入世后中国扩大稻米出口前景及开发策略
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摘要
中国是世界第一稻米生产大国,在20世纪90年代中期告别了粮食短缺后,稻米出口贸易迅速发展。特别是刚进入21世纪中国加入WTO,为中国稻米扩大出口创造了很好的机遇。如何抓住机遇,保持稻米国际贸易的发展势头,推动中国稻米从生产大国向出口贸易大国发展,无论是研究人员还是政府部门都在进行积极的探索。
     本研究采用统计分析和比较分析方法对世界稻米进出口国特征、中国稻米出口现状、我国稻米竞争力、扩大中国稻米出口前景等进行了分析,进而提出我国稻米发展战略和措施。
     本研究表明,20世纪90年代以来,国际稻米贸易迅速发展,稻米贸易在国际稻米供求平衡中的作用越来越突出,世界稻米市场不断扩大,同时竞争越来越强。入世后扩大中国稻米出口具有较大的潜力。中国粮食跨过短缺时代后,中国稻米出口具有坚实的供给基础。中国稻米在生产成本、价格、品质、科技等方面同国际稻米主要出口国进行综合比较表现出较强的竞争力。研究表明,我国稻米长远优势大于近期优势、籼米前景大于粳稻米前景、亚洲和非洲市场好于其他市场,特别是在科技上中国稻米科研具有世界最强的实力,中国杂交水稻种子出口具有美好的前景。同时,研究认为,扩大中国稻米出口存在稻米产业化基础差、稻米标准与国际不接轨、稻米多样化开发滞后、扩大出口政策不配套等问题。
     本研究表明,扩大中国稻米出口需要采取以下战略和措施:一是要确立出口型稻米发展战略,出口稻米专门生产,产业化开发。二是在巩固中低稻米出口市场的同时,要积极发展高档籼米、粳稻米、米制品以及稻谷种子出口市场。三是建立出口稻米生产基地,实行专品种开发。四提高稻米加工水平,开发多样化出口稻米产品以及创建出口稻米品牌,增强稻米竞争力。五是加强出口稻米科研,开发适宜主要稻米进口国稻米消费品质要求的品种,选育目标国杂交水稻品种,并开发稻米制品、米糠制品;六是完善稻米出口的配套服务,建立稻米市场新标准和出口稻米检测管理机制;七是配套稻米出口相关政策,优化稻米出口机制,强化政府扶持政策,帮助开发稻米国际市场。
China is the largest rice produce country in the world. China's rice export trade has developed rapidly since the middle of 1990s. In the beginning of 21th century China's entry into WTO has provided golden opportunity to the expansion of rice export. Researchers and government officials are trying to find the way to seize the opportunity and maintain the impetus of rice export so as to make the conversion from large rice produce country to the large rice export country.
    The study, using the statistic and comparative method as a tool, analyzes characteristics of rice import and export countries in the world, China's rice export situation and rice export competitiveness, and prospects of expanding China's rice export. Strategy and measures are suggested for China's export-oriented rice development.
    The study indicates: that world rice trade has been developing greatly since 1990s and rice trade has been playing more and more important role in the balance of rice supply and demand. World rice market is becoming bigger and competition is becoming stronger. There is a great potential for the expansion of China's rice exportation. China has a strong rice supply for export after ending the time of grain shortage and shows a stronger competitiveness compared with other export countries in cost, price, quality and research ability. The study also indicates that advantage in long-term is better than that in the near future, the export prospects for indica rice is better than japonica rice, the markets in Asian and African countries for China's rice are better than that in other countries. Especially China keeps ahead in rice research and has strong research manpowers and good research sources. China's hybrid rice seeds have a bright future for export.
    The study also indicates that some problems obstacle China's rice export. For example, rice is not particularly produced for export and can not meet the need of international market for high quality rice, rice standards in China do not meet the standards in international markets, the development of different quality rice for diversified market has not been done well, the policy for rice export is not good.
    The study shows that expansion of China's rice export needs to take the following strategy and measures. First, it is necessary to take the export-oriented rice development strategy and rice for export will be produced purposely. Second, taking positive measures to promote export of high quality rice, rice processing products and hybrid rice seeds while further consolidating medium and low quality rice export. Third, forming export rice produce bases and producing high quality rice or rice seeds for export. Forth, improving rice mill machine and producing series of rice for diverse market need so as to enhance the competitiveness. Fifth, strengthening rice research and developing rice varieties which meet the target market need and also developing rice-based products for export. Sixth, improving support service for rice export and establishing new rice standard which comply with the globe rice standard and strengthening the management of examination for export rice. Seventh, establishing policies which are in favor of rice export and strengthening government support for market development.
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