摘要
随着通信、计算机、数字音视频和网络技术的发展以及多种终端的大量应用,人们已经不再满足于单纯传递文字和声音,而希望能高速传送数据量更大的视频信息。在这种需求推动下,近些年来数字视频压缩技术获得了很大发展,面向不同应用,相继出现多种音视频编码标准,并随之产生了不同格式视频资源共享问题,进而催生了转换编码技术。
由于新视频编码标准的出现,视频转换编码技术的应用范围越来越广。本文首先对转换编码技术进行了分析和论述,对一些常用的转换编码器结构进行了系统分析。之后对目前主流的两个音视频编码标准:MPEG-2和H.264/AVC进行了较深入地研究,指出了MPEG-2到H.264/AVC转换编码技术的难点。
本文第三章提出了MPEG-2到H.264/AVC转换编码中模式判断快速算法,包括帧内预测和前向帧间预测两部分。根据MPEG-2中视频DCT系数的特点和宏块的编码模式,在DCT域确定H.264/AVC中帧内宏块的编码模式,通过跳过一些不必要的宏块模式判断等,节省大量的计算量,提高转换编码效率。
第四章对MPEG-2到H.264/AVC转换编码中的运动矢量优化算法进行了研究。通过重用MPEG-2各帧间预测宏块的运动矢量,提出了不同的运动矢量优化算法,并充分利用H.264/AVC运动估计新技术,使运动矢量精度提高到1/4像素,并有效地降低运动估计计算量,提高转换编码运算速度。
第五章研究了转换编码技术在数字电视中的应用,包括台标插入系统和传送流无缝拼接。在台标插入系统中,利用同类转换编码技术实现了视频信息的插入。在此基础上,本文提出了精确控制码率的算法,保证基本流输出码率不变。在传送流无缝拼接的研究中提出了两种算法:基于系统层的算法计算量小,运算速度快;基于基本层的算法通过改变视频帧编码类型实现,解决了精确到帧的无缝拼接问题。
第六章遵照MPEG-2系统层的系统目标解码器(T-STD)模型,提出了多路复用算法,高效实现多路音视频数据流复用。在多路复用算法基础上,结合数字电视台标插入系统需要,研究了传送流二次复用算法,在保证输出码流正确解码的同时,有效的降低了复用计算量。
本文在系统研究数字视频转换编码技术的基础上,对MPEG-2到H.264/AVC异类视频转换编码算法以及将同类转换编码技术用于数字电视系统的研究成果有很高实用价值,有些已投入实际应用,取得了良好效果。
With the development of the Internet technology, people want to transmit not only word and sound, but also video information. The digital video technology has developed quickly in order to transmit video in high quality. Because many kinds of video coding standards are used, it is a problem to transform different format of the program. Video transcoding technology is the key method for solving such problems.
Video transcoding has been applied in new area for new video coding standard. In this disertation, the overview of transcoding is presented first. Some transcoding structures are described and analyzed. Then two video standards, that is, MPEG-2 and H.264/AVC are studied in chapter 2. The difficulties in transcoding from MPEG-2 to H.264/AVC are pointed out and mode decision and motion estimation are investigated. Some algorithms for transcoding are proposed in Chapter 3 and 4. The experiment results show that the proposed algorithms have little loss in video quality and remarkablely increasing in transcoding speed. It is suit for transcoding applications.
In chapter 5, two transcoding applications in DTV are dealt with. One is logo inserter and the other is seamless splicing for transporting stream. The rate control algorithm of logo inserter controlls the output element stream accurately and ensures the output frame length close to input frame length. Two algorithms on seamless splicing are provided. One is based on system layer. The other is based on video element stream. They can both splice two transporting streams seamlessly. The first one possesses less calculation and higher speed characteristics. The second one can splice more accurately.
In chapter 6, multiplexing and re-multiplexing technology are examed. The multiplexing algorithm is in accordance with T-STD. The efficiency is improved and the bandwidth is saved. The re-multiplexing algorithm is researched for logo inserter. It is based on some special structure of logo inserter. So the calculation is decreased and operation speed is high. As a result, less system resource is used.
This disertation is mainly concerned with the transcoding technologies from MPEG-2 to H.264/AVC and transcoding applications in DTV. Some algorithms are proposed and verified by experiments. The algorithms are efficiency and some of them have been used in practice.
引文
[1] J. Youn, M. T. Sun, C. W. Lin, “Motion vector refinement for high-performance transcoding”, IEEE Trans. Multimedia, Mar. 1999.
[2] C. Kim, C. C. J. Kuo. “A feature-based approach to fast H.264 intra inter mode decision”, ISCAS 2005,May 2005
[3] P. M. Kuhn, T. Suzuki, A. Vetro, “MPEG-7 transcoding hints for reduced complexity and improved quality”, International Packet Video Workshop 2001, Kyongju, Korea.
[4] “Coding of audio-visual objects—Part 2: Visual (MPEG-4 video)”, Int. Standards Org./Int. Electrotech. Comm. (ISO/IEC), ISO/IEC 14496-2. 2001.
[5] M. T. Sun, T. D. Wu, J. N. Hwang, “Dynamic bit allocation in video combining for multipoint video conferencing”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, Exp. Briefs, May 1998.
[6] O. Werner, “Requantization for transcoding of MPEG-2 intraframes”, IEEE Trans. Image Process, Feb. 1999.
[7] M. J. Chen, M. C. Chu, C. W. Pan, “Efficient motion estimation algorithm for reduced frame-rate video transcoder”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (12) 269–275, Apr. 2002.
[8] Z. He, Y. S. K. Mitra. “A Unified Rate-Distortion Analysis Framework for Transform Coding”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.Video Tech, 11(12) 1121~1137, Dec. 2001.
[9] M. Ghanbari, “Two-layer coding of video signals for VBR networks”, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun (7), 771–781, Jun. 1989.
[10] W. Li, “Overview of fine granularity scalability in MPEG-4 video standard”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (11), 301–317, Mar. 2001.
[11] H. Schwarz, D. Marpe, T. Wiegand, “Overview Of The Scalable H.264/MPEG4-AVC Extension”, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. 161 – 164,2006
[12] “Information technology—Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s—Part 2: Video (MPEG-1 video)”, Int. Standards Org./Int. Electrotech. Comm. (ISO/IEC), ISO/IEC 11172-2, 1st ed. 1993.
[13] “Information technology—Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video (MPEG-2 video)”, Int. Standards Org./Int. Electrotech. Comm. (ISO/IEC), ISO/IEC 13 818-2, 2nd ed. 2000.
[14] “Video coding for low bit rate communication”, Int. Telecommun. Union-Telecommun. (ITU-T), Geneva, Switzerland, Recommendation H.263, 1998.
[15] “Draft ITU-T Recommendation and Final Draft International Standard of Joint Video Specification (ITU-T Rec. H.264 | ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC)”, 2005
[16] A. Vetro, C. Christopulos, H. Sun, “Video transcoding architectures and techniques: An overview”, IEEE Signal Process. Mag. (20), 18–29, Mar. 2003.
[17] S. F. Chang, “Optimal video adaptation and skimming using a utility-based framework”, presented at the Tyrrhenian Int. Workshop Digital Communications, Capri Island, Italy, 2002.
[18] J. G. Kim, Y.Wang, S. F. Chang, “Content-based utility function prediction for real-time MPEG-4 video transcoding”, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, 189–192, 2003.
[19] P. Yin, A. Vetro, B. Liu, “Rate-distortion models for video transcoding”, in Proc. SPIE Conf. Image Video Communications Processing, 479–488, 2003.
[20] “Information technology—Multimedia content description interface— Part 5: Multimedia description schemes (MPEG-7 MDS)”, Int. Standards Org./Int. Electrotech. Comm. (ISO/IEC), ISO/IEC CD 15938-5, 1st ed. 2001.
[21] A. Vetro, H. Sun, Y. Wang, “Object-based transcoding for adaptable video content delivery”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (11), 387–401, Mar. 2001.
[22] A. Eleftheriadis, D. Anastassiou, “Constrained and general dynamic rate shaping of compressed digital video”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, (3), 396–399, 1995.
[23] Y. Nakajima, H. Hori, T. Kanoh, “Rate conversion of MPEG coded video by re-quantization process”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, vol. 3, 408–411, 1995.
[24] H. Sun, W. Kwok, J. W. Zdepski, “Architectures for MPEG compressed bitstream scaling”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (6), 191–199, Apr. 1996.
[25] J. Youn, M. T. Sun, J. Xin, “Video transcoder architectures for bit rate scaling of H.263 bit streams”, Proc. ACM Multimedia, 243–250, Nov. 1999.
[26] D. G. Morrison, M. E. Nilson, M. Ghanbari, “Reduction of the bit-rate of compressed video while in its coded form”, Proc. 6th Int. Workshop Packet Video, D17.1–D17.4, 1994.
[27] G. Keesman, R. Hellinghuizen, F. Hoeksema, G. Heideman, “Transcoding of MPEG bitstreams”, Signal Process. Image Commun. (8) 481–500, Sep. 1996.
[28] P. A. A. Assuncao, M. Ghanbari, “A frequency-domain video transcoder for dynamic bitrate reduction of MPEG-2 bit streams”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (8), 953–967, Dec. 1998.
[29] J. Youn, M. T. Sun, “Video transcoding with H.263 bit streams”, J. Visual Commun. Image Represent. (11), 385–404, Dec. 2000.
[30] J. N. Hwang, T. D. Wu, C. W. Lin, “Dynamic frame-skipping in video transcoding”, in Proc. IEEE Workshop Multimedia Signal Processing, 616–621, 1998.
[31] S. F. Chang, D. G. Messerschmitt, “Manipulation and compositing of MC-DCT compressed video”, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. (13), 1–11, Jan. 1995.
[32] N. Merhav, V. Bhaskaran, “Fast algorithms for DCT-domain image downsampling and for inverse motion compensation”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (7), 468–476, Jun. 1997.
[33] C. W. Lin, Y. R. Lee, “Fast algorithms for DCT-domain video transcoding”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, (1), 421–424, 2001,.
[34] S. Acharya, B. Smith, “Compressed domain transcoding of MPEG”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Multimedia Computing and Systems, 295–304, 1998, .
[35] S. Liu, A. C. Bovik, “Local bandwidth constrained fast inverse motion compensation for DCT-domain video transcoding”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (12) 309–319, May 2000.
[36] J. Youn, J. Xin, M. T. Sun, “Fast video transcoding architectures for networked multimedia applications”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems,(4), 25–28, 2000.
[37] J. Song, B. L. Yeo, “A fast algorithm for DCT-domain inverse motion compensation based on shared information in a macroblock”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (10) 767–775, Aug. 2000.
[38] N. Bjork, C. Christopoulos, “Transcoder architecture for video coding”, IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. (44) 88–98, Feb. 1998.
[39] T. Shanableh, M. Ghanbari, “Heterogeneous video transcoding to lower spatial-temporal resolutions and different encoding formats”, IEEE Trans. Multimedia, (l2), 101–110, Jun. 2000.
[40] G. Shen, B. Zeng, Y.-Q. Zhang, M.-L. Liou, “Transcoder with arbitrarily resizing capability”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits and Systems, (5) 25–28, 2001.
[41] J. Xin, M.-T. Sun, B. S. Choi, K.W. Chun, “An HDTV to SDTV spatial transcoder”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (12)998–1008, Nov. 2002.
[42] J. Xin, M.-T. Sun, T.-D. Wu, “Motion vector composition for MPEG-2 to MPEG-4 video transcoding”, Proc.Workshop and Exhibition MPEG-4, 9–12, 2002.
[43] K.-D. Seo, J.-K. Kim, “Motion vector refinement for video downsampling in the DCT domain”, IEEE Signal Process. Lett. (9) 356–359, Nov. 2002.
[44] P. Yin, A. Vetro, H. Sun, B. Liu, “Drift compensation architectures and techniques for reduced resolution transcoding”, Proc. SPIE, Visual Commun. Image Process. (4671) 180–191, Jan. 2002.
[45] P. Yin, A. Vetro, B. Liu, H. Sun, “Drift compensation for reduced spatial resolution transcoding”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (12) 1009–1020, Nov. 2002.
[46] A. Vetro, T. Hata, N. Kuwahara, H. Kalva, S. Sekiguchi, “Complexity-quality analysis of transcoding architectures for reduced spatial resolution”, IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron. (48) 515–521, Aug. 2002.
[47] T. Shanableh, M. Ghanbari, “Hybrid DCT/pixel domain architecture for heterogeneous video transcoding”, Signal Process. Image Commun. (18) 601–620, Sep. 2003.
[48] K.-T. Fung, Y.-L. Chan, W.-C. Siu, “New architecture for dynamic frame-skipping transcoder”, IEEE Trans. Image Process. (11) 886–900, Aug. 2002.
[49] A. Gersho, R. Gray, “Vector Quantization and Signal Compression”, Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 1991.
[50] “Test Model 5”, Int. Standards Org./Int. Electrotech. Comm. (ISO/IEC), ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, N0400, Apr. 1993.
[51] L. Wang, A. Luthra, B. Eifrig, “Rate control for MPEG transcoding”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (11)222–234, Feb. 2001.
[52] P. N. Tudor, O. H. Werner, “Real-time transcoding of MPEG-2 video bit streams”, in Proc. IEE Int. Broadcasting Conv. 286–301, 1997.
[53] J. Xin, M.-T. Sun, K. W. Chun, “Bit allocation for transcoding of pre-encoded video streams”, Proc. SPIE: Visual Commun. Image Process. (4671)164–171, Jan. 2002.
[54] I. Koo, P. Nasiopoulos, R. Ward, “Joint MPEG-2 coding for multi-program broadcasting of pre-recorded video”, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, (4) 2227–2230, 1999.
[55] H. Sorial, W. E. Lynch, A. Vincent, “Joint transcoding of multipleMPEG video bitstreams”, Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Systems, 251–254, 1999.
[56] J. Xin, M. T. Sun, K.-S. Kan, “Bit allocation for joint transcoding of multiple MPEG coded video streams”, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Multimedia and Expo, 8–11, 2001.
[57] P. Assun??o, M. Ghanbari, “Buffer analysis and control in CBR video transcoding”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (10) 83–92, Feb. 2000.
[58] H. Kasai, T. Hanamura,W. Kamayama, H. Tominaga, “Rate control scheme for low-delay MPEG-2 video transcoder”, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, 964–967, 2000.
[59] T. D. Wu, J. N. Hwang, “Dynamic bit rate conversion in multipoint video transcoding”, Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, 817–821, 1999.
[60] C. W. Lin, Y. C. Chen, M. T. Sun, “Dynamic region of interest transcoding for multipoint video conferencing”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. (13) 982–992, Oct. 2003.
[61] G. Sullivan, T.Wiegand, “Rate-distortion optimization for video compression”, IEEE Signal Process. Mag. (15) 74–90, Nov. 1998.
[62] T. Wiegand, G. J. Sullivan, G. Bj?ntegaard, A. Luthra, “Overview of the H.264/AVC Video Coding Standard”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,(13) , JULY 2003
[63] T. Wedi, H. G. Musmann, “Motion- and aliasing-compensated prediction for hybrid video coding”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, (13), JULY 2003
[64] M. Wien, “Variable block-size transforms for H.264/AVC”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, (13), JULY 2003
[65] P. List, A. Joch, J. Lainema, G. Bj?ntegaard, M. Karczewicz. “Adaptive deblocking filter”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, (13), JULY 2003
[66] D. Marpe, H. Schwarz, T. Wiegand. “Context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding in the H.264 AVC video compression”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, (13), JULY 2003
[67] M. Karczewicz, R. Kurceren. “The SP- and SI-frames design for H.264 AVC”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, (13), JULY 2003
[68] T. Wiegand, H. Schwarz, A. Joch, F. Kossentini, G. J. Sullivan, “Rate-constrained coder control and comparison of video coding standards”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, (13), JULY 2003
[69] C. L. Yang, L. M. Po, W. H. Lam. “A fast H.264 intra prediction algorithm using macroblock properties”, ICIP 2004. Oct 2004.
[70] F. Pon. X. Lin. S Rasardja. K. P. Lim. Z. G. Li. D. Wu. S. Wu. “Fast intra mode decision algorithm for H.264-AVC video coding”, ICIP 2004. Oct 2004.
[71] X. Jing, L. P. Chau. “An efficient inter mode decision approach for H.264 video coding”, ICME 2004. June 2004.
[72] D. M. Zhang, Y. F. Shen, S. X. Lin, Y. D. Zhang. “Fast Inter Frame Encoding Based on Modes Pre-Decision in H. 264”, ICME 2005, July 2005
[73] T. Shimizu, A. Yoneyam, H. Yanagihara, Y. Nakajim. “A two-stage variable block size motion search algorithm for H.264 encoder”, ICIP 2004. Oct 2004.
[74] Y. Cheng, K. Dai, Z. Y. Wang, J. Z. Lu. “Motion search method based on zero-block detection in H.264 AVC”, 8th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, 2004.
[75] H. Y. C. Tourapis, A. M. Tourapis. “Fast motion estimation within the H.264 codec”, ICME 2003.
[76] M. Horowitz, A. Joch, F. Kossentini, A. Hallapuro. “H.264 AVC baseline profile decoder complexity analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, (13), JULY 2003
[77] J. Bialkowski, A. Kaup, K. Illger. “Fast transcoding of intra frames between H.263 and H.264”, ICIP 2004. Oct 2004.
[78] K. T. Fung, W. C. Siu. “Low complexity H.263 to H.264 video transcoding using motion vector decomposition”, ISCAS 2005,May 2005.
[79] C. Chen, P. H. Wu, H. Chen. “Transform-domain intra prediction for H.264”, ISCAS 2005,May 2005
[80] S. W. Golomb, “Run-length encoding”, IEEE Trans. On Inf. Theory, IT-12, 399-401, 1996
[81] G. Bj?ntegaard, K. Lillevold, “Context-adaptive VLC coding of coefficients”, JVT-C028, May 2002
[82] Y. Sun, J. Xin, A. Vetro, H. Sun, “Efficient MPEG2 to H.264/AVC intra transcoding in transform domain”, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and System(ISCAS2005),1234-1237, May 2005
[83] JVT Software Implementation Group, “JM10.1 Reference Software”, 2004
[84] 刘昱,“数字视频转换编码研究”,博士学位论文,天津大学,2005
[85] Z. He, Y. K. Kim, S. K. Mitra. “Low-delay rate control for DCT video coding via domain source modeling”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.Video Technol., 11, 928~940, Aug. 2001.
[86] W. K. Pratt. “Digital Image Processing”, New York: Wiley, 1978
[87] R. Reininger, J. Gibson. “Distributions of the two-dimensional DCT coefficients for images”, IEEE Trans. Commun. COM-31, 835~839, June 1983.
[88] J. D. Eggerton, M. D. Srinath. “Statistical distributions of image DCT coefficients”, Comput. Elect. Eng. 12, (3/4), 137~145, 1986.
[89] F. Müller. “Distribution shape of two-dimensional DCT coefficients of natural images”, Electron. Lett. 29 (22), 1935~1936, Oct.1993.
[90] T. Eude, R. Grisel, H. Cherifi, R. Debrie. “On the distribution of the DCT coefficients”, in Proc. 1994 IEEE Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, Signal Processing, (5), 365~368, Apr. 1994.
[91] S. R. Smoot, L. A. Rowe. “Study of DCT coefficient distributions”, Proc. SPIE, 403~411, Jan. 1996.
[92] G. S. Yovanof, S. Liu. “Statistical analysis of the DCT coefficients and their quantization error”, in Conf. Rec. 30th Asilomar Conf. Signals, Systems, Computers, (1), 601~605, 1997,.
[93] E. Y. Lam, J. W. Goodman. “A Mathematical Analysis of the DCT Coefficient Distributions for Images”, IEEE Trans. Image Processing, 9 (10) 1661~1668, Oct. 2000.
[94] A. Eleftheriadis, D. Anastassiou, “Optimal data partition of MPEG-2 coded video”, Proc. 1st IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, Austin, Texas, 273~277, Nov. 1994.
[95] S. Wee, “Reversing motion vector fields”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, (2) 209–212, 1998.
[96] S.Wee, B. Vasudev, “Compressed-domain reverse play of MPEG video streams”, in Proc. SPIE Int. Symp. Voice, Video, and Data Communications, 237–248, 1998.
[97] R. Mohan, J. R. Smith, C.-S. Li, “Adapting multimedia Internet content for universal access”, IEEE Trans. Multimedia, (1)104–114, Mar. 1999.
[98] Y.Wu, A.Vetro, H. Sun, S.Y.Kung, “Intelligent multi-hop video communications”, presented at the IEEE Pacific-Rim Conf. Multimedia, Beijing, China, 2001.
[99] Y. P. Tan, Y. Q. Liang, J. Yu, “Video transcoding for fast forward/ reverse video playback”, in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Image Processing, (1), 713–716, 2002.
[100] J. Xin, “Improved standard-conforming video transcoding techniques”, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. Washington, Seattle, 2002.
[101] 刘昱,”MPEG-2 视频码流码率变换技术研究与实现”, 硕士学位论文,天津;天津大学,2002
[102] I. E. G. Richardson, “H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression -Video Coding for Next-generation Multimedia”, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, England, 2003
[103] H. Kalva, “Issues in H.264/MPEG-2 video transcoding”, Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, 2004. CCNC 2004. First IEEE, 657 – 659, Jan. 2004.
[104] J. Xin, A. Vetro, H. Sun, “Efficient Macroblock Coding-mode Decision for H.264/AVC Video Coding”, Picture Coding Symposium (PCS), December 2004 (PCS 2004, TR2004-079)
[105] F. W. Fu, X. G. Lin, L. D. Xu, “Fast intra prediction algorithm in H.264-AVC”, Signal Processing, 2004
[106] G. Chen, Y. D. Zhang, S. X. Lin, F. Dai, “Efficient Block Size Selection for MPEG-2 to H.264 Transcoding”, Proceedings of the 12th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia, multimedia analysis, processing, and retrieval, 300 – 303, 2004
[107] A. Puria, X. M. Chen, A. Luthra, “Video coding using the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standard”, Signal Processing: Image Communication 19,793–849, 2004.
[108] I. E. G. Richardson 著 欧阳合,韩军译,“H.264 和 MPEG-2 视频压缩-新一代多媒体的视频编码技术”,长沙:国防科技大学出版社,2004
[109] J. Xin, A. Vetro, H. Sun, “Converting DCT Coefficients to H.264/AVC Transform Coefficients”, Pacific-Rim Conference on Multimedia (PCM) 2004
[110] S. F. Chang, A. Vetro, “Video adaptation: Concepts, technologies, and open issues”, Proc. IEEE, (93)148–158, Jan. 2005.
[111] G. F. Escribano, P. Cuenca, L. O. Barbosa, A. Garrido, “Computational Complexity Reduction of Intra-Frame Prediction in MPEG-2/H. 264 Video Transcoders”, ICME 2005. July 2005
[112] G. F. Escribano, P. Cuenca, L. O. Barbosa, A. Garrido, “A fast intra-frame prediction algorithm for MPEG-2/H.264 video transcoders”, Volume 3, 11-14 Sept. 2005
[113] 毕厚杰,“新一代视频压缩编码标准-H.264/AVC”,北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[114] 褚晶辉,“转换编码技术及其应用于 MPEG-2/H.264 AVC 标准的研究”,博士学位论文,天津大学,2006