专业主义视野下的美国工程教育认证研究
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摘要
工程教育专业认证直接关系工程专业发展,是工程教育研究的基础问题。美国工程教育认证向来是我国工程教育认证借鉴、参照的主要对象之一。然而,目前的美国工程教育认证研究多侧重问题研究和制度引介,缺乏理念分析以及制度的逻辑溯源,造成了美国工程教育认证研究中一个令人遗憾的学术空白。因而,从专业主义视角探寻工程教育认证与工程专业化发展的内在关联,揭示美国工程教育认证制度的意识形态和内在逻辑,将美国工程教育认证研究深化到价值与文化的层面,具有重要的理论创新意义和实践应用价值。
     专业主义作为一种意识形态和社会制度,显示了美国工程教育认证从理念到制度以及行动的全部历史过程。作为西方社会在专业发展运动过程中所形成的一种认识专业或专业制度的观念体系,专业主义意识形态承认一种专门化职业的科学基础和专门知识,承认专业人员接受正式教育和训练,承认专业人员自主控制工作目标、方式和内容,承认专业人员通过集合性的方式,获得政府的“特权性”保护。简言之,因为坚信专业制度符合社会的文明进步并满足公众的最高利益,专业主义意识形态最终承认专业制度的合法性,并认同因专业制度导致的社会分化和不平等。在专业主义意识形态下,专业制度的构建需要依从专业化运动的发展逻辑,通过一个连续渐进的社会工程,呈现六个主要量纲。它们是:建立专业组织、建立科学知识体系及教育训练机制、建立伦理法规、提供利他性社会服务、获得国家市场庇护、实现组织自治。通过这一社会工程,专业制度完了两个相互独立又互相支撑的过程——进行市场控制和建立专业声望。专业主义社会制度得以构建。
     美国工程教育认证的专业主义理念产生和制度构建,是一种特定的历史文化过程。美国工程教育专业认证组织(ECPD)诞生于工程专业蓬勃发展但又充满合法性危机的年代,它的出现标志着工程专业发展进入了新的转折阶段。以组织为载体,工程教育认证建立了自治性专业认证机构,发布了专业认证标准、统一了专业教育质量,最终促进了工程专业的发展。工程专业认证标准,以建立工程的科学基础和知识体系为己任,通过确立工程知识的权威和市场控制方向,实现了工程知识的边界扩大,工程知识的精细化和工程知识的科学化。高等学校是实现工程专业认证的现实场所。大学通过专业科学知识体系的系统化,结构化,合法化和教育传承,完成了专业科学知识体系的构建,为专业人才的准备做出了贡献。更重要的是,高等学校还是专业文化孕育发展的场所。工程教育认证制度还是推动工程师伦理道德发展的重要力量。通过构建工程师伦理准则,制定工程认证伦理标准,工程教育认证为建立一个统一的专业伦理和道德做出了重要贡献。在漫长的专业主义之路上,美国工程教育认证与政府建立了联系。在州政府层面,以工程师注册法为依托,工程教育认证得到了政府的庇护。在联邦层面,工程教育认证组织经历了从接受认可制度的市场庇护,到解除认可关系的特殊过程。显示出在与政府的合作关系中,ABET既服务于至高无上的公共利益,又维护组织的学术质量改进目标和自治传统。进入21世纪,美国工程教育认证专业主义在遭遇危机和挑战之时,不断打破行业保护的一贯风格,通过与利益相关者的互动,进行着新制度的努力。
     可以看出,专业主义是美国工程教育认证制度发展的内在逻辑。作为一种意识形态,专业主义贯穿了美国工程教育认证制度的创生、发展、变革的全程。作为一种社会制度,专业主义对美国工程教育专业认证制度的发展路径和制度形态具有充分的解释力。在专业主义社会制度的构建中,工程教育认证与工程教育和专业发展相互作用,同步消长。借助于专业主义的解释力,美国工程专业取得了教育质量标准的统一、伦理道德的统一,实现了组织整合。同时,工程作为一门合法职业备受争议的窘境得以改变。工程师的社会地位和专业声望得以提高。更重要的是,以专业主义理想为依托,以专业文化为纽带,工程教育认证将高等学校专业教育与工程师职业发展相联接。最终形塑了一个完备的工程教育认证制度体系。
     在沿袭古典的专业主义理论模型的同时,美国工程专业主义还表现出专业发展的特殊规定性。通过集合性行为和持续质量改进能动地适应外部环境结构,达到专业控制与社会控制的和谐统一。同时,借助开放渗透的学科边界,创造了“亚同质”学科专业构建专业制度的独特案例,这一结果,为古典社会学理论模型平添新的生命力。
     概括而言,从1932年至今,美国工程教育认证以专业主义为指向,以专业发展运动为运动轨迹,完成了制度的形塑,在专业嬗变和社会变革中逐渐走向丰富和成熟。这些对发展中的我国工程专业教育认证制度的构建无疑具有重大而深刻的启示。作为“后发外生”型国家,尽管我国与美国的社会历史文化背景不同,但在全球化和知识经济的现实条件下,以“专业”建设为核心,以工程教育认证制度为“推手”,构建符合专业本质内涵和发展运动规律的工程教育认证体系,必将是今后一个时期我国工程教育和专业发展的重要任务和必然决择。
The specialized accreditation of engineering (SAE), which orients the development of engineering profession, is the fundamental issue of the engineering education research. The U.S. system of SAE has been the major reference of its Chinese counterpart. However, current research of American SAE overemphasizes the problem-solution approach and the introduction of the system, neglects the philosophy analysis of the SAE research and the logical origin of the system, which poses a vacuum in the research of American SAE. Thus, from a professionalism perspective, this dissertation starts with the inherent association from the SAE and engineering profession development in the United States, probing for the ideology and intrinsic logic of evolution of the American system in SAE, therefore, analyze the American SAE from perspectives of values and culture, has a great theoretical innovative and practical value.
     The dissertation introduces the theoretical perspective of professionalism, which is an ideology in the arena of knowledge and a realistic social system. It indicates the entire historical process of U.S. SAE from concept to system and actions. As a concept of the system growing in the western society in the development of professionalization and in the process of forming a profession system, the ideology of professionalism recognition of a highly specialized knowledge and the scientific basis of a profession, recognition of formal education and training mechanism, recognition of professional autonomy determine the goals, methods and content of their work,recognition of through the collective manner and organizational approches, the profession obtains the "privilege" protection from government. In short, because firmly believing that the professional system is benefit to the social civilization process and meet the public's best interests, professionalism ideology final recognition of professional system of legitimacy and whereby the lead to social division and inequality of the social structure. In support of the professionalism ideology, professionalization of a profession needs to follow the development of profession social project, through the projecct of continuous and progressive society, showing the growth of the six major dimensions. They are: the establishment of a professional organization(society, or association), to establish a scientific system of knowledge and education and training mechanisms, to development a code of ethics, to provided a social-orientation services, to obtain the market shelter from the government, and to form the system of collegiality. Through this process, the profession system end of two mutually independent system of mutual support and the process, that is , to obtain the the market control and have a high reputation,the ideology of professionalism and social system to build.
     U.S. SAE ideals and system building, is a specific kind of historical and cultural process. Engineer’s Council for Development (ECPD) was born in the engineering profession flourish but a crisis of legitimacy of the era, it marks the emergence of professional development has entered a new stage of a turning point. To it as a carrier of education established a professional autonomy SAE organization, issued a professional accreditation standards, unity of the professional quality of education and ultimately promote the development of the engineering profession. Engineering accreditation standards, to establish the scientific basis of knowledge and responsibility, by establishing the authority of engineering knowledge and control of market direction and realize the project to expand the borders of knowledge, subdivide the discipline of knowledge and build the scientific model of engineering knowledge. Colleges and universities is to achieve SAE of the reality of places. Through professional system of systematic, structural, and the legalization of heritage education, college and university contribution to make a high preparation of engineering professionals. More importantly, colleges and universities is also a cultural venues of idea of middle class and professionalism. SAE is a major force promoting ethical development engineer. Construction engineers through the reunification of the code of ethics, the development of ethical standards accreditation, SAE for the establishment of a unified ethics and morality has made important contributions. The long road to professionalism, the U.S. SAE contact with the government. In the state level, to the Engineers Registration Act as the basis, SAE by the government's privilege, In the federal level, the U.S. SAE has received market shelter from the recognition system, to in the end to withdraw from the recognition of USDE. Show that with the cooperation of the government relations, ABET not only serve the paramount public interest and maintenance organization to improve the academic quality of the traditional objectives and autonomy. In the 21st century, the U.S. SAE in the event of crises and challenges, constantly breaking the occupation's consistent protection of style, with the stakeholders of the interaction, the efforts of the new system.
     The dissertation shows that the intrinsic logic of the U.S. system of SAE is professionalism. As an ideology, professionalism goes throughout the origin, the growth, and the reform of the system. As a social system, the professionalism has sufficiently elaborate the development process and system features. The SAE, engineering education and the engineering profession co-exist and co-develop. The U.S. SAE system construction is simultaneously implemented with professional education in universities and colleges and the establishment of engineering profession. With the interpretation of professionalism, the U.S. engineering profession has established the unification of quality of professional education, the unification of ethics, and organizational integration. At the same time, the dilemma of engineering as a legal profession changes. The social status and professional reputation of engineers is improved. Moreover, based on the professionalism ideal, linked with professional culture, SAE connects higher education and the profession, therefore, the SAE system comes into being.
     The U.S. SAE system offers a breakthrough for the development of the theories of classical professionalism. While stressing the scientific basis, the closure of field, and the market monopoly, the U.S. engineering professionalism and also displays some of the inherent requirements. Namely: through the collective actions conquest of statues and continuous quality improvement of education quality to meet objectives of the external environment, the U.S. SAE obtains the harmonious unity of professional and social control. At the same time, the infiltration of subjects with open borders creates a unique case, which enriches the classical model of sociology, "sub-homogeneous" discipline constructs the institution of the engineering profession.
     In summary, from 1932 to now, orientated and completed by professionalism, the SAE develops into full-blown with evolution of the profession and social changes. The model of U.S. may inspire the development of the Chinese engineering specialized accreditation system. Although as "the exogenous"-countries, China and the United States of different social and historical and cultural background, but in the reality of globalization and knowledge-based economy under the conditions, "profession" is now become the core and the "pushing hand" of engineering accreditation system. Construct the SAE system of China, which according to the intrinsic logic of profession and development by the movement of professionalization, will be our important tasks and inevitable choice in the futrure.
引文
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    ③Hughes, Everett C.“Professions”, Daeaalus92, 1963 , (4), 657.
    ④Saunders, A. M. Carr and Wilson, P, A. The Professions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933, 491, 298-304.
    ⑤Parsons. T.“The Profession and Social Structure”. Social Force, 1939, ASR22,(2), 465.
    ①赵康.管理咨询在中国:现状、专业水准、存在问题和发展战略[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2008. (待出版)
    ②Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn: Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 1994. 13.
    ③Goode, William J.“Community Within a Community: The Professions.”ASR22, 1957, (2), 194-200.
    ④Greewood, Ernest.“Attributes of a Profession”, Social Work, 1957, 3, (2), 45-55.
    ①Barber, Bernard.“Some Problems in the Sociology of Professions”, Daedalus 92, 1963, (4), 672 . Barber, Bernard.“Control and Responsibility in the Powerful Professions”, PSQ93, 1978 , (4), 601.
    ②Bali, Christina V. Reluctant Warriors?European Army Professionalism in Transition., Ph. D. diss., John Hopkins University. 2005. 16.
    ③Merton, Robert.“Institutionalized Altruism: The Case Study of the Professions”. In Merton. Social Research and the Practicing Professions Cambridge, MA: Abt Books, 1982, 114-115.
    ④Bali, Christina V. Reluctant Warriors?European Army Professionalism in Transition., Ph. D. diss., John Hopkins University. 2005. 16.
    ⑤Millerson, Geoffrey.“Dilemmas of Professionalism”, New Society, 1964, (4), 15.
    ⑥Bali, Christina V. Reluctant Warriors?European Army Professionalism in Transition., Ph. D. diss., John Hopkins University. 2005. 17.
    ⑦Winlensky , Harold L.“The Professionalization of Everyone ?”, AJS 70, 1964, (2), 137-158.
    ①Geoffrey Millerson. The Qualifying Associations: A Study in Professionalization. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul: 1964. Harries, G. Jenkins.“Professional in Organizations.”In J. A. Jackson (eds). Professions and Professionalization . London: Cambridge University Press, 1970. 65-66.
    ②Caplow, T. The Sociology of Work . Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 1954.转引自董秀华.市场准入与高校专业认证制度研究[D].上海:华东师范大学博士学位论文2004. 26.
    ③Freidson,Eliot.Professionalism Reborn: Theory , Prophecy, and Policy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 62.
    ④参见赵康.管理咨询在中国:现状、专业水准、存在问题和发展战略[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2008. (待出版)
    ⑤参见赵康.管理咨询在中国:现状、专业水准、存在问题和发展战略[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2008. (待出版)
    ⑥Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977,6.
    ①Bali, Christina V. Reluctant Warriors?European Army Professionalism in Transition., Ph. D. diss., John Hopkins University. 2005. 17-18.
    ②Hughes, Everett.“The Profession in Society”, Daedalus 92, 1963, (4), 58.
    ③Andrew Abbott. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago, London: Chicago University Press. 1988. 9, 324-325. see also Abbott.“The Order of Professionalization: A Empirical Analysis”, Work and Occupations18, 1993, (4), 355-384.
    ④Andrew Abbott. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago, London: Chicago University Press. 1988. 9, 324-325.
    ⑤Bali, Christina V. Reluctant Warriors?European Army Professionalism in Transition., Ph. D. diss., John Hopkins University. 2005.17-19.
    ⑥Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn: Theory , Prophecy, and Policy, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1994. 169.
    ①See Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn: Theory , Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. 1994. 170.
    ②Evetts, Julia.“The Construction of Professionalism in New and Existing Occupational Context: Promoting and facilitating the Occupation Change”, International Journal of Sociology and social Policy, , 2003, 23(April/May): 24.
    ③Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn: Theor , Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1994. 1994. 169.
    ④Magali Sarfatti Larson. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977. 6.
    ①Evetts, Julia.“The Construction of Professionalism in New and Existing Occupational Context: Promoting and facilitating the Occupation Change”, International Journal of Sociology and social Policy, 2003, 23(April/May), 25.
    ②Jonson. T. Professions and Power. London: Macmillan. 1972. Abrahamson, Mark. Functionalism, Upper Saddle River. NJ: Prentice Hall, 1978, 57-74.
    ③Evetts, Julia.“The Construction of Professionalism in New and Existing Occupational Context: Promoting and facilitating the Occupation Change”, International Journal of Sociology and social Policy, 2003, 23(April/May), 25-26, .
    ④从1970年以后,弗雷德逊发表了大量的关于专业研究的成果,代表著作有: Freidson , Eliot. Professional Dominance:The Social Structure of Medical Care. New York: Atherton Press, 1970; Dorctoring Together: A Study of Professsional Scocial Control. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. Freidson, Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1994. and Freidson, Professionalism: The Third Logic. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 2001.
    ⑤Parker, Christine.“Reviewed Work(s): Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy”, Contemporary Sociology, 1995, 24, (4), 388.
    ①Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn: Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. 1994 . 173-175.
    ②Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism: The Third Logic. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 2001, 12.
    ③Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn: Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. 1994. 3.
    ④Magali Sarfatti Larson. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977. 6.
    ⑤Evetts, Julia.“The Construction of Professionalism in New and Existing Occupational Context: Promoting and facilitating the Occupation Change”, International Journal of Sociology and social Policy, 2003, 23(April/May): 28.
    ①Fournier, V.“The appeal to‘Professionalism’as a disciplinary mechanism”, Social Review, 1999, 47, (2), 280-307.
    ②Miller , P and Rose, N.“Governing economic life”, Economy and Society, 1990, 19, (1), pp. 1-31.
    ③Evetts, Julia.“The Construction of Professionalism in New and Existing Occupational Context: Promoting and facilitating the Occupation Change”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 2003, 23(April/May): 29.
    ④Mirko Noordegraaf.“From‘Pure’to‘Hybrid’Professionalism: Present- Day Professionalism in Ambiguous Public Domains”, Administration & Societ, 2007, (39), 762.
    ①Wilensky, Harold L. The Professionalization of Everyone?”, American Journal of Sociology, 1964 . Elliott, P. The Sociology of Pression. London: McMillan. 1972. Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. 1994. Flyvbjerg, B. Making Social Science Matter. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtity Press. 2001. Fournier, V. The appeal to“Professionalism”as a disciplinary Mechanism. Socialogical Review, 1999, (47), 280-307. Mirko Noordegraaf.“From‘Pure’to‘Hybrid’Professionalism: Present- Day Professionalism in Ambiguous Public Domains”, Administration & Societ, 2007, (39), 765-766. Abbott , Andrew. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago , London: Chicago University Press. 1988. Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977. Fournier, V.“The appeal to‘Professionalism’as a disciplinary mechanism”, Social Review, 1999, 47, (2), 280-307. Evetts, Julia.“The Construction of Professionalism in New and Existing Occupational Context: Promoting and facilitating the Occupation Change”, International Journal of Sociology and social Policy, 2003, 23(April/May): 28.②Fournier, V.“The appeal to‘Professionalism’as a disciplinary mechanism”, Social Review, 1999, 47, (2), 280-307. Mirko Noordegraaf.“From‘Pure’to‘Hybrid’Professionalism: Present- Day Professionalism in Ambiguous Public Domains”, Administration & Societ, 2007, (39), 765-766.
    ①Mirko Noordegraaf.“From‘Pure’to‘Hybrid’Professionalism: Present- Day Professionalism in Ambiguous Public Domains”, Administration & Societ, 2007, (39), 772-773.
    ②Evetts, Julia.“The Sociology Analysis of Professionalism, International Sociology, 2003, 18, 407.
    ③Mirko Noordegraaf.“From‘Pure’to‘Hybrid’Professionalism: Present- Day Professionalism in Ambiguous Public Domains”, Administration & Societ, 2007, (39), 771—775.
    ①Freidson , Eliot. Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, 1994. 3.
    ①Bledstein, Burton J . The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1976. 87-88.
    ②赵康.管理咨询在中国:现状、专业水准、存在问题和发展战略[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2008.(待出版)
    ①赵康.管理咨询在中国:现状、专业水准、存在问题和发展战略[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2008. (待出版)
    ②Wilensky, Harold L.“The Professionalization of Evereone?”, Ameican Journal of Sociology, 1964, 70, 137-158. Abbott, Andrew. The System of Professions:An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1988; Fournier, V.“The appeal to‘Professionalism’as a disciplinary mechanism.”Social Review, 1999, 47, (2), 280-30. Freidson, Eloit. Professionalism: The Third Logic. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers 2001. Ltd. Magali Sarfatti Larson. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis . California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, , 1977. 6.
    ③Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. 1994. Mirko Noordegraaf.“From‘Pure’to‘Hybrid’Professionalism: Present- Day Professionalism in Ambiguous Public Domains”, Administration & Societ, 2007, (39), 774.
    ①Abbott,Andrew. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago, London: Chicago University Press. 1988 . Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. 1994.
    ②Abbott, Andrew. The System of Professions:An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1988; Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.
    ③Gallessich , J. The Profession and Practice of Consultation:A Handbook for Consultants, Trainers of Consultants, and Consumer of Consultation Services . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1982: 41.
    ④Kubr. M. , etc. (eds. ) Management Consulting:A Guide to the Profession. Geneva:ILB, U. N. 1986. 94.转引自赵康.管理咨询在中国:现状、专业水准、存在问题和发展战略[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2008.(待出版))
    ①Gallessich , J. The Profession and Practice of Consultation:A Handbook for Consultants, Trainers of Consultants, and Consumer of Consultation Services . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1982. 368.
    ②索尔斯坦.凡勃伦(1857-1929)是美国经济学家和社会学家,至今仍被认为是美国社会思想的杰出人物之一。参见[苏]B.·杰缅丘诺克著.当代美国的技术统治论思潮[M].赵国琦等译.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社, 1988. 4.
    ③凡勃伦认为“技艺本能”可以解释为“创造与人类生活有用的财富的本能”。参见T.凡勃伦.技艺的本能.纽约, 1918. 31.转引自[苏]B·杰缅丘诺克著.当代美国的技术统治论思潮[M].赵国琦等译.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社, 1988. 10.
    ①T.凡勃伦.工程师与价值体系[M].纽约: 1936.转引自[苏]B·杰缅丘诺克著.当代美国的技术统治论思潮[M].赵国琦等译.沈阳:辽宁人民出版社, 1988. 6-17.
    ②Layton, Edwint. JR. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession . Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press (Originally published), 1971. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins Paperbacks edition , 1986.
    ③Calhoun, Daniel. The American Civil Engineer: Origins and Conflict. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1960.
    ①Calvert , Monte A. Mechanical Engineers in American: 1830-1910 . Baltimore: John Hopkins Press . 1967. 314.
    ②Sinlair, Bruce. A Centennial History of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers: 1880-1990. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1980.
    ③Ryder John D and Fink , Donald G. . Engineers and Electrons. A Century of Electrical Progress. New York: IEEE Press, 1984.
    ④McMahon, A. Michal. The Making of a Profession: A Century of Electrical Engineering In America . New York: IEEE Press (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), 1984.
    ⑤Prados , John W.(eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007.
    ⑥Perrucci, Robert and Gerstl, Joel. Profession Without Community: Engineers in American Society. New York: Random House, 1969.
    ⑦Noble, David F. American by Design: Science , Ttechnology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism . New York: 1976.
    ①Mavis, Frederick T.“History of Engineering Education.”In Lohr, Lenox R. Ed. Centennial of Engineering: History and Proceedings of Symposia, 1852-1952. Chicago: 1953.
    ②McGivern , James. First Hundred Years of Engineering Education In the United States. Washington: 1960.
    ③Grayson , Lawrence P.“A Brief of Engineering Education In the United State s”, Engineering Education, 1977, (67), 247-250.
    ④Swain, George F.“The American Association for the Advancement of Science:—Engineering as a Profession and Its Relation to the Association for the Advancement of Science”, Science, 1910, 31,(786): 81-93.
    ⑤Kline , Ronald.“Construing‘Technology’as‘Applied Science’: Public Rhetoric of Scientists and Engineers in the United States, 1880-1945”, Isis, 1995, 86, (2), 198.
    ⑥Alder, Ken. Engineering in the Revolution: Arms and Enlightenment in France 1763-1815. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997. Kranakis, Eda. Constructing a Bridge: An Exploration of Engineering Culture, Design and Research in Nineteenth–Century France and American. Cambridge: MA: The MIT Press, 1997. Shinn , Terry.“Review:Pillars of French Engineering”, Social Studies of Science, 1999, 29, (1), 135-144.
    ⑦Gispen , C. W. R.“German Engineers and American Social Theory: Historical Perspectives on Professionalization”, Comparatives Studies in Society and History, 1988, 30, (3), 550.
    ①Albert Flores.“A Concise Selected Bibliography on Professional Ethics”, Science, Technology, & Human Values, 1979, 4(26, pp 33-34.
    ②“The Engineering Profession Hence”, The Scientific Monthly, 1918, 6, (6), 538.
    ③Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977. 28-34;Metzger, Walter P.“Ideology and Intellectual: A Study of Thorstein Veblen”, Philosophy of Science, 1949, 16, (2), 125-133.
    ④Freidson , Eliot. Professional Powers: The Study of Institutionalization of Formal Knowledge. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986, 223.
    ①李世新的博士学位论文《工程伦理学及其若干问题研究》2003,是我国较早的系统研究工程伦理问题的成果。曹南燕、董晓燕等人则在论文中作了较早地关注到这一主题的研究。
    ②见Zhao, K. Professionalization of Consultancy: The Case of China. Ph. D. diss., Roskilde, Denmark: Department of Social Science, Roskilde University. 1997.赵康.专业、专业属性及其判断成熟专业的六条标准[J].社会学研究, 2000, (5): 30-39.
    ③卢乃桂.赋权予教师:教师发展中的专业领导[J].教师教育研究, 2007, (4);教师专业发展理论基础的探讨[J].教育研究, 2007, (3);操太圣.高校初任教师的教学专业发展探析[J].高等教育研究, 2007, (3)等论文。
    ④见王沛民编校.工程师的形成[M].薛继良主审顾建民等译.杭州:浙江大学出版社, 1989.王沛民顾建民刘伟民.工程教育基础——工程教育理念和实践的研究.浙江大学出版社, 1994.王沛民.研究与开发“专业学位”刍议[J].高等教育研究, 1999, (1).等著作和论文。
    ⑤朱高峰.面向21世纪的中国高等工程教育的改革与发展[J].高等工程教育研究,2001, (2).
    ⑥文辅相.我国大学的专业教育模式及其改革[J].高等教育研究, 2000, (2): 5;关于教育与教育本质的讨论[J].高等工程教育研究, 1995, (1);我国本科教育目标应作战略性调整[J]高等教育研究, 1996, (6): 12-16;我国大学的专业教育模式及其改革[J].高等教育研究, 2000,(2): 5-10.
    ⑦杨叔子等.在理工科大学中建立文化素质教育的研究与实践[J].高等工程教育研究, 1998, (1): 1-5.文明以止化成天下——纪念我国高等学校文化素质教育开展十周年[J].高等教育研究, 2005, (9): 1-6.刘献君.实践研究相互推进——华中科技大学十年文化素质教育回顾[J].高等教育研究, 2005, (3): 1-6.
    ⑧董秀华.市场准入与高校专业认证制度研究华东师范大学博士学位论文[D]. 2004;韩晓燕.注册工程师制度研究[D].北京:北京航空航天大学博士论文, 2006.
    ⑧[美]卡尔.米切姆著.技术哲学概论[M].殷祥登等译.天津:天津科学技术出版社. 1999;李世新.工程伦理学及其若干问题的研究[D].北京: .中国社会科学院研究生院博士学位论文, 2003;董小燕.美国工程伦理教育兴起的背景及其发展现状[J].上海高教研究, , 1996, (3): 74-77;曹南燕.科学家和工程师的伦理责任[J].哲学研究, 2000,(1): 45-46.
    ①Whshington to the President of Congress, Septmeber 8, 1776. In Fitzpartric, J. C. (ed. )The Writings of George Whshington from the Original Manusript Sources, 1745-1799. Washington D. C. :U. S. Gov’t Printing Office. 1931-1934(39 volumes), vol, 3, 323 and 325.参见Grayson, Lawrence P.“The American Revolution and the‘Want of Engineers’.”, Engineering Education, Feb1985, 270 .
    ②John Adams to William Helth. February 18, 1776. In Health Papers. Boston: Massachusettes Historical Society, Boston(roll 1, frame 62) .参见Grayson, Lawrence P.“The American Revolution and the‘Want of Engineers’.”, Engineering Education, Feb1985, 271.
    ③Grayson, Lawrence P.“The American Revolution and the‘Want of Engineers’.”, Engineering Education, Feb1985, 272-275.
    ①Layton, Edwint. JR. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession . Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press (Originally published), 1971. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins Paperbacks edition, 1986. 3.
    ②Layton, Edwint. JR. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press (Originally published), 1971. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins Paperbacks edition, 1986. 3.
    ①[美]劳伦斯·A·克雷明著美国教育史:城市化时期的历程(1876-1980)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2002. 558-561.
    ②Layton, Edwint. JR. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession . Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press (Originally published), 1971. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins Paperbacks edition, 1986. 3.
    ③Wolf , Lawrence J.“Closer Look: The Genesis of Engineering Technology.”In Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 52.
    ①“A Challenge: As an Audit of Accomplishments, 1932-1947.”1947, Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1947. 1-14. 10.
    ②“Engineering Education: At the Crossroads Without Compass?”Journal of Engineering Education, May1986, 742-747.转引自学王沛民编校工程师的形成[M].顾建民等译.杭州:浙江大学出版社, 1989. 33.
    ③“A Challenge: As an Audit of Accomplishments, 1932-1947.”1947, Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1947, 1-14. 10.
    ④Schott, Richard L.“The Professions and Government: Engineering As A Case In Point”, Pbulic Administration Review, 1978, 38, (2), 126-132
    ①“Occupations of Federal White Collar Workers”, October 31, 1974 and 1975 . U. S. Civil Service Commission , Washington:USGPO, 1976, 38-41, 86-89.
    ②Schott, Richard L. Professionals in Public Service: The Characteristics and Education of Engineer Federal Executive . Berverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1973, 16-24.
    ③Schott, Richard L.“The Professions and Government: Engineering as a Case in Point”, Pbulic Administration Review, 1978, 38, (2), 131.
    ④Grayson, Lawrence P.“A Brief History of Engineering Education in the United States”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, 246-264.
    ①别敦荣.中美大学学术管理[M].武汉:华中理工大学出版社, 2000. 18.
    ②From letter of Stephen Van Rensselaer School of November 5, 1824, and passed by New York State Legislature, March 21, 1826.参见Grayson, Lawrence P.“A Brief History of Engineering Education In the United States”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, 248.
    ①Rezneck, Samuel. Education for a Technological Society . Troy: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 1968. 3.
    ②Grayson, Lawrence P.“A Brief History of Engineering Education In the United States”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, 249-250.
    ①Grayson , Lawrence P.“A Brief of Engineering Education in the United States”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, (67), 251.
    ①Historical Statistics of the United States, part 2 , op. cit. , Series W99, p959, Seris P110, p. 683, Series P 228, p689, series P 232, p. 691; and series P 65, p. 694.参见Grayson , Lawrence P.“A Brief of Engineering Education In the United State s”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, (67), 251.
    ②Calvert, Monte A. Mechanical Engineers in American: 1830-1910 . Baltimore: John Hopkins Press. 1967. 281.
    ①Hammond, H. P.“Promotion of Engineering Education in the Past Forty Years”. Proceedings of the SPEE, 1933, (41), 44-66 at 57.
    ①“Entrance Requirements for Engineering College”, in Report of the Special Committee, Proceeding of the SPEE, 1896, (4), 103-173 at 103-104. See Grayson, Lawrence P.“A Brief History of Engineering Education in the United States”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, (67), 256.
    ②McGivern, James G. . First Hundred Years of Engineering Education in the United States (1807-1907). Spokane: Gonzaga University Press, 1960, 147.
    ③Magruder, William T.“Report of the Committee on Statistics of Engineering Education.”Proceedings of the SPEE, 1906, (14), 94-96.
    ①1904年起源于布鲁克林综合学校的非全日制计划特别受上班一族的欢迎, 1975年,工程非全日制学生约占7%。还有一种起源于辛辛那提大学的合作教育,学生一半时间学习,一半时间在工厂充当全日制学徒。1970年,有104所工程学校采用了这种教学方式。参见Grayson , Lawrence P.“A Brief of Engineering Education in the United State s”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, (67), 256.
    ②McGivern, James G. First Hundred Years of Engineering Education in the United States (1807-1907). Spokane: Gonzaga University Press, 1960, 159-160.
    ①Mann , Charles R. A Study of Engineering Education. Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. 1918, Bulletin no, 11.
    ②Wickenden W. E. Report of the Investigation of Engineering Education 1923-1929 . Society for the Promotion of the Engineering Education. New York, 1923-1929.
    ③“Forty-forth Annual Report”1967, Engineers’Council for Professional Development , 1976, 10. table 1.
    ④Grayson , Lawrence P.“A Brief of Engineering Education In the United State s”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, (67), 259.
    ①Armsby, Henry H. Engineering, Science, and Management War Training . in Final Report of U. S. Office of Education. Washington DC: Bulletin no. 9, U. S. Government Office Printing Office. 1946.参见Grayson , Lawrence P.“A Brief of Engineering Education In the United States”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, (67), 259.
    ②Norberg, Arthur L.“The Origin of the Electronics Industry on Pacific Coast”, Proceedings of IEEE, 1976, (11), 1314-1322.
    ①“Final Report: Goals of Engineering Education”, American Society for Engineering Education, New York, January 1968.
    ②陈劲胡健雄.面向创新性国家的工程教育改革研究[M]北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2006. 380.
    ①参见王沛民顾建民.高等工程教育意欲何为——简评美国最新三个工程教育报告[J].高等教育研究, 1996, (1).
    ②Grayson , Lawrence P.“A Brief of Engineering Education In the United States”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, (67), 63.
    ③[美]劳伦斯·A·克雷明著.美国教育史:城市化时期的历程(1876-1980)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2002. 4-5. 544. 550.
    ①Abel, Richard L.“The Rise of Professionalism”, British Journal of Law and Society, 1979, 6, (1), 86-87.
    ②王沛民顾建民刘伟民.工程教育基础——工程教育理念和实践的研究[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社, 1994. 37. Lawrence P. Grayson.“A Brief History of Engineering Education In the United States”, Engineering Education , Dec1977, (67), 247.
    ①参见Kline , Ronald.“Construing‘Technology’as‘Applied Science’: Public Rhetoric of Scientists and Engineers in the United States, 1880-1945”, Isis, 1995, 86, (2), 196.
    ②[英]梅尔茨著.十九世纪欧洲思想史(第一卷)[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1999. 26-27.
    ③C. W. R. Gispen.“German Engineers and American Social Theory: Historical Perspectives on Professionalization.”Comparatives Studies in Society and History, 1988, 30, (3), 550.
    ④吴文侃杨汉青.比较教育学[M].北京:人民教育出版社, 1999. 70.
    ⑤[美]劳伦斯·A·克雷明著.美国教育史:城市化时期的历程(. 1876-1980)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2002, 554-563, 545
    ⑥Kline , Ronald.“Construing‘Technology’as‘Applied Science’: Public Rhetoric of Scientists and Engineers in the United States, 1880-1945”, Isis, 1995, 86, (2), 198.
    ⑦Swain, George F.“The American Association for the Advancement of Science:—Engineering as a Profession and Its Relation to the Association for the Advancement of Science”, Science, 1910, 31, (786), 81-93.
    ①Calhoun, Daniel. The American Civil Engineer, Origins and Conflict. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 1960. 6. Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977, 26.
    ②张玲等.西方“工程”概念的历史演变[J].自然辩证法通讯, 2006, (5);何放勋.工程范畴的历史演变与工程师伦理责任教育. [J].高等工程教育研究, 2008, (1): 39.
    ③工业革命前,土木工程师还没有完全从建筑师中分离出来,在欧洲,建筑师和军事工程师的工作也常常交叠在一起。参见Calhoun, Daniel. The American Civil Engineer, Origins and Conflict. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. 1960, Chap 1;Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977, 26.
    ①Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977, 26.
    ②Schott, Richard L.“The Professions and Government: Engineering as a Case in Point”, Pbulic Administration Review, 1978, 38, (2), 126.
    ③这并非是美国工程专业的特征,而是工程专业的本质特征。
    ④. Layton, Edwint. JR. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession . Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press (Originally published), 1971. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins Paperbacks edition , 1986. 3.
    ①Layton, Edwint. JR. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession . Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press (Originally published), 1971. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins Paperbacks edition, 1986. 154-178
    ②Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977, 28.
    ③Thorstein Veblen. The Engineers and the Price System. New York, 1933. 70-76.
    ①Freidson, Eliot. Professional Dominance: the Social Structure of Medical Care. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co. , 1970. Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977, 19-25. Abel, Richard L.“The Rise of Professionalism”, British Journal of Law and Society, 1979, 6, (1), 85-90. Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn: Theory, Prophecy, and Policy . Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
    ②Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977, 25.
    ③Abel, Richard L.“The Rise of Professionalism”, British Journal of Law and Society, 1979, 6, (1), 85-86.
    ①Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977, 28.
    ②Abel, Richard L.“The Rise of Professionalism”, British Journal of Law and Society, 1979, 6, (1), 85-86.
    ③Gille, Bertrand. Engineers and Renaissance. Cambridge, Mass: M. I. T Press, 1966.
    ①William E. Wickenden. The Comparative Study of Engineering Education in the United States and Europe, The Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education, New York, Jun 1929, 5.
    ②Wilensky, Harold L.“The Professionalization of Everyone?”, American Journal of Sociology, 1964, 70, 137-158. Millerson , Geoffrey. The Qualifying Associations: A Study in Professionalization. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1964. G. Harries-Jenkins.“Professional in Organizations.”In Jackson, J. A(.eds). Professions and Professionalization . London: Cambridge University Press, 1970. 65-66. Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. 5.
    ③Butle, R.“Organization types.”In Warner, M. (eds. ), The Concise International Encyclopedia of Business &Management.沈阳:辽宁教育出版社, 1998, 559-566.参见赵康.管理咨询在中国:现状、专业水准、存在问题和发展战略[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2008. 31. (待出版)
    ①Goode, William J.“Community Within a Community”, American Sociological Review, 1957, 22, 902-914.
    ②Gordon, Robert W. , and Simon, William H.“The redemption of Professionalism?”In Nilson, Robert L. Trubek, David M. and Solomon, Rayman L. (eds), Lawyers’Ideals/Lawyers’Practice:Transfomation in the American Legal System. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1992, 230-257.
    ③Satow, Roberta Lynn,“Value-Rational Authority and Professional Organizations: Weber’s Missing Type”,Administrative Science Quarterly, 1975, 20, (4), 526.
    ④Willer, David E.“Max Weber’s Missing Authority Type”, Sociological Inquiry, 1967, (37), 231-239 . Satow , Roberta Lynn,“Value-Rational Authority and Professional Organizations: Weber’s Missing Type”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 1975, 20, (4), 526-531.
    ①韦伯认为,①目的合乎理性的,即通过对外界事物的情况和其他人的举止的期待,并利用这种期待作为“条件”或“手段”,以期实现自己的合乎理性所争取和考虑的作为成果的目的;②价值合乎理性的,即通过有意识的对一个特定的举止——伦理的,美学的和宗教的,或任何其它阐释的——无条件的固有价值的纯粹信仰,不管是否取得成就;③情绪的,尤其是感情的,即由现实的情绪或状况;④传统的,由约定成俗的习惯。参见[德]马克斯·韦伯著经济与社会(上卷)[M].约翰内斯·温克尔曼整理林荣远译.北京:商务印书馆, 2006. 56.
    ②Willer, David E.“Max Weber’s Missing Authority Type”, Sociological Inquiry, 1967, (37, 235. 237.
    ③Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. 6.
    ①Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. 6.
    ②Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. 6.
    ③Watkins, J. W., Drury, L. , and Preddy, D. From the Evolution to Revolution: The Pressures on Professional Life in the 1990s. Bristol: University of Bristol. 1992.参见董秀华.市场准入与高校专业认证制度[D].上海:研究华东师范大学博士学位论文2004. 28.
    ④卡尔·桑德斯(Carr-Sanders)曾研究了专业学会的急剧出现趋势,将其形容为“学会旋风”.参见Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. 5.
    ①Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. 5.
    ②Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 3
    ①参见[美].约翰·S·布鲁贝克著.高等教育哲学[M].王承绪等译.杭州:浙江教育出版社, 1987. 93;Lawrence P. Grayson.“A Brief History of Engineering Education In the United States”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, (67), 259. Bledstein, Burton J. The Culture of Professionalism: the Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education. New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1976, 87-90.
    ②参见本论文第三章第三节。
    ③William, K. LeBold.“A Half Century of Frontiers of Engineering Education Research”, ASEE, Centennial Issue. Celebrating One Hundred Years 1893-1993, 1993, Engineering Education, Jan1994, 83,(1), 4.
    ①Layton, Edwint. JR. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession . Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press (Originally published), 1971. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins Paperbacks edition, 1986. 79.
    ②“A Chronology of ECPD Accreditation Policies”, 1985, Engineers’s Council for Professional Development, New York, 1985. 19.
    ③“Charter and Rules of Procedure”, First Annual Report of E.C.P.D. , Engineers’s Council for Professional Development, New York, 1933. 20-21.
    ④“Participating Bodies and Their Representatives”, First Annual Report of E.C.P.D., Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1933. 22.
    ①ECPD.“First Annual Report”, 1933, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1933. 1.
    ①Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 15.
    ②Guerra, David R. Reyes.“ECPD Becomes the Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology”, Openning of the ABET’s Forty-Eighth Annual Report, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, New York, 1980.
    ③History [EB/OL]. Http//www. abet. org/history. shtml. 2008-4-9.
    ④Structure [EB/OL]. Http//www. abet. org/structure. shtml, 2008-4-9.
    ①Hill, W. Scott.“An Executive Secretary’s View of the Engineering Council for Professional Development”, Thirty-Eighth Annual Report, 1968, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1968, 5.
    ②1933年的第一份《ECPD章程和行动纲领》规定,该文件的任何变更均需在正式会议上由三分之二的代表投票决定。参见“Charter and Rules of Procedure”. In First Annual Report of E.C.P.D. 1933. 21.
    ③Board of Directors[EB/OL]. Http//www. abet. org/bod. shtml. 2008-4-9.
    ①“Charter and Rules of Procedure”, First Annual Report of E.C.P.D. , Engineers’s Council for Professional Development, New York, 1933. 21.
    ②这些公共理事与其所在的专业学会没有附属关系,仅作为理事会的投票会员出现的,服务期一般为2-3个学期。例如, 2005年ABET理事会包括了公共理事5人。ABET Elects Two Public Members to Board of Directors. March 19, 2005[EB/OL]. http://www. abet. org/news_elections. shtml, 2008-2-3.
    ③Board of Directors[EB/OL]. Http//www. abet. org/bod. shtml. 2008-4-9.
    ④I. E. Historical Perspective. Accreditation Policy and Procedure Manual: Effective for Evaluations during the 2008-2009 Accreditation Cycle [EB/OL]. http// www. abet. org. , 2008-2-2.
    ①I. B. Responsibilities. Accreditation Policy and Procedure Manual: Effective for Evaluations during the 2008-2009 Accreditation Cycle[EB/OL]. http://www. abet. org/, 2008-2-2.
    ②刘盛纲.美国加拿大高等教育评估.第一份册[M].浙江大学出版社, 1987, 160.
    ③Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007 . 321-330.
    ①“Report of the Committee on Engineering Schools”, First Annual Report, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York , 1933. 8, Appendix B.
    ②Plasker, Jim.“ABET and ACSM—A Symbiotic Relationship”, Surveying and Land Information Science, 2004, 64 (4), 267.
    ③“2007 Marks ABET 75th Anniversary”In Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. flap.
    ①ABET网站[EB/OL]. http// www. abet. org/2007-3-5.
    ②“2007 Marks ABET 75th Anniversary.”In Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. back flap.
    ①Do you Know?[J] ABET Community Matters, January2007.
    ②ECPD’s Forty-Secongd Annual Report, 1974. In Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007 . 93. 125
    ③News Archives– Awards[EB/OL]. http://www. abet. org/news_awards. shtml, 2008-2-3. Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007 . 331-334.
    ①Publications [EB/OL]. http://www. abet. org/order. shtml, 2008-2-3
    ②What is Accreditation? [EB/OL]. http://www. abet. org/the_basics. shtml. 2008-2-2
    ③Accreditation Policy and Procedure Manual: Effective for Evaluations During the 2008-2009 Accreditation Cycle[EB/OL]. http://www. abet. org/, 2008-2-2.
    ①此处引用ABET的EC2000的评估过程手册(Manual Evaluation Process, EC2000)的相关内容为例,因此,只涉及工程认证委员会EAC的规定。参见“Engineering Criteria 2000: Manual Evaluation Process”, New York: Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology. 1997. 1-2.
    ①刘盛纲.美国加拿大高等教育评估.第一份册[M].浙江大学出版社, 1987. 174. History [EB/OL]. http://www. abet. org/history. shtml, 2008-2-2.
    ①“Report of the Committee on Engineering Schools”, First Annual Report, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1933. 1.
    ②.“Basis for Accrediting Engineering Colleges”. Fifth Annual Report Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1937, Appendix B1.
    ③Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 14-15.
    ①Wolf , Lawrence J.“Closer Look: The Genesis of Engineering Technology”Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007.. 52.
    ②Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 44.
    ③“Report of the Committee on Principals of Engineering Ethics”, Fifteen Annual Report, Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1947, 21.
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    ①“Closer Look: Early Discussions of International Accreditation.”In Prados , John W. (eds. ) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc. ), 2007, 63.
    ②ECPD.“Eighth Annual Report”, 1940, New York: Engineering Council for Professional Development, 1940. 12.
    ①“A Challenge: As an Audit of Accomplishments, 1932-1947”, Published for the the ECPD’s Fifteenth Anniversary, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York , Jun1947, 1-14. 10.
    ②“A Challenge: As an Audit of Accomplishments, 1932-1947”, Published for the the ECPD’s Fifteenth Anniversary, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York , Jun1947, 12-13.
    ①“A Challenge: As an Audit of Accomplishments, 1932-1947”, Published for the the ECPD’s Fifteenth Anniversary, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York , Jun1947, 14-15. .
    ②“A Challenge: As an Audit of Accomplishments, 1932-1947”, Published for the the ECPD’s Fifteenth Anniversary, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York , Jun1947, 16.
    ①Prados, J. W. , and Proctor , S. I.“What Will It Take to Reform Enginering Education”Chemical Engineering Progress, Mar2000, 96, (3), 99-96.
    ②“Closer Look:The Grinter Report and Goal Reports: Their Impact on ECPD.”In Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 112.
    ③ASEE.“Report on Evaluation of Engineering Education, 1952-1955”(Commonly Referred to As“The Grinter Report”), Ameircan Society for Engineering Education, New York, 1955. 14.
    ④ASEE.“Report on Evaluation of Engineering Education, 1952-1955”(Commonly Referred to As“The Grinter Report”), Ameircan Society for Engineering Education, New York, 1955. 14.
    ①“On the Record: The Engineering Technology Committee Issues Its First Report.”In Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 121.“First Annual Report of the Engineering Technology Committee.”, Thirty-Third Annual Report, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1965. 13.
    ②ECPD.“Thirty-Third Annual Report”, 1933, New York: Engineering Council for Professional Development, 1967.
    ③Morgen, Ralph A.“Engineering, A Profession?”,“President Report”, Thirty-First Annual Report, Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1962. 4.
    ④Hill, W. Scott.“Engineers’Council in Transiton”,“President Report”, Thirty-Second Annual Report, Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1963. 4.
    ①“Distinguished Service Award”, Fortieth Annual Report, Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1972. 48.
    ②赵康.管理咨询在中国:现状、专业水准、存在问题和发展战略[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2008. (待出版)
    ③“Message from the Chair”, Academy of Fellows Newsletter, American Society of Engineering Education. New York, January2006
    ④Morgen, Ralph A.“Engineering, A Profession?”,“President Report”, Thirty-First Annual Report, Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1962. 3.
    ①Alden, John D.“Engineering Technology Education: Why and How”, Journal of Tau Alpha Pi, 1986, 10, 7-13.
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    ①Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 170-171.
    ②Guerra , David R. Reyes.“ECPD Becomes the Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology”, Openning of the ABET’s Forty-Eighth Annual Report, New York: Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, 1980.
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    ①“Canadian Non-ECPD Accredited Programs, 1978”,Forty–Six Annual Report, Engineers’Council forProfessional Development, New York, 1978, 60.“Canadian Non-ECPD Accredited Programs, 1979”,Forty–Seventh Annual Report, Engineers’Council forProfessional Development, New York , 1979 , 75.
    ②Gibson, Dave.“The Histoy of Surveying Accreditation in ABET and the Formation of RAC (ASAC).”In Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007.188;
    ③在1992年6月的美国工程教育学会(ASEE)年会的演讲中,麻省理工学院院长维斯特(Vest)提出,工程教育的改革有必要满足增长的国际主义的挑战,减少对军事领域的关注,增加全球范围内对经济竞争、剧烈变化的格局、以及教育质量所有方面的关注。他认为工程教育应教会学生领导力和团队合作能力,他还谴责ABET阻碍了学生的创新和实验能力。参见. Blum Debra R.“MIT Heads Calls for”transformation”of Engineering Education, Hit Accreditors”, The Chrinicle of Higher Education, J ul1, 1993, 38, 43, A13.
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    ②Furgason , Robert R.“Feflecting Back: The Progress and Development of ABET.”In Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 240.
    ①Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 285-286.
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    ①Rogers, Gloria M.“Reflecting Back: Continuous Quality Improvement.”In Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 300.
    ②Pagano, Mark.“Reflecting Back: TEI Provides National Engineering Technology Community the Tools to”Transform Program Assessment.”In Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 302-305.
    ①Fournier, V.“The appeal to‘Professionalism’as a disciplinary mechanism”, Social Review, 1999, 47, (2), 280.
    ②Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. 1994. 62.
    ③Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977. 40.
    ④Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977. 40.
    ⑤赵康.管理咨询在中国:现状、专业水准、存在问题和发展战略[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2008. 100. (待出版)
    ①王致和.高等学校教育评估[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 1995. 97.
    ①Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007.“A Chronology of ECPD Accreditation Policies.”In A Synopsis of Current Procedures for Accreditaation and a Chronology of ECPD Accreditation Policies, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1977. ABET’s 2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting [EB/OL]. http//. www. abet. org, 2007-11-18.
    ②1980年以前,各认证委员会只负责专业教学计划标准的审核和建议,并开展认证活动。但需要得到ABET理事会的批准。1980年ECPD更名为ABET以后,组织机构和职能进行了重大调整,各认证委员会被授权对专业教学计划标准和活动负有最终责任, ABET理事会只行使处理评估引起的上诉及协调组织外部事物。参见171 Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007.
    ①“A Chronology of ECPD Accreditation Policies.”In A Synopsis of Current Procedures for Accreditaation and a Chronology of ECPD Accreditation Policies, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1977. 22-25.
    ①Program criteria. 2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs [EB/OL]. http//. www. abet. org, 2008-2-18.
    ②“A Chronology of ECPD Accreditation Policies.”In A Synopsis of Current Procedures for Accreditaation and a Chronology of ECPD Accreditation Policies, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1977, 25.
    ③“Accredited Programs of Technological Institute Type in the United States-1946”, Fourteenth Annual Report, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1946. 27.
    ④1946-1965年, ECPD只评估了两年制的工程技术课程, 1967年开始第一个四年制工程技术课程的评估。
    ①Program criteria. 2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Technology Programs [EB/OL]. http//. www. abet. org, 2008-2-18.
    ②Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 171.
    ③Program criteria. 2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting Applied Science Programs[EB/OL]. http//. www. abet. org, 2007-11-18.
    ④Program criteria. 2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting Computer Programs[EB/OL]. http//. www. abet. org, 2007-11-18.
    ⑤Grayson , Lawrence P.“A Brief of Engineering Education in the United State s”, Engineering Education, Dec1977, (67), 251-253.
    ①ASEE.“Report on Evaluation of Engineering Education, 1952-1955”(Commonly Referred to As“The Grinter Report”), American Society for Engineering Education, New York, 1955, Table of Contents.
    ②“Final Committee Report on Objectives and Procedures for Accredited Programs in Engineering in the United States”Thirty-Ninth Annual Report, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York:1971, 14-16.
    ③“Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs in the United States”, Fifty-Sixth Annual Report, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Baltimore, 1988, 103-129.
    ①Curriculum . Program Criteria for Aerospace and Similarly Named Engineering Program. ABET: 2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs. [EB/OL]. http//www. abet. org, 2007-12-31.
    ②[美]托马斯库恩著科学革命的结构[M].金吾伦译.北京:北京大学出版社, 2003;华勒斯坦等著.学科·知识·权力[M].刘健芝等编译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联出版社, 1999. 16-20.
    ③拉森在“专业主义的兴起”一书中,将专业人员的教育和培训过程解释为“专业生产者的生产”(production of professional producer),参见Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977. 34.
    ④本大维(Ben-David)提出了“类学科”(quasi-disciplines)的概念,指那些不能达到赋予科学社会的主要特征——“隔绝”(insulation)状态的学科。参见Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977. 25-31.
    ⑤Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 1977. 34.
    ①“A Chronology of ECPD Accreditation Policies.”In ECPD A Synopsis of Current Procedures for Accreditaation and a Chronology of ECPD Accreditation Policies, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York, 1977. , 20-21.
    ②Grinter L. E.“Report on Report on Evaluation of Engineering Education(1952-1955)”, Journal of Engineering and Technology, 1955, 44, (1), 25-63.
    ③陈劲胡健雄.面向创新性国家的工程教育改革研究[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2006. 362-364.
    ④“Additional Criteria for Accreditation of Engineering Education”, Twenty-Fourth Annual Report, Engineering Council for Professional Development , New York, 1956, 10.
    ⑤Engineering Accreditation Commition.“Engineering Criteria 2000”, The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Baltimore, 1997.“2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Technology Programs”, ABET, Inc. Baltimore, 2008. 2.
    ①王致和.高等学校教育评估[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 1995. 97.
    ②别敦荣王根顺.高等学校教学论. [M].北京:高等教育出版社. 2008. (待出版)
    ③别敦荣王根顺.高等学校教学论[M].北京:高等教育出版社. 2008. (待出版)
    ④麦克. F. D.扬主编.知识与控制[M].谢维和朱旭东译上海:华东师范大学出版社, 2002. 164.
    ⑤华勒斯坦等著.学科·知识·权力[M].刘健芝等编译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联出版社, 1999: 22.
    ①该标准的通用标准分为两个级别,对大学本科的(for Baccalaureate level),和研究生(for advanced level)的。本论文引用的是内容是针对大学本科层次的标准。
    ②Engineering Accreditation Commition.“2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs”, ABET,Inc.Baltimore, 2008, Criteria 3. [EB/OL]. http// www. abet. org, 2007-12-31.
    ③Engineering Accreditation Commition.“2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs”, ABET,Inc. Baltimore, 2008, Criteria 5. [EB/OL]. http//www. abet. org, 2007-12-31.
    ①Engineering Accreditation Commition.“2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs”, ABET,Inc, Baltimore, 2008, Program Criteria for Aerospace and Similarly Named Engineering Program. Criteria 1. [EB/OL]. http//www. abet. org, 2007-12-31.
    ①王沛民顾建民刘伟民.工程教育基础——工程教育理念和实践的研究[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社, 1994. 304.
    ②王沛民顾建民刘伟民.工程教育基础——工程教育理念和实践的研究[M].杭州:浙江大学出版社, 1994. 131.
    ①Shenhav, Yehouda.“From Chaos to Systems:The engineering Foundations of Organization Theory, 1879-1932”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 1995, 40, (4), 567.
    ②Shenhav , Yehouda.“From Chaos to Systems:The engineering Foundations of Organization Theory, 1879-1932”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 1995, 40, (4), 563.
    ①Shenhav , Yehouda.“From Chaos to Systems:The engineering Foundations of Organization Theory, 1879-1932”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 1995, 40, (4), 558.
    ②参见Engineering Accreditation Commition.“2008-2009 Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs”, ABET,Inc , 2008, Criteria 5. p. 3 Line5[EB/OL]. http// www. abet. org, 2007-12-31.
    ③贝尔克曾研究过学科的“领域”和“范围”问题,提出了“不可渗透的边界”的概念。指知识范围的稳定性和整合性达到一定指标的学科。参见华勒斯坦等著.学科·知识·权力[M].刘健芝等编译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联出版社, 1999. 22.
    ①Applied Science Accreditation Commition .“2008-2009Criteria for Applied Science Programs”, ,ABET,Inc. Baltimore, 2008, General Criteria for Baccalaureate and Associate Degree Programs (Criteria 5). [EB/OL]. http// www. abet. org. , 2008-2-2.
    ②Computer Science Accreditation . 2008-2009Criteria for Computing Programs-New Criteria.”, The ABET, Inc 2008 , General Criteria for Computing Programs Criteria 5[EB/OL]. http:// www. abet. org , 2008-2-2.
    ①1950年代后ABET在认证标准中将人文社科课程时间提高至1. 5年。参见Richard L. Schott.“The Professions and Government: Engineering as a Case in Point”, Public Administration Review, 1978, 38, (2), 127.
    ②赵康认为,一个专业具有成熟的知识体系的标志之一是专业科学文献的出现,以及承载这些相关知识的科学领域的出现,关于某一专业的知识的发育成熟程度的指标,参见赵康.管理咨询在中国:现状、专业水准、存在问题和发展战略[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2008. 100. (待出版)
     ①ASME网站[EB/OL]. http://www. asme. org/Education/College/ABET/ABET. cfm, 2007-11-20.
    ①纪亚流认为,长久以来,知识分子生态系统借助持续不断的分门划界,分割成“分离”的建制和专业空间,以便达到目标、方法、能力和实质专业技能的表面细分。引自华勒斯坦等著.学科·知识·权力[M].刘健芝等编译.北京:生活·读书·新知三联出版社, 1999: 21.
    ①弗雷德逊认为,专业人员在大学专业教学中,可以将实践中的经验很好地与学校教育结合起来,从而产生专业知识的创造和发现,参见Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. 1994. 177-178.
    ①《新编剑桥世界近代史》(第九卷)第169页,转引自贺国庆王保星朱文富等著.外国高等教育史[M].北京:人民教育出版社, 2003. 204.
    ②Wilensky, Harold L. The Professionalization of Everyone?”, American Journal of Sociology, 1964 . Elliott, P. The Sociology of Pression. London: McMillan. 1972. Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press. 1994. Flyvbjerg, B. Making Social Science Matter. Cambridge: Cambridge Universtity Press. 2001. Fournier, V. The Appeal to“Professionalism”as a disciplinary Mechanism. Socialogical Review, 1999, (47), 280-307. Noordegraaf, Mirko.“Fro‘Pure’to‘Hybrid’Professionalism: Present- Day Professionalism in Ambiguous Public Domains”, Administration & Societ, 2007, (39), 765-766.
    ③朱世达.关于美国中产阶级的演变与思考[J].美国研究, 1994(4): 43-45.
    ①朱世达.关于美国中产阶级的演变与思考[J].美国研究1994(4): 46. 43.
    ②沃特金斯(Watkins)将英国的专业划分为五类:前工业专业(1500):神学、医学、法学;工业化专业(1880):工程师、化学家、会计师;福利政府专业(1900-1948):教师、社会工作者;企业性专业(1980年代):商务及管理人员,及知识工人(1990年代)信息、通讯和媒体专业人员。参见董秀华.市场准入与高校专业认证制度研究[D].华东师范大学博士学位论文, 2004. 28.
    ③Layton, Edwint. JR. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession . Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press (Originally published), 1971. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins Paperbacks edition, 1986. 2-3.
    ④1900年,美国已经有472所学院中有64所学院授予工程学科的学位,工科学生注册人数达9600名,参见ASEE.“Centennial Issue: Celebrating One Hundred Years (1893-1993)”, Engineering Education, January1994, 83, (1), 23.
    ①Scott, Charles F.“The Investigation of Engineering Education”, The Journal of Higher Eduction, 1930, 1, (2), 91.
    ②ASEE.“Centennial Issue: Celebrating One Hundred Years (1893-1993)”, Engineering Education, January1994, 83, (1), 3.
    ①Rennolds, Terry S. 75 Years of Progress: A History of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1808-83 . New York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers , 1983, 11-13.
    ②AIChE Committee on Chemical Engineering Education.“Accrediting of Institutions Teaching Chemical Engineers by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers”, Transaction of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1931, (27), 402-410.
    ③Rennolds, Terry S. 75 Years of Progress: A History of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1808-83 . New York: American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1983, 15.
    ①Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 2.
    ②ASEE.“Centennial Issue: Celebrating One Hundred Years (1893-1993)”, Engineering Education, January1994, 83, (1), 4.
    ③Scott, Charles F.“The Investigation of Engineering Education”, The Journal of Higher Eduction, 1930, 1, (2), 91-97.
    ④威肯顿先生曾是两所顶尖的工科学校的教师,战争期间在贝尔公司负责人事培训并于1923年成为SPEE的研究部门的负责人。参见Scott,“The Investigation of Engineering Education”, 92.
    ①Scott, Charles F.“The Investigation of Engineering Education”, The Journal of Higher Eduction, 1930, 1, (2), 91-97.
    ②Prados , John W.(eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 2
    ③“A Challenge: As an Audit of Accomplishments, 1932-1947, Published for the ECPD’s Fifteenth Anniversary, Engineering Council for Professional Development, New York , Jun1947, 4.
    ①Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. xvi-xvii. 14 & 51.
    ①ABET网站[EB/OL]. http// www. abet. org, 2007-3-5.
    ②Dzuback, Mary Ann.“Reviewed Work(s): The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education by Burton J. Bledstein”, History of Education Quaterly, 1993, 33, (3), 380.
    ①布赖恩斯顿在研究中,经常用“Mid-Victorian”指代他所研究的对象——美国新兴的中产阶级。参见Bledstein, Burton J . The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1976.
    ②Bledstein, Burton J . The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1976. 87, 90.
    ③Bledstein, Burton J . The Culture of Professionalism: The Middle Class and the Development of Higher Education in America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1976. 87, 90.
    ④[美]劳伦斯·A·克雷明著.美国教育史:城市化时期的历程(1876-1980)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2002, 491-492.
    ①[美]安德路·芬博格著.技术哲学批判[M].韩连庆曹观法译.北京:北京大学出版社, 2005. 199-200.
    ②Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism: The Third Logic. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 2001.
    ③Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. 90.
    ①张应强.高等教育现代化的反思与建构[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江教育出版社, 2001.
    ②别敦荣.高等学校教学论[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2008. (待出版)
    ③Geiger , Roger L .“Book Reviews: Ivory and Nationalism Minds: Universities, Leadership, and the Development of the American State by Mark R. Nemec”, The Journal of American History, 2007, 94, (1), Academic Research Library, 315.
    ④例如,美国大学联合会(AUU)在1900-1920年期间支持医学专业建立一套特定的标准并为此对美国教育局(Bureau of Education)施压。参见Geiger, Book Reviews:“Ivory”, 315-316.
    
    ①[法]爱弥尔·涂尔干著.职业伦理与公民道德[M].渠东付德根译.上海人民出版社, 2006. 5.
    ②罗国杰.中国伦理学百科全书(伦理学原理卷)[M].吉林人民出版社, 1993. 16.
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    ②罗国杰.中国伦理学百科全书(伦理学原理卷)[M].吉林人民出版社, 1993, 16;李世新.工程伦理学及其若干问题的研究[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院博士学位论文, 2003. 32.
    ③谢军.责任伦[M]上海:上海世纪出版社. 2007. 24-28.
    ④[美]卡尔.米切姆.技术哲学概论[M].殷祥登等译.天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1999. 93.
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    ①Jonas , Hans. The Imperative of Responsibility , Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1984. 90. 129-130.转引自曹南燕.科学家和工程师的伦理责任[J].哲学研究, 2000, (1): 46.
    ②李世新.工程伦理学及其若干问题的研究[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院博士学位论文, 2003. 32-33.
    ③[美]卡尔·米切姆著.技术哲学概论[M].殷登祥等译.天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1999,“中文版序言”, 2.
    ①李世新.工程伦理学及其若干问题的研究[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院博士学位论文, 2003. 42.曹南燕.科学家和工程师的伦理责任[J].哲学研究, 2000(1): 45-46.
    ②(德)汉·萨克塞著.生态哲学[M] .文韬等译.北京:东方出版社, 1991. 162.
    ③(美)卡尔·米切姆.技术哲学概论[M].殷登祥译天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1999. 16.
    ④(加)M·邦格.技术的哲学输入和哲学输出[J].自然科学哲学问题, 1984(1): 56.
    ⑤高亮华.人文主义视野的技术[M]北京:中国社会科学出版社, 1996. 14, Staudenmaier M Technology’s Storytellers: Reweaving the Human Fabric Cambridge: MIT Press, 165.
    ⑥李世新.工程伦理学及其若干问题的研究[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院博士学位论文, 2003, 32-33.
    ①[美]卡尔·米切姆著.技术哲学概论[M].殷登祥等译.天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1999, 101.
    ①[美]卡尔·米切姆著.技术哲学概论[M].殷祥登等译.天津:天津科学技术出版社, 1999, 89.
    ②[苏]B·杰缅丘诺克著.当代美国的技术统治论思潮[M].赵国琦等译.辽宁人民出版社, 1988. 6-17.
    ③何放勋.工程范畴的历史演变与工程师伦理责任教育[J].高等工程教育研究, 2008.(1): 41-42.
    ④李世新.工程伦理学及其若干问题的研究[D].北京:中国社会科学院研究生院博士学位论文, 2003, 12-13.
    ⑤Mcmahon, Michal. The Making of a Profession: A Century of Electrical Engineering In America. New York: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. , 1984. 112-113. Layton, Edwint. JR. The Revolt of the Engineers: Social Responsibility and the American Engineering Profession. Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University Press (Originally published), 1971. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins Paperbacks edition, 1986, 114.
    ①“Report of the Committee on Principals of Engineering Ethics”, Fifteen Annual Report, Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1947. 21.
    ②“Report of the Committee on Principals of Engineering Ethics”, Eleventh Annual Report, Engineers’Council for Professional Development , New York, 1943, 23.
    ①“Report of the Committee on Principals of Engineering Ethics”, Sixteen Annual Report, Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1948. 14-15.
    ②“Faith of the Engineer.”Report of the Committee on Principals of Engineering Ethics, In Eleventh Annual Report of Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1943. 31.
    ③“Canons of Ethics for Engineers”, Fifteen Annual Report, Engineers’Council for Professional Development. New York, 1947. 23.
    ④Morgen, Ralph A.“Engineering, A Profession?”,“President Report”, Thirty-First Annual Report, Engineers’Council for Professional Development, New York, 1962. 4.
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    ④1979年以前,由联邦教育局(USOE)负责认可性评估, 1979年以后, USOE升格为美国教育部(USDE)。此文论述中不再按阶段细分,统一称其为USDE。
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    ③此部分内容是彼德森博士(Dr. George D. Peterson)于2008年5月7日接受研究者正式电话采访所谈内容。
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    ⑥Accreditation and Recognition in the United States [EB/OL]. http://www. chea. org/Research/index. asp#chronicle.
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    ①Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 224-225.
    ②Julia Evetts.“The Construction of Professionalism in New and Existing Occupational Context: Promoting and facilitating the Occupation Change”, International Journal of Sociology and social Policy. 2003, 23, (April/May), 22. Mirko Noordegraaf.“From‘Pure’to‘Hybrid’Professionalism: Present- Day Professionalism in Ambiguous Public Domains”, Administration & Society, 2007, (39), 761-785.
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    ①EC2000通用标准之三列出的11个领域是: a、具有应用数学、科学和工程知识的能力;b具有设计和完成实验、分析和解释数据的能力;c具有设计一个系统、组建和过程以满足需求的能力;d具有多学科团队的合作能力; e具有鉴别、形成和解决工程问题的能力; f.具有理解专业和道德责任的能力;g具有有效沟通的能力;h接受在全球和社会的背景下理解工程的后果和影响的广泛的教育;i终身学习的能力; j理解当代事务的能力k在工程实践中使用技术、技能和工程工具的能力。
    ②Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 226.
    ③Schachterle, Lance.“Outcome Assessement and Accreditation in US Engineering Formation”, European Journal of Engineering Education, Jun1999, 24, (2), 121-124.
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    ⑥Ollis, David F. et al. Liberal Education In Twenty-First Century Engineering; Responses to ABET/EC 2000 Criteria. Portland: Scitech Book News, 2004 , (28).
    ①Scott, Cathie , and Plumb , Carolyn.“Using Prtfolios to Evaluate Service Courses as Part of an Engineering Writing Progaram”, Technical Communication Quarterly, 1999, 8, (3): 337. Williams, Julia M.“Transformations In Technical Communication Pedagogy: Engineering, Writing, and the ABET Engineering Criteria 2000”, Technical Communication Quarterly, 2001, 10, (2), 149. See also Williams,“Technical Communication , Engineering , and ABET’s Engineering Criteria 2000: What Lies Ahead?, Technical Communication, 2002, 49(1), 89. Frizza, Stephen T.“Creating An Accreditable Software Engineering Bachelor’s Program”, IEEE. Software, 2006, (Nov/Dec), 27-35. See also Williams,“Technical Communication , Engineering , and ABET’s Engineering Criteria 2000: What Lies Ahead?, Technical Communication, 2002, 49(1), 89.
    ②Prados , John W. (eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 286.
    ③ABET .“Strategic Plan”, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Baltimore, 2003.
    ①ABET.“From the President”, Seventy-second Annual Report, 2004. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Baltimore, 2005. 1-2.
    ②Lattuca, Lisa R. , Terenzin, Patrick T. , and Volkwein , J. Fredicks.“Engineering Change: A Study of the Impact of EC2000”, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Baltimore, 2006, 1-13.
    ③Prados , John W. (eds. )A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering andTechnology, (ABET, Inc.), 2007, 285-286.
    ①Rogers, Gloria M.“Reflecting Back: Continuous Quality Improvement”, In Prados , John W. (eds.)A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.), 2007.300.
    ①Pagano, Mark.“Reflecting Back: TEI Provides National Engineering Technology Community the Tools to”Transform Program Assessment.”In Prados , John W.(eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology,(ABET, Inc.), 2007. 302-305.
    ②Pagano, Mark.“Reflecting Back: TEI Provides National Engineering Technology Community the Tools to”Transform Program Assessment.”In Prados , John W.(eds.) A Proud Legacy of Quality Assurance in the Preparation of Technical Professionals: ABET 75th Anniversary Retrospective. Baltimore: Accreditation Board of Applied Science, Computing, Engineering and Technology(ABET, Inc.) , 2007. 305.
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    ②外部顾客,一般指应届毕业生、校友、聘用毕业生的工业和企业雇主及毕业生再进修入学的研究机构或教育机构。
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    ②参见Larson, Magali Sarfatti. The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis. California, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977. Freidson, Eliot. Professionalism Reborn. : Theory, Prophecy, and Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1994. Abel , Richard L.“The Rise of Professionalism”, British Journal of Law and Society, 1979, 6, (1).
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    ②在学习苏联模式的过程中,工程学科分类起全,专业划分非常细致,据统计, 1953年,高等教育的学科11个门类中专业总数215个,工科占107个,达约50%, 1981年,专业总数1039个,工科占537个,高于50%。参见文辅相.我国大学的专业教育模式及其改革[J].高等教育研究, 2000, (2): 5.
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    ④陈霜叶.当大学遇到市场:中国两所大学新增本科专业的研究[D].香港:香港中文大学博士论文. 2006.
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    ②参见王沛民顾建民刘伟民.工程教育基础——工程教育理念和实践的研究[M]杭州.浙江大学出版社, 1994王沛民.研究和开发“专业学位”刍议[J].高等教育研究, 1999,(2):43-46.文辅相.我国大学的专业教育模式及其改革[J].高等教育研究, 2000, (2): 5.
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    ①如中国机械工程学会,就开展了独立的活动,并颁发“机械工程师资格证书”。参见韩晓燕.注册工程师制度研究[D].北京:北京航空航天大学博士论文, 2006.附录
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