摘要
海底管道是海洋油气集输与储运系统的重要组成部分,被喻为海上油气田的“生命线”,在海洋油气资源的开发利用中发挥着重要作用,海底管道的安全运行是海上油气田安全生产的重要保证,其安全性和可靠性日益受到重视。对于建造在地震动活跃区域的海底管道,其潜在的地震危险性巨大。因此,进行海底管道抗震研究是非常必要和紧迫的。与波浪荷载相比,地震具有持时短、频率高、强度大的特点,地震时海底悬跨管道和周围水体的相互作用方式与波浪海流作用下有较大区别。因此,研究地震作用下海底管道的水动力模型对开展长距离海底管道考虑水体和结构相互作用的地震反应分析成为可能。此外,地震动的空间变化特性对海底管道的动力反应具有明显地影响,研究海底管道在多点地震动输入下的动力反应具有重大理论意义和实用价值。
海底管道的悬空段与海水直接接触,其所受的水动力一直是国内外学者研究的重点问题。利用水下地震模拟系统开展了地震作用下海底悬跨刚性管道的水动力模型实验,测量了管道周围流场的变化和管道表面的动水压力。基于Morison方程,按最小二乘原理得到了管道的拖曳力系数CD和惯性力系数CM,讨论了Re数(Reynolds number)、Kc数(Keulegan-Carpenter number)、水深d及间隙比e／D等因素对水动力系数的影响规律。实验结果表明,地震动输入方向对管道的受力特性具有重要的影响。水平地震荷载作用下,管道受到的水动力可以忽略。Re数和Kc数对管道的拖曳力系数CD和惯性力系数CM具有重要影响。相对于波浪和海流,地震动包含的较高频率会对管道的水动力产生重要影响。基于模型实验工况,建立刚性管道-水体耦合系统的三维有限元模型进行数值分析,数值结果与试验结果符合得较好。
利用水下地震模拟系统开展了地震对海底悬跨柔性管道水动力作用的模型实验研究。利用弹性-重力联合相似律,建立了地震作用下柔性管道的模型与原型间相似关系。同样基于Morison方程,按最小二乘原理得到了管道在不同输入方向下的水动力系数,并讨论了它们受Re数、Kc数、水深d及间隙比e／D的影响趋势。实验结果表明,地震作用下管道受到的水动力出现耦合现象,即在一个方向输入下,管道在两个方向上均受到水动力作用。Re数和Kc数仍然是影响管道水动力系数的两个主要参数。基于模型实验工况,建立柔性管道-水体耦合系统的三维有限元模型进行数值分析,数值结果与实验结果的比较说明,数值模拟能够较好地反映实际管道的运动和受力特性。
采用非线性最小二乘拟合法对管道的水动力系数CD和CM随Re数、Kc数、水深d及间隙比e／D的变化关系进行了拟合,分别得到了刚性管道和柔性管道地震作用下水动力系数的定量表达式。并以此为基础,建立了适合地震作用下海底悬跨管道的水动力计算模型。与实验数据对比的结果表明,采用地震时Morison模型能够较好地模拟海底管道在地震作用下所受到的水动力。最后比较了适于波流作用的Morison方程和适于地震的Morison模型对海底悬跨管道地震反应的影响。
采用一种谱表示方法,根据给定的互功率谱密度矩阵合成了与目标功率谱拟合的非平稳多点地震动时程。结果表明,利用本文提出的方法合成的多点地震动时程可用于大尺度结构,例如桥梁、生命线工程、大坝和油气管线等的动力抗震分析。在此基础上,建立了考虑不同地震输入方向耦合的水动力作用海底悬跨管道多点输入非线性计算模型,推导了多点输入运动方程,并基于有限元离散方程,进行了海底悬跨管道三维多点输入地震时程反应计算。分析了不同水动力作用方式对管道地震反应影响的差别,比较了多点输入和一致输入下管道的地震反应,研究了管道材料非线性和土体非线性特征的影响,并进一步研究了管道几何参数对管道地震反应的影响。分析结果显示地震动的空间变化特性能显著增大海底管道的地震反应,其他因素也在不同程度上对海底管道多点输入地震反应产生影响。
As an important component of the offshore oil and gas strorage and transportation system, submarine pipelines are playing significant roles in the offshore exploitation and regarded as the lifelines of offshore oil and gas fields. The security production of the offshore oil and gas fields depends largely on the safe operation of the submarine pipelines. Therefore, the structural integrity and reliability of submarine pipelines are paid more and more attention in practice. The potential seismic risk is very severe for submarine pipelines installed in seismically active regions such as Bohai Bay in China and West offshore in USA. It is of necessity that submarine pipelines laid in these areas be designed to resist earthquake ground motions. Since the characteristics of earthquake compared with wave and current are short duration, ample frequency content and high magnitude, interaction between pipeline and surrounded fluid under earthquake differs from that under wave and current. It is complicated and time-consuming to calculated seismic response of submarine pipeline on the base of interacting model considering water and structure coupling. Thereby, it is an alternate to study on the hydrodynamic force models to simulate and simplify interacting model between pipeline and water subject to earthquakes. Recently, it has been recognized that the spatial variation of seismic ground motion has an important effect on the dynamic response of submarine pipeline. It is of great significance to research the dynamic response of submarine pipelines subjected to spatially varying earthquake ground motions.
The hydrodynamic forces on the span of submarine pipeline which is surrounded by sea water had been paid much attention by many researchers. Model tests of a free spanning rigid submarine pipe subjected to earthquake were carried out on an underwater shaking table in the Sate Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology. The fluid field adjacent to the pipe and hydrodynamic pressure on the surface of the pipe were measured. Based on Morison's equation, the drag coefficient CD and the inertial coefficient Cm related to earthquakes were obtained by the least square method. The effects of Re (Reynolds number), Kc (Keulegan-Carpenter number), water depth d and the gap ratio e/D on CD and CM were discussed. The experimental results indicate that the seismic input direction has important influence on the characteristic of hydrodynamic forces imposed on pipe. The hydrodynamic force exerted on pipe is negligible under horizontal seismic input. Re and Kc have remarkable effect on the hydrodynamic forces imposed on pipeline under earthquakes. Compared with waves and currents high frequency contents of seismic ground motions were abundant, which resulted in significant effect on the hydrodynamic force of pipe. The rigid pipe-water interaction was simulated using a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model and the numerical results were compared with the experimental results.
Using the underwater shaking table, model tests of a free spanning flexible submarine pipe subjected to earthquake were conducted considering the relative movement between pipe and water. Based on the joint elastic and gravity similitudes, the model scale design is performed. The hydrodynamic force coefficients under different input directions were obtained on the base of least square method as well. The influence of Re, Kc, water depth d and the gap ratio e/D on the hydrodynamic force coefficients was analysed. According to the experimental results, the coupling action of the hydrodynamic forces occurred. Hydrodynamic forces exsited both in-line and cross-flow directions under a certain sesimic input direction. Re and Kc are two primay parameters which influence the hydrodynamic force coefficients. The flexible pipe-water interaction was simulated using a 3D FE model and the numerical results were compared with the experimental results. The results show that numerical simulation can satisfactorily agree with the pipe movement and the characteristics of the hydrodynamic forces.
Utilizing non-linear least square method, the variation of hydrodynamic force coefficients with Re and Kc was fitted by regression analysis and the quantitative expressions were obtained for rigid pipeline and flexible pipeline, respectively. Then, hydrodynamic force models for free spanning submarine pipeline suitable for earthquake were established. A conclusion can be drawn that the improved hydrodynamic force model could satisfactorily predict the hydrodynamic forces on the free span of submarine pipelines due to earthquakes. Finally, the effects of different hydrodynamic force models on the seismic response of submarine pipeline with free span were studied.
A spectral-representation-based simulation algorithm was presented to simulate non-stationary multi-point seismic ground motion time histories compatible with target power spectrum by using prescribed non-stationary cross-spectral density matrix. The results indicate that the multi-point ground motions synthesized by the proposed method can be directly used as an input for the dynamic seismic analysis of large scale structures such as bridges, lifelines, dams, oil and gas pipelines etc. A 3D FE model of submarine pipeline with free span considering hydrodynamic force coupling induced by different seismic input directions subjected to spatially variable ground motions was established. The motion equations of the pipeline were derived and nonlinear multi-support input time-history analysis was performed. The effect of hydrodynamic force action method on seismic response of pipe was analysed. Seismic response of submarine pipelines was compared with different input method such as the multi-station input and identical input. The effect of nonlinear constitutional relationships of pipe steel and soil, and geometry nonlinearity was investigated. Furthermore, geometry factors were studied in the sensitivity analysis. The numerical results display that the spatial variation of ground motions can significantly increase the seismic response of submarine pipelines. Meanwhile, the other factors also influence on the response of the submarine pipelines under multiple-station earthquake ground motions to some extents.
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