摘要
在《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》附件C中,列出了四种非故意产生的持久性有机污染物(UP-POP_s),分别是多氯代二苯并-对-二恶英(PCDD_s)、多氯代二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)、六氯苯(HCB)和多氯联苯(PCBs)。这四种物质除具有长期残留性、生物蓄积性、半挥发性和高毒性外,还具有非故意产生的特性,不能通过普通的禁产和禁用方法来控制。根据公约第五条的要求,各缔约方必须采取措施减少和控制上述UP-POP_s的排放,其中首要任务就是科学地编制排放清单,把握排放的基线状况。
2007年4月,我国向《斯德哥尔摩公约》秘书处提交的《国家实施计划》(NIP)中,包含了以2004年为基准年的中国二恶英(PCDD/Fs)的排放清单。但至今没有另外两种UP-POP_s(HCB和PCBs)的排放清单。为了判断我国HCB和PCBs排放情况,本文参考日本环境省基于实测数据编制的排放因子,计算了以2008为基准年的中国主要排放源非故意产生HCB和PCBs的大气排放清单,分析了重要排放源的发展趋势。生活垃圾焚烧行业规模发展迅速,预计将成为UP-POP_s的重要排放源。本文选取生活垃圾焚烧行业作为进一步研究对象,监测了国内某典型生活垃圾焚烧厂烟气和飞灰中UP-POP_s的排放情况,分析了其排放特征。
鉴于生活垃圾焚烧行业是潜在的UP-POP_s重要排放源,需要开发适宜的减排控制技术。催化降解技术能够彻底地分解气态有机污染物,为了研究催化降解技术对UP-POP_s的降解效果,本文设计并制作了可用于模拟生活垃圾焚烧烟气中UP-POP_s催化降解的小试反应器,通过一系列的性能测试实验,该反应器能稳定产生HCB浓度在10~100 ug/L的混合气体,并能研究温度、流速等因素对于催化反应的影响,为后续开展焚烧烟气中UP-POP_s催化降解创造了实验条件。
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD_s), Polychlorinated dibenzofuranes (PCDFs), Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) are listed in Annex C of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants as uninten- tionally produced POP_s (UP-POP_s). Partis are required an action plan to reduce or eliminate emissions of UP-POP_s under Article 5 of the Convention. As an essential work for action plan, developing emission inventories could give a comprehensive understanding of emission status.
Contained in National Implemetion Plan (NIP), a PCDD/Fs emission inventory of China (reference year 2004) was submitted to Secretariat of the Convention in April 2007. So far, there is no emission inventory of the other two UP-POP_s (HCB and PCBs). In order to obtain a preliminary understanding, the atmospheric emission inventory of HCB and PCBs from major sources in China was prepared, using the emission factors developed by the Ministry of the Environmental of Japan. Based on the estimation of emission inventory, trend analysis of key source was conducted. The industrial scale of municipal solid waste incineration has increased rapidly, and municipal solid waste incineration will become a major emission source of UP-POP_s in future. So this study selected a typical municipal solid waste incinerator to investigate the total emission amounts of UP-POP_s, as well as the emission characteristics.
Since municipal solid waste incineration is an important potential source of UP-POP_s emission, it is urgent to reduce or eliminate emissions of UP-POP_s in this industry. Catalytic degradation is an effective technique for UP-POP_s control because it can decompose POP_s completely, so we choose catalytic degradation techique for further research. In this study a laboratory-scale reactor was designed to simulate the catalytic degradation of UP-POP_s in flue gas of municipal solid waste incinerator. After continous testing and improvement, the reactor can stably generate the gas stream with HCB concentration ranging from 10ng/L to 100ng/L. The reactor can also be used to test the effects of temperature, space velocity and other factors on the catalytic reaction, so it created conditions for research on catalytic degradation of UP-POP_s.
引文
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