摘要
非洲是发展中国家最集中的大陆,是一个富饶又深具潜力的地区。中国和非洲虽然相距遥远,但中国人民和非洲人民的友好交往源远流长。冷战后,中国更加重视与非洲国家的关系,发展与非洲国家的友好关系是中国对外关系的重要组成部分。作为联合国五大常任理事国之一,中国是积极维护世界和平的中坚力量,特别是冷战后,随着世界多极化趋势的不断发展,中国更加注意在全世界树立自己的负责任的大国形象和大国地位。非洲各国在冷战后也开始日益关注发展中国家的发展问题,并正在努力使自己在国际社会中扮演更加重要的角色,日益成为维护世界和平、促进共同发展的重要力量。冷战结束后,中国从自身政治、经济、文化和科技等各方面的实际出发,积极调整自己的全球战略,提出了构建和谐世界的政治主张,强调走和平发展的道路,积极发展与世界各国的良好关系,特别是注重发展与广大第三世界国家的关系,以进一步壮大维护世界和平的力量,实现共同发展。本文主要从中国与非洲国家的关系入手,分析了冷战后中非关系的实践创新及其国际影响。
论文分为四个部分:
第一部分:主要阐述了中非关系在冷战时期发展的历史沿革,指出了冷战结束前,中非关系经历了50-70年代的开拓期和80年代的转折期,总结了各个时期中非关系发展的特点,为以后分析中非关系在冷战后的深入发展做出了基础性的历史回顾,说明了中非关系在冷战后发展的客观必然性。
第二部分:冷战后,中国和非洲国家在政治、经济、文化等各方面都获得了较快的发展,经济全球化的发展使各国之间的相互依存度进一步加深,无论是非洲国家还是中国都表达了要发展与对方关系的良好愿望,中非双方分别从自身和对方找到了发展双方关系的有利条件,积极推动中非关系在冷战后迈上了新的台阶。本部分从国际政治经济形势发展所营造出的有利的国际环境、中非关系发展有着良好的政治、经济和文化条件等角度,分析了冷战后,中国与非洲关系发展的诸多有利因素,从而为中国与非洲国家关系在冷战后的蓬勃发展做出了合理的注解。
第三部分:基于冷战后中非关系发展面临的种种有利条件,本部分主要分析概括了中国政府适时调整了对非政策,提出的一系列新战略、新机制、新政策、新措施,并开拓了新的发展领域。并重点分析了中非新型战略合作伙伴关系确立的历史必然性及其特点和意义,中非合作论坛这种新机制的建立过程及其特点和意义以及对非新政策的基本内涵及其特点。指出中非关系在新时期得到了迅速的发展,在各方面都取得了实践创新。
虽然中非关系在冷战后得到了较快的发展,但是我们必须要看到在中非关系顺利发展的背后还依然存在着制约中非关系良性发展的不利因素。文章在这一部分还分析了,中国与非洲的关系在冷战后受到非洲内部发展不平衡和不稳定、中非经贸摩擦、台湾问题等内部因素的制约,同时也分析了中非关系还受到西方国家争夺非洲市场和西方媒体对中国歪曲报道等外部因素的影响,指出在中非关系顺利发展的同时我们必须要保持冷静的头脑,应当看到掣肘中国与非洲关系发展的一系列不利因素。
第四部分:综合分析了冷战结束后,中非关系发展所带来的国际影响,包括推动了国际格局多极化进程、深化了南南合作、推动了建立公正合理的国际政治经济新秩序、有利于维护世界能源安全、改善了非洲不利的国际环境以及促进了非洲和中国的经济发展及中国国际地位的提高。进一步指出了,中非关系正沿着良好的轨迹稳定地向前发展。
Africa is the continent concentrated with most developing countries, and it’s also a region with abundant resources and ability of potential development and it is a rich and enormous potential areas. Although China and Africa are far away from each other, the friendship between the Chinese people and the people of Africa has a long history. After the Cold War, China pays more attention to the relationship with African countries, and it’s an important component of China‘s External Relations to develop friendly relations with African countries. As one of five permanent members of the United Nations, China is the backbone of actively protecting world peace. Especially after the Cold War, with the trend of world multi-polarization continuing develops, China pays more attention to establish his image of a responsible big country in the world and big country status. In the post-Cold War, African countries also began to pay attention to the development problems of developing countries, and they are working to make their own to play a more important role in the international community. They increasingly become an important force of safeguarding world peace and promoting the common development. After the Cold War ended, China proceed from its own actual conditions of political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological aspects , and actively adjust its own global strategy, proposed a political ideas of building a harmonious world, stressed that taking the road of peaceful development, actively develop good relations with other countries in the world, emphasis on developing the broad masses of the Third World countries in particular, so that to further strengthen the power of safeguarding world peace and achieve common development. This paper mainly starts from China's relations with African countries and analyze the practice innovation and international influence of Sino-African relations in the post-Cold War.
Paper is divided into four parts:
Part I: mainly expound the history development of Sino-African relations during the Cold War, and pointed out that before the end of the Cold War, relations between China and Africa has experienced the opening period in 50-70 and the transition period in the 1980s, summed up the development characteristics of each different periods. This provides the basis look back for in-depth development of Sino-African relations in the post-Cold War in the future; explain the objective necessity of Sino-Africa relations development in the post-Cold War.
Part II: After the Cold War, both of China and the African countries have relatively rapid development in the political, economic, cultural and other areas. The development of economic globalization made mutual dependence between the countries further deepen. Both of African countries and China have expressed the aspirations to develop a good relationship with each other. China and Africa find favorable conditions from themselves and the other side to development relations between the two sides, and actively promote Sino-African relations to a new level in the post-Cold War. This part analyzes many favorable factors for developing relations between China and Africa in the post-Cold War from the angle of the favorable international environment created by the development of international political and economic situation, the development of Sino-African relations have a good political, economic and cultural conditions. This makes a reasonable explanation for the booming development of relations between China and African countries in the post-Cold war.
Part III: Based on the favorable conditions for developing relations of Sino-African in post-Cold War, the Chinese government adjusts African policy timely. This part analysis a series of new strategies, new mechanisms, new policies, new initiatives, and new areas of development put forward by the government. And this part focuses on historical inevitability of establishing new type China-Africa relations of strategic cooperation partnership and its characteristics and significance. It also focuses on the establishment process, characteristics and significance of the new mechanism of China-Africa Cooperation Forum, and the basic content and characteristics of the new African policy. It points out that the rapid development of Sino-African relations in the new period and practice innovations in all fields have been made.
Although the Sino-Africa relations War have been relatively rapid development in the post-Cold, we need to see the unfavorable factors behind smooth development of Sino-African relations still exist and constraints the development of Sino-African relations. In this part the article also analysis that China's relations with Africa influenced by the factors of imbalance and instability development of internal Africa, the Economic and trade frictions between China and Africa, the Taiwan issue, and also influenced by external factors of contending with Western countries for the African market and distorted reports by Western media in the post-Cold War. It points out that we can see smooth development of Sino-African relations, but at the same time we must keep a cool head and see the series of unfavorable factors restricted the development of relations between China and Africa.
Part IV: This part comprehensive analysis the international impact brought about by the development of Sino-African relations after the Cold War, including the promotion of the process of multi-polarization of the international situation ,deepening South-South cooperation, promoting the establishment of a fair and reasonable new international political and economic order, safeguarding world energy security, improving the unfavorable international environment of Africa, promotion of Africa and China's economic development and the improvement of China's international status. It further points out that the Sino-African relations are of stable development good along the track.
引文
[1]连载中文网.非洲简介[EB/OL]. [2005-10-10]. http://www.lianzai.net/lianzai/zysj/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=11180.
[2]杨光.希望的大陆,友好的伙伴[J].求是,2006(22): 54-55.
[3]阎学通,孙学峰.国际关系研究实用方法[M].北京:人民出版社,2001:143-144.
[4]马金鹏译.伊本·白图泰游记[M].银川:宁夏人民出版社,1985:454-549.
[5]中国外交部、中国共产党中央文献研究室.毛泽东外交文选[M].北京:中央文献出版社/世界知识出版社,1994:159.
[6]陆苗耕.同心若金——中非友好关系的辉煌历程[M]. 北京:世界知识出版社,2006:12.
[7]李广一.当代中非关系评述[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1996(6):98.
[8]王运泽.携手同行—中非人民有情写真[C]. 北京:世界知识出版社,2006:5.
[9]王泰平. 新中国外交 50 年[M]. 北京:北京出版社,1999:652.
[10]王泰平. 新中国外交 50 年[M].北京:北京出版社,1999:720.
[11]符浩、李同成. 经天纬地---外交官在联合国[C].北京:中国华侨出版社,1995:9.
[12]曲星.中国外交 50 年[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2000:440-441.
[13]中共中央文献编辑委员会.邓小平文选第三卷[M].北京:人民出版社,1993:57.
[14]Mahamat Adam. Africa starting to rise in partnership with China[N]. [Y].China Daily (North American Edition), 2006, 13(2):4.
[15]中国对外经济贸易年鉴编辑委员会.中国对外经济贸易年鉴[M].北京:中国商务出版社,1979(1):684.
[16]李广一.当代中非关系评述[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1996(6):99.
[17]王泰平. 新中国外交 50 年[M].北京:北京出版社,1999:704.
[18]陆苗耕. 中非友好关系的辉煌历程[J].国际问题研究,2006(6):9.
[19]倪世雄.当代西方国际关系理论[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2004:475.
[20]王传宝.非洲在发展道路上奋进[EB/OL].[1998-5-14]. http://gb2.chinabroadcast.cn/772/2003-2-19/68@132376.htm
[21]中国对外经济贸易年鉴编辑委员会编.中国对外经济贸易年鉴[M]. 北京:中国商务出版社,1993:448～449;陈国庆.抓住机遇,积极开拓非洲市场[J]. 对外经贸实务,2003(2):35.
[22]詹世明.“当前中非关系敏感问题”研讨会召开[J].西亚非洲,2006(10):67.
[23]徐伟忠.携手合作,共迎新世纪---中非关系回顾与展望[J].现代国际关系,2000(1):2-3.
[24]王莉.中非合作论坛北京峰会隆重开幕[N].人民日报,2006-11-5(4).
[25]中非合作论坛网站.中非合作论坛北京峰会宣言[EB/OL]. [2006-9-14]. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/chn/bjzl/t400127.htm.
[26]王南.中非合作论坛北京峰会举行记者招待会[N].人民日报, 2006-11-6(3).
[27]中非合作论坛网站.中非合作论坛北京宣言[EB/OL]. [2002-4-7]. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/chn/wjjh/hywj/t155560.htm.
[28]Rory Carroll. Chinese Premier Boosts Trade with Seven-nation Africa Tour[N]. The Guardian, 2006-6-22(2).
[29]中共中央文献编辑委员会.江泽民文选第一卷[M].北京:人民出版社,2006:524-530.
[30]汪勤梅.中非关系巨大发展的 20 年[J].外交学院学报,1999(1):54.
[31]罗建波.非洲一体化与中非关系[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006:467.
[32]中非合作论坛网站. 中国对非洲政策文件[EB/OL]. [2006-9-14]. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/chn/zt/zgdfzzcwj/default.htm.
[33]李淑珍.和谐世界理念的内涵依据和意义[J].思想理论教育导刊,2007(2):50-51.
[34]Mahamat Adam. Africa starting to rise in partnership with China [N]. [Y]. China Daily (North American Edition), 2006,13(1):4.
[35]中非合作论坛网站.北京行动计划[EB/OL]. [2006-11-16]. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/chn/wjjh/hywj/t280368.htm.
[36]中非合作论坛网站.中非合作论坛北京峰会宣言[EB/OL]. [2006-9-14]. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/chn/bjzl/t400127.htm.
[37]中国教育部国际合作与交流司.第四次对发展中国家教育援助人才培训工作经验交流研讨会会议纪要[C]. 北京:中国教育部国际合作与交流司,2006(4):89.
[38]陆苗耕.同心若金——中非友好关系的辉煌历程[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2006:336.
[39]李安山.论中国对非洲政策的调适与转变[J].西亚非洲,2006(8):18-19.
[40]谢岩.浅谈中非合作论坛北京峰会对中非经贸的影响[J].集团经济研究,2007(5):78-79.
[41]ECA.The Challenge of Poverty Reduction and Sustainability[R]. Economic Report on Africa 1999,1999:34-39.
[42]贺文萍.面向 21 世纪的中非关系[J].西亚非洲,1999(1):30.
[43]周建青.中非经贸合作稳步发展[J].西亚非洲, 2006(1):18.
[44]贺文萍.面向 21 世纪的中非关系[J].西亚非洲,1999(1):30.
[45]Dianna Games. Chinese the New Economic Imperialists in Africa[J].Business Day, 2005(2):14; Lindesy Hilsum. China’s Offer to Africa: Pure Capitalism[J]. New Statesman, 2006,3(7):23-24.
[46]塞缪尔·廷顿.孤独的超级大国[J].外交,1999(3-4):54.
[47]罗建波.非洲一体化与中非关系[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006:323.
[48]P.Gawenda, J.M.Conne, A.Hayman and M.Marchat. Offshore West Africa Offers Exceptional Opportunities[J]. Offshore, 2004(2):42-44.
[49]张宏明.多维视野中的非洲政治发展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007:173-174.
[50]徐伟忠.携手合作共迎新世纪--中非关系回顾与展望[J].现代国际关系,2000(11):4.
1.俞正梁等.全球化时代的国际关系[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2000.
2.李宝俊.当代中国外交概论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999.
3.冯特君.当代世界经济与政治[M].北京:经济管理出版社,1998.
4.王军、刘中民.当代世界经济与政治[M].北京:学苑出版社,2002.
5.中共中央文献编辑委员会.邓小平文选[M].北京:人民出版社,1993.
6.王泰平:新中国外交 50 年[M].北京:北京出版社,1999.
7.江时学.金融全球化与发展中国家的经济安全[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
8.陆苗耕、黄舍骄.同心若金—中非友好关系的辉煌历程[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2006.
9.王运泽.携手同行—中非人民有情写真[C]. 北京:世界知识出版社,2006.
10.艾周昌、沐涛.中非关系史[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,1996.
11.吉佩定.中非友好合作五十年[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2000.
12.袁武.1956-2006-CHINA and AFRICA[M].北京:五洲传播出版社,2006.
13.杨光.中东非洲发展报告(2005-2006)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007.
14.罗建波.非洲一体化与中非关系[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006.
15.陆庭恩.非洲问题论集[C]. 北京:世界知识出版社,2005.
16.西亚非洲研究所.中国与非洲共同发展国际学术研讨会[C]. 北京:西亚非洲研究所出版,2006.
17.中国商务部西亚非洲司、中国社会科学院西亚非洲研究所著.中非经贸合作—未来五年发展规划白皮书[M].北京:西亚非洲研究所出版,2003.
18.黄安余.新中国外交史[M].北京:人民出版社,2005.
19.陈公元.21 世纪中非关系发展战略报告[M].北京:中国非洲问题研究会,2000.
20.张同铸.非洲经济社会发展战略问题研究[M].北京:人民出版社,1992.
21.杨光.中东非洲发展报告(2000-2001)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2001.
22.杨光.中东非洲发展报告(2003-2004)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004.
23.北京大学非洲研究中心.非洲:变革与发展[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2002.
24.陆庭恩.中国与非洲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2000.
25.默罕默德·努曼·贾拉勒,王有勇译.埃及人眼中的中国[C].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2006.
26.[英]威廉·托多夫,肖宏宇译.非洲政府与政治[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.
27.张宏明.多维视野中的非洲政治发展[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2007.
28.曲星.中国外交 50 年[M].南京:江苏人民出版社,2000.
29.符浩、李同成. 经天纬地——外交官在联合国[C].北京:中国华侨出版社,1995.
30.中国外交部、中国共产党中央文献研究室.毛泽东外交文选[M].北京:中央文献出版社/世界知识出版社,1994.
31.阎学通,孙学峰.国际关系研究实用方法[M].北京:人民出版社,2001.
32.中共中央文献编辑委员会.邓小平外交文选[M].北京:人民出版社,1994.
1.徐晋.非洲:中国对外战略中重要的一环[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(5).
2.贺文萍.面向 21 世纪的中非关系[J].西亚非洲,1999(1).
3.张宏明.面向二十一世纪的中非政治合作[J].西亚非洲,2000(5).
4.徐伟忠.携手合作,共迎新世纪---中非关系回顾与展望[J].现代国际关系,2000(11).
5.王莺莺.非洲新形势与中非关系[J].国际问题研究,2004(2).
6.杨光.希望的大陆,友好的伙伴[J].求是,2006(22).
7.汪勤梅.中非关系巨大发展的 20 年[J].外交学院学报,1999(1).
8.李安山.论中国对非洲政策的调适与转变[J].西亚非洲,2006(8).
9.夏吉生.中非关系史上承前启后、继往开来的新里程碑[J].西亚非洲,2007(2).
10.刘乃亚.互利共赢:中非关系的本质属性[J].西亚非洲,2006(8).
11.Taylor Ian.China’s foreign policy towards Africa in 1990s[J]. Journal of Modern African Studies , 1998,36(3).
12.Tull Denis M . China’s engagement in Africa: scope, significance and consequences[J]. Journal of Modern African Studies, 2006, 44(3).
13.Giry Stephanie. China’s Africa strategy[J]. New Republic, 2004, 231(20).
14.Jean-Germin Gros . Chinese Economic Success and Lessons for Africa:Possibilities and Limits[J].Nkrumaist Review, 2005(5).
15.D. Jardo Muekalia. Africa and China’s Strategic Partnership[J]. African Security Review, 2004, 13(1).
16.Taylor Ian.China’s oil diplomacy in Africa[J].International Affairs, 2006, 82(5).
17.Lindsey Hilsum.World stage: China’s offer to Africa:pure capitalism[J]. New Statesman, 2006, 7(3).
18.Lindsey Hilsum.Re-enter the Dragon: China’s New Mission in Africa[J].Review of African Political Economy, 2005, 32(104/105).
19.Rory Carroll. Chinese Premier Boosts Trade with Seven-nation Africa Tour[N]. The Guardian, 2006, 22(6).
20.Mahamat Adam. Africa starting to rise in partnership with China[N]. [Y]. China Daily (North American Edition), 2006, 13(1).
21.Dianna Games. Chinese the New Economic Imperialists in Africa [J]. Business Day, 2005(2).
22.Piet Konings. China and Africa: Building a Strategic Partnership[J]. Journal of Developing Societies, 2007, 23(3).
1.人民日报
2.参考消息
3.世界政治与经济
4.中国外交人大复印资料
5.国际政治人大复印资料
6.现代国际关系
7.国际问题研究
8.环球时报
9.西亚非洲
10.亚非纵横
1.中国社会科学院西亚非洲研究所:http://www.iwaas.cass.cn [OL].
2.中非合作论坛:http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/chn/ [OL].
3.中国外交部:http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ [OL].
4.纽约时报:http://www.nytco.com/ [OL].
5.华盛顿邮报:http://www.washpost.com/ [OL].
6.美国国防部:http://www.dod.gov/ [OL].
7.美国国务院信息局:http://usinfo.state.gov/ [OL].
8.美国白宫:http://www.whitehouse. gov/ [OL].
9.美国国务院:http://www.state.gov/ [OL].
10.华盛顿战略与国际研究中心:http://www.csis.org/ [OL].
11.美国国防高级研究计划署:http://www.darpa.mil/ [OL].
12.外交政策:http://www.foreignpolicy.com/ [OL].
13.华盛顿观察周刊:http://www.washingtonobserver.org/ [OL].
14.美国新闻网:http://unitedstatesnews.net/ [OL].
15.美国防务新闻:http://www.defensenews.com/ [OL].
16.外交杂志:http://www. foreignaffairs.org/ [OL].
17.http://www.sais-jhu.edu(The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) in the Johns Hopkins University) [OL].
18.http://www.africaaction.org/index.php (an organization in U.S. working on African affairs.) [OL].
19.北京大学非洲研究中心:http://caspu.pku.edu.cn [OL].