摘要
随着工业化、城市化进程的加快,在经济全球化和环境恶化全球化的双重背景下,能源技术向低碳、无碳化方向发展的趋势势必日益增强。建筑领域产生的CO_2在全社会CO_2排放总量中所占的比例达30%以上,“低碳建筑”等新兴名词随着低碳经济的兴起,逐步从概念层面深入到具体实践。据国家发展与改革委员会能源研究所研究,目前工业部门是对节能减排贡献最大的领域,但2020年以后,随着人们生活水平的提高以及消费结构的变化,建筑与交通领域贡献度开始加强,到2050年,建筑节能贡献率将超过工业和交通领域,位居首位,减排贡献率居第三位。此外,相比工业产品达到10%至20%的减碳效果的大挑战、高投入,建筑通过加强围护结构设计的合理性,结合建筑节能与循环减排技术,减碳更容易实现且效果十分显著,可轻松实现50%至60%的减碳效果。
所谓基于LCA(Life Cycle Assessment)的低碳建筑,是指从建筑项目的设计、建材生产与施工、使用直至拆除等过程中,也即在其整个生命周期内,以向生物圈排放最少的CO_2为重要评价准则的建筑。结合无锡市低碳城市调研之建筑领域的相关数据,本文基于生命周期评价理论与技术框架,以办公建筑为例,对建筑各个阶段的能耗特点进行系统的定量分析与评价,考虑我国建筑LCA的基础数据现状及特殊性,建立了建筑全生命周期碳排放计算方法,部分建立了建筑阶段性每计量单位的环境影响清单数据库,为建筑全生命周期碳排放评价提供数据支持;构建单体建筑全生命周期碳排放数学模型及运营使用阶段能耗的人工神经网络计算机模型,将日照时长及气温等气候环境因素,室温、照度、风速等室内环境因素与建筑能耗建立关联,为建筑全生命周期低碳前预测评价奠定量化计算和模型构建的基础;运用层次分析法构建建筑全生命周期低碳评价体系,提出包含前预测评价与后统计评价两个层面的建筑低碳“双LCA”评价模型,在科学量化低碳指标的基础上,结合三类社会属性的评价指标,保证了评价体系的完整性和结果的合理性。最后本文确定建筑全生命周期每个阶段的低碳角色责任,从而识别低碳建筑发展中面临的困难与挑战,提出了低碳建筑市场发展的激励政策,为其发展路径的选择及政策的科学决策提供理论依据。
As the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, low-carbon energy technologies and carbon-free trend are bound to increase in the dual context of economic globalization and environmental degradation. The proportion of CO_2 generated by the construction sector in the whole society is more than 30%,"low-carbon buildings"are in-depth step by step from concept to concrete practice with the rise of low-carbon economy. According to the study by National Development and Reform Commission, the industrial sector is currently the greatest contribution to the field of energy saving. But after 2020, with the improvement of living standards and changes in consumption structure, the contribution of architecture and transport sector begins to strengthen.By 2050, the energy saving contribution rate of architecture will exceed transportation and industries, ranking the first, the third highest contribution rate in emissions reduction. In addition, compared to challenge and high investment to reduce the carbon by 10% to 20% from industrial products, from buildings it can be easily achieve 50% to 60% by strengthening the rationality of the envelope design, energy conservation and recycling and emission reduction technologies.
The so-called low-carbon buildings based on LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), is the building taking the lowest CO_2 emissions throughout their life cycle including design, materials production, construction, operation until the removal process as an important evaluation criterion. Combined with the construction sector-related research data of a low-carbon city of Wuxi, this paper takes office building for example and analyses and evaluates the energy consumption of buildings in various stages of the quantitative characteristics based on life cycle assessment theory and framework; Considering the status and specificity of basis of LCA data in architecture, establishes the building life cycle carbon emissions calculation method for carbon emissions data support; Builds single building life cycle emissions model and energy consumption of artificial neural network computer model in use phase, creatively associating the sunshine duration, temperature and other climatic and environmental factors, temperature, illumination, wind speed and other indoor environmental factors and building energy consumption, and lays the basis for the quantify of predicted assessment method; Builds a low-carbon building life cycle assessment model by AHP, creatively proposes evaluation including before-prediction and after-statistics evaluation of low-carbon building"double LCA"evaluation model, scientific quantizes low-carbon indexes, combined with the three types of social property indicators, to ensure the integrity of the evaluation system and reasonability of results. Finally, it determines buildings low-carbon life-cycle roles and responsibilities at each stage to identify the development facing difficulties and challenges, proposed the market incentives for development of low-carbon building which provide a theoretical basis for choice of development path and scientific decision-making of policies.
引文
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