摘要
在传统汽车工业所引发的石油资源渐趋匮乏、空气质量日益恶化的严峻形势下,具有明显节能和环保优势的电动汽车近年来成为了各大汽车厂商和科研机构竞相开发的热点。电动汽车被认为是解决能源短缺问题和环境污染问题的有效途径之一。再生制动则是电动汽车相对于传统燃油汽车的巨大节能优势。利用再生制动,可以将制动过程中的动能转化为电能储存到电池当中,以备驱动时使用,提高整车的能量利用率。目前,如何协调控制摩擦制动和再生制动之间的分配比例,在保证制动稳定性前提下,尽可能多地回收制动能量,成为再生制动控制研究的关键问题之一。
与传统汽车制动不同,电动汽车的制动是由摩擦制动和再生制动共同完成的。制动时由于电机再生制动转矩承担了制动总需求转矩的一部分,要求传统摩擦制动器提供的制动转矩相应地减少了。而且,由于制动能量的一部份通过电机发电转变为了电能,由摩擦制动器承担的制动能量耗散任务相应地减小了,对制动器承载热负荷的要求也会降低。因此摩擦制动器的尺寸和重量是可以减小的。
本文首先对城市工况下汽车的制动能量进行了分析,显示了制动能量回收的巨大潜力,介绍了电动汽车的再生制动系统的工作原理和基本结构,对影响再生制动回收能量的主要因素进行了分析。
然后在研究传统汽车制动理论中前后制动器制动力分配对汽车制动稳定性的影响基础上,建立电动汽车再生制动时的制动力分配模型。在考虑电机工作特性和电池充电能力限制的情况下,建立了电机的力学模型,从而确定电机能够提供的最大再生制动力。在前面理论分析的基础上,提出了基于ECE法规的再生制动控制策略,在制动力分配时向驱动轴倾斜,同时根据电机能够提供的最大再生制动力,优先利用再生制动,动态分配摩擦制动和再生制动比例。
随后,利用ADVISOR仿真软件对本文再生制动控制策略进行了建模,在NEDC和UDDS行驶循环工况下进行了仿真试验,并和ADVISOR再生制动策略作了对比。结果表明本文控制策略充分发挥了电机的再生制动能力,回收制动能量的效果较好,优于ADVISOR再生制动控制策略。
最后,利用ADVISOR软件,进行特定制动工况仿真试验以确定有电机再生制动参与下研究车型前轮盘式制动器的一些性能要求,在盘式制动器设计理论的指导下利用遗传优化算法对原车前轮钳盘式制动器进行了轻量化设计。
In the condition that petroleum source is to be scarce and air quality is deteriorating, EV(electric vehicle) which has great advantage of economizing energy and protecting environment has becoming the focus that big car manufacturers and research institutions develop. EV is regarded as one of ways that resolve the energy sources shortage and environment pollution problems. Regenerative braking is EV's great advantage over traditional cars. Kinetic energy in the course of braking can be transformed to electricity energy into battery by regenerative braking and can be utilized again when driving, so the vehicle's energy efficiency is improved. Now, how to coordinate and control the assignment proportion between friction brake and regenerative brake and recycle braking energy as more as possible given the precondition that brake security is ensured, has become one of regenerative braking system's key questions.
Unlike traditional car's brake, EV's brake is completed by friction brake and regenerative brake collectively. Because motor's regenerative brake torque bears part of total brake torque demand, brake torque supposed to be supplied by traditional friction brake is reduced accordingly. Moreover, some of brake energy is transformed to electricity by generator, the request to brake bear hot load is reduced.So the size and mass of friction brake can be reduced.
This paper firstly analyses car's brake energy in the city drive condition and shows the great potentiality of brake energy recycling. It introduces the working principle and basic structure of EV's regenerative braking system and analyses main factors that influence regenerative braking recycling energy.
On the basis of researching the impact that front and rear brake force distribution makes on car brake stability in the traditional braking theory, this paper has established the model of brake force distribution during EV regenerative braking. Considering motor working character and battery's charge ability, this paper has established the model of motor mechanics and determines the maximum regenerative braking force that motor can supply. On the basis of theoretical analysis before, this paper comes up with regenerative braking control strategy which is based on ECE brake rules. The control strategy inclines to drive axle in brake force distribution and utilizes regenerative brake preferentially according to the maximum regenerative braking force that the motor can supply. It assigns proportions between friction brake and regenerative brake dynamically.
Then, this paper has established the model of regenerative braking control strategy by ADVISOR software and did simulation experiment in NEDC and UDDS driving cycles, compared to ADVISOR built-in regenerative braking control strategy. The result shows that this paper's regenerative braking control strategy can bring motor's regenerative braking ability into play efficiently and performs better over ADVISOR regenerative braking control strategy in recycling braking energy.
In the end, on the basis of caliper disc brake design theory, this paper has established its model. It did brake simulation experiment in certain driving cycle to determine performance demand to front disc brake of EV this paper researched. In the guide of disc brake design theory, it did lightweight design aiming at the car's previous front brake by Genetic Algorithm.
引文
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