摘要
干旱和土地荒漠化是全球面临的世纪性公害之一，防治沙漠化改善生态环境，是西部地区开发建设必须首先研究和解决的一个重大课题。本文以新疆阜康荒漠地区的植被为对象，研究了植物群落的物种多样性及生态位，并重点对该地区的关键种、国家三级保护植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)(傅立国，1992)的遗传多样性进行了探讨。从物种多样性和遗传多样性两个层次上，阐明了荒漠地区的生物多样性特征；在分析几种荒漠植物(碱蓬、叉毛蓬和梭梭)遗传变异和生态位的基础上，探讨荒漠植物种的生态位与遗传多样性的关系，验证关于生态环境与遗传变异的生态位宽度变异假说。在此基础上，分析了梭梭濒危的原因，并提出相应的保护对策。本文对该地区植被物种多样性及遗传多样性的研究为进一步控制该地区沙漠化提供科学的理论依据。
研究区位于新疆阜康，处于古尔班通古特沙漠与天山荒漠化草原之间，属于生态上的过渡区(Ecotone)。本文系统地对荒漠过渡带植物群落物种多样性特征进行研究，结果表明，与温带其他植被类型的物种多样性相比，新疆阜康荒漠过渡带植物群落物种多样性水平总体上较低，这主要归结于当地干旱的生态地理环境。该地区植物群落的Shannon—Wiener多样性指数在0．4819到1．5689之间，低于荒漠化草原(1．8604-3．4142)，高于沙地(0．029-0．696)，说明物种多样性水平是与生态过渡带的环境相适应的结果。
分别对物种多样性和土壤指标进行了单因子和多元逐步回归分析，结果表明，土壤水分、盐分和酸碱度对物种多样性有显著影响(P 对新疆阜康绿洲荒漠过渡带植物的生态位进行了分析，结果在群落梯度上生态位大小依次为红砂(0．7010)，梭梭(0．6434)，角果藜(0．4774)，雾冰藜(0．3745)，盐爪爪(0．3541)，叉毛蓬(0．3354)和碱蓬(0．2769)。生态位宽度较大的红砂和梭梭为优势种，其余草本植物为伴生种。优势种红砂和梭梭在土壤水分、盐分、有机质维上生态位宽度都较大。二者在土壤盐分维上的生态位重叠最大(0．4203)，表明了这两个优势种在适应土壤盐分方面有相以的特性。这两个种与其它物种的生态位重叠一般也较大，说明生态位宽度最大的种与其它种的生态位重叠也较大。
采用RAPD对荒漠过渡带6个梭梭亚居群117个个体进行遗传多样性分析，结果表明，16条引物共检测到74个位点，多态位点为71个，多态位点比率为96％。基因分化系数G_ST值和Shannon多样性指数分析结果均表明遗传变异的大部分存在于亚居群内(约为84．3％)，小部分存在于亚居群之间(约为15．7％)。这是由梭梭的生物学特性决定的，梭梭为长寿多年生木本植物，风媒传粉，异交为主，广布种，在生态系统中处于建群种地位，种子风力散播，这些特性都有利于物种遗传变异的
维持－＼上加口
对荒漠过渡带和沙漠两种不同类型牛境中的 10个梭梭亚尼群进行 RAPD分析。
纪果表明，两类生境中梭梭的遗传变斤水平相近。但沙漠中梭梭亚居群间的遗传分
化（Gn二0．1780）比荒漠过渡带（GS7—0．1567）略大，这主要山十沙漠环境相对均质，
达忏作川上1对较弱，亚屠群间沙11的阻隔限制基因交流造成的。
为了从更大尺度和更深层次上理解生态过渡性与遗传变异过渡性的联系，我们
对该过渡带的梭梭、碱蓬和叉毛蓬三种植物的遗传变异进行了RAPD分析。结果显
D。，－。讨？植物的多态位点比率分别高达％％，％．9％和98．7％。另外，毛乌素沙地也
是只有特殊地理景观的生态过渡带，该地区常见植物柠条的多态位，l｝i比率为99．4％。
可见，这儿个植物种相当高的遗传多样性可能山于植物居群的遗传变异对过渡带异
质化环境的响应。
对梭梭多态位点比率和 Shannon多样性抬数分别与土壤因于进行口归分析，相
关关系均不显著。而叉毛蓬居群的遗传多样性与土壤的Q、Mgh、C八 pH值呈
较显著的负相关（P、0刀5），碱蓬与土壤C卜呈显著负相关（P＜0．0引，这可能由于土
壤Lh于对植物遗传变异的作用机制复杂，对不同物种的作用方式不同，并且物种的
生物学特件个问导致物种对环境的响应存在差异。
分析讨黎科植物（Chenopodiaceae）碱蓬、梭梭和叉毛蓬的生态位及遗传多样
性，结果表明，碱蓬的生态位最大（0·4475），梭梭居中（0·4215），叉毛蓬最小《）．3070）。
利川 RAPD技术分析了 6个梭梭亚居群、5个叉毛蓬亚居群和 5个碱蓬亚居群的遗
传多样性，采用Shannon多样性指数衡量遗传多样性的大小，碱蓬的Shannon遗传
多样性指数（0．5386）略大于梭梭（0。5240），叉毛蓬最小（0．5021）。可见，生态位
较大物种，其遗传多样性也较高。荒漠植物生态位和遗传多样性的关系符合生态位
宽度变异假设。
另外，用RAPD分析了两种土壤基质类型（荒漠过渡带和固定沙丘）上梭梭亚
居群遗传多样性。异质化水平较高的荒漠过渡带上壤基质具有较宽的生怂位，而沙
漠的固定沙丘较为于旱，均质化程度明显、具有窄的生态?
Drought and soil desert is one of the hazards the globe facing. Controlling over desert to improve ecological environment should be firstly studied and solved in the important program of the West Development. In this paper, desert vegetation in Fukang of Xinjiang as an object, plant community species diversity and niche were studied, and genetic diversity of Haloxylon ammodendron, which was listed the No. 3 grand of national protected plant and key stone species in ecosystem, was given emphasis to address characteristics of biodiversity in desert at two levels of species diversity and genetic diversity. Niche and genetic differentiation of several desert plants were detected to analyze the relationship between niches and genetic diversity of desert plants, test niche breadth variation hypothesis, and probe the reasons for Haloxylon ammodendron endangering. In this paper, the study on plant community species diversity and genetic diversity in the region will provide scientific theory basis for conquering desert.
Fukang of Xinjiang involved in this paper is located between Guerbantonggute desert and Tianshan Mt, belonging ecologically to Ecotone. This paper systematically studied characteristic of species diversity in plant community. The results indicated that, species diversity of Ecotone in Fukang of Xinjiang was lower as a whole in contrast to other temperate vegetation. This was attributed to local arid ecological geographical environment. The range of Shannon-Wiener species diversity index was 0.4819~~ 1.5689, being lower than 1.8604-3.4142 of desert steppe and higher than 0.029-0.696 of sandy land, inferring that the level of species diversity of Ecotone in Fukang of Xinjiang was the results corresponding to the heterogeneous environment.
Analysis of species diversity and soil factors by single factor and stepwise regression revealed soil moisture, soil salt and soil pH have significant effects on species diversity (/J<0.01). Soil organic matter and nutrients significantly fit in form of binomial by single factor analysis, but the effect of soil organic matter on species diversity was not apparent by stepwise regression, indicating uncertainty and complex of direction and mechanism of soil organic matter on species diversity.
Niche analysis of plant species in Ecotone revealed that, according to community gradients, the order of niche breadth was Reaumuria soongorica (0.7010) , Haloxylon ammodendron (0.6434) , Ceratocarpus arenarius (0.4774), Bassia dasyphylla (0.3745), Kalidium foliatum (0.3541), Petrosimonia sibirica (0.3354) and Suaeda acuminata (0.2769). Reaumuria soongorica and Haloxylon ammodendron were dominant species occupying big niche breadth, and other species are companion. The two species with big niche in soil moisture, soil salt and organic matter overlapped greatly (0.4203) each other,
indicating similarity of adaptation to soil salt. The two species with bigger niche overlapped greatly with other species, suggesting wider niche species also had bigger niche overlaps.
Genetic analysis of 6 subpopulations with 117 of Haloxylon ammodendron in Ecotone by RAPD indicated 16 primers detected 74 loci, of which 71 loci was polymorphic, percentage of polymorphic loci accounted for 96%. Coefficient of gene differentiation (Gsr) was 0.1567, that was 15.7% of genetic variation among subpopulations, and 84.3% within subpopulation. Total genetic diversity by Shannon index was 0.5240, mean genetic diversity within subpopulation was 0.4437, genetic diversity within subpopulation accounted for 84.67% of'total genetic diversity, and that among subpopulations accounts for 15.33%, that is 85% of genetic variation within subpopulation, and 15% among subpopulations. Therefore, Haloxylon ammodendron had rich genetic diversity, and most of genetic diversity distributed within subpopulation. The reasons for higher genetic variation depend on biological character of Haloxylon ammodendron. Haloxylon ammodendron is long-life perennial tree, pollination by wind, outcrossing and widely-spred species, founde
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