩君.全球物流环境的变化对港口业的影响分析[J].中国港口,2008,(2)：27-30
庄佩君,汪宇明.港—城界面再生及其全球发展态势[J].城市问题,2010,(1)：37-43
庄佩君,汪宇明.港—城界面的演变及其空间机理[J].地理研究,2010,(29)6：1105-1116
宗会明,周素红,阎小培.物流组织特征、空间表现和形成机制研究的西方地理学视角[J].世界地理研究,2008,(17)3：132-140
中国港口网,http://www.chinaports.org,集装箱船大型化速度惊人,2010-12-22
1转引自杨吾扬,梁进社.高等经济地理学[M].北京：北京大学出版社,1997
15 21世纪经济报,2010年5月20日
21 《粤海关志》卷十七,转引自郑绍昌(主编).宁波港史[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1989.
22《四明谈助》卷二九.转引自郑绍昌(主编).宁波港史[M].北京：人民交通出版社,1989.
27《镇海县志》,北京：中国大百科全书出版社,1994
35 《瞭望东方周刊》对印度港口官员尼拉.萨吉的采访,见《瞭望东方周刊》2005年第22期