摘要
全球化的市场竞争环境迫使企业采取与之相应的产品开发模式,企业在更加专业化的同时加强了跨企业的分工与协作。本文用协同开发链描述和表达分布式环境下的产品开发网络,它以任务流为纽带,将产品开发各个阶段的开发成员紧密联系在一起。本文结合多个课题,重点研究了协同产品开发链的理论框架及其若干关键技术,包括产品开发链过程建模和管理、基于结构模型的产品配置、基于协同代理的产品数据及应用集成、复合产品数据权限管理等。
在协同开发链理论框架研究方面,本文从内涵、概念模型以及协同控制等三个方面研究了协同开发链的基本原理,指出任务流是开发链的本质属性,分析了开发链的组成要素;产品开发链的组织模型与市场需求、开发目标以及产品功能结构存在密切联系,本文从成员选择、产品对象及需求分解两个方面研究了开发链的构建原理;为了支持协同开发链的实施,本文提出了协同开发链支撑系统层次结构,明确了各个层次的基本组成,研究了协同开发链的工作模式。为了管理和控制开发链的基本要素,协同开发链需要一些管理功能对其提供支撑,本文介绍了产品对象管理、协同开发过程管理、产品配置管理、数据安全管理、组织结构管理等功能。
在协同开发链的过程建模与管理方面,通过分析协同开发链产品开发过程的特点,建立了基于事件驱动的开发链过程模型,研究了事件驱动过程链与工作流模型的映射规则;通过分析开发链任务之间的关系,研究了基于路由规则和任务约束的柔性工作流模型;为了确保工作流模型的完备性,提出了规则遗漏检测算法和不完善路由分支检测算法。协同开发链的分层递阶性使得其开发过程也具有相似的特点,本文提出了基于任务分解的任务流管理模型,通过任务逐级分解,降低了流程的复杂性以及开发过程的可操作性,采用这种任务分解和工作流相结合的方法,实现了对产品开发链任务流的有效管理。
产品配置过程是协同开发链的重要一环。本文提出了基于结构模型的智能化产品配置过程,使配置知识与特定模型相关,降低了配置知识库的复杂度;通过对产品配置规则的深入分析,总结归纳了变量配置规则、配置约束规则以及版本有效性规则,介绍了配置知识库的构成及管理,并给出了配置方案的推理求解过程。配置方案的一致性和有效性通过配置知识库的正确性来保证,本文提出了基于测试案例的配置知识库诊断模型,通过测试案例集来诊断知识库中多余的约束规则以及应增加的规则。
产品数据管理是协同开发链的重要支撑功能。本文重点研究了产品数据管理的两个问题:其一是产品数据及应用集成,其二是产品数据权限管理模型。本文提出了基于协同代理的产品数据和应用集成框架,协同代理负责本地工作区产品数据和设计资源的管理,并承担协同过程中的数据交换和协同控制,有效实现了应用工具之间的集成,并基
于协同代理形成了协同开发环境。通过分析产品开发过程中权限管理相关对象及它们之间的关系,提出了基于任务和角色的复合产品数据安全模型,研究了产品开发流程中的动态权限控制,给出了产品数据存取权限的计算方法。
在实践方面,本文基于IntePDM系统实现了协同产品开发链的相关支撑功能,包括开发链过程建模和过程管理、基于结构模型的产品配置、产品数据及应用集成机制、产品数据权限管理模型等,并将这些研究成果应用于东风柳汽公司、桂林橡胶机械厂等制造企业的产品开发系统集成项目中,取得了良好应用效果。
Global market competition requires manufacturing enterprises to improve their product development. While enterprises become more and more specialized, cooperation or collaboration among enterprises is intensified simultaneously. Commerce processes in supply chain become agile collaborative product development chain (CPDC) based on task flow. CPDC don’t only describe organization structure of distributed development team, i.e. physical level of CPDC, but also represent development process chain based on task decomposition relations. Based on several projects, the whole dissertation focuses on CPDC, chiefly including some key technologies to support the implementation of CPDC effectively.
Firstly this dissertation establishes general theory frame of CPDC and proposes a multi-view model that consists of organization, process and environment. System structure and running pattern of CPDC are discussed, and then five constituents of CPDC are introduced, which include development object, organization structure, development activity, product data, and collaborative control etc. In order to manage and control CPDC’s constituents some basic management functions are needed, such as product object management, collaboration development process management, product configuration management, data security management, organization management and so on. System framework of CPDC is proposed, which consists of five levels, i.e. application interfaces, functions or tools for product development, process control, data management, and database system.
In process modeling and management, based on analysis of the characteristic of product development process(PDP) in CPDC, an event-driven PDP chain model is proposed and a formal representation for PDP chain is given. Using the mapping between PDP chain and workflow, a flexible workflow model enhanced with rules and constraints is presented, which improves the adaptability and flexibility of CPDC. In order to manage CPDC, task flow model based on task decomposition is proposed, which reduces the complexity of CPDC. Through task flow and workflow, development process in CPDC can be organized and managed effectively.
Product configuration is one of key technologies in CPDC in the environment of mass customization. Intelligent product configuration approach based on product structure model(PKM) is proposed, in which configuration knowledge, i.e. configuration rule or constraint, is attached to a specific PKM for the sake of simplifying configuration knowledge base(CKB). The construction and management of CKB is introduced, and knowledge-based configuration solving process is given. In order to ensure the validity of knowledge base,
case-based diagnosis model is discussed, through which redundant or missing configuration rule in CKB can be detected.
In data management of CPDC, this dissertation discusses product data integration and data access control model in development process. Product data integration framework based on collaborative agent(CA) is presented, which overcomes the deficiency of conventional integration approach. CA can not only manage the product data in local work area, but also support the collaborative work between application tools. As for product data access control in CPDC, task-role-based access control model(TACM) is proposed after analyzing access control objects and relations among them, and dynamic right computation process in TACM is given.
Finally, this dissertation introduces the CPDC’s implementation in some projects, which testified the advancement and practicability of research achievements in this dissertation.
引文
姜华,熊光楞,张和明.动态联盟环境下集成化产品开发方法研究.中国机械工程,1999,10(7):773~776.
Shantanu Bose. Issue in the design, development and use of process management models, PHD Thesis, Purdue University, 2001.
Martin G. Helander, Jianxin Jiao. Research on E-product development (ePD) for mass customization. Technovation,2002,22:717~724.
孙永军,王正肖,潘晓弘,仲智刚,綦方中.敏捷供应链集成化建模方法.中国机械工程,1999,13(19):1679~1682.
李荣彬,林发荣,马永军.分散网络化制造——香港制造业再发展模式. 机械工程学报,1998,34(6):102~108.
G.Q. Huang, K.L. Mak, P.K. Humphreys. A new model of the customer–supplier partnership in new product development. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,138:301~305.
谢列卫,集成产品开发过程的理论、方法及应用研究,杭州:浙江大学博士学位论文,2000.
马士华 等著. 供应链管理. 北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
约瑟夫.萧塔纳 著,祁国宁译. 制造企业产品数据管理原理概念策略. 北京:机械工业出版社, 2000.
吴澄 主编. 现代集成制造系统导论-概念、方法、技术和应用. 北京:清华大学出版社, 德国:施普林格出版社, 2000.
Orsolya Szegheo, Sobah Abbas Petersen. Extended Enterprise Engineering—A Model-Based Framework. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Application, 2000,8(1):32~40.
W.J. Zhang, Q.Li. Information modelling for made-to-order virtual enterprise manufacturing systems. Computer-Aided Design, 1999,31:611~619.
Michael Benaroch. Knowledge Reuse in Mass Customization of Knowledge-Intensive Services. Artificial Intelligence in Economics and Management, 1996:107~127.
孙伟,面向大规模客户化生产模式的产品集成设计系统结构及其关键技术研究. 大连:大连理工大学博士学位论文,2001.
Q. Li, W.J. Zhang, S.K. Tso. Generalization of strategies for product data modeling with special reference to Instance-As-Type problem. Computers in Industry,2000,41:25~34.
I. Choi,S. Bae. An architecture for active product configuration management in industrial virtual enterprise. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2001,18:133-139.
L. Ardissono, A. Felfernig, G. Friedrich, A. Goy. Web-based Commerce of Complex Products and Services with Multiple Suppliers. http://www-is.informatik.uni-oldenburg.de, 2001.
Piet van der Vlist, Jurgen J.E.M.Hoppenbrouwers, Herman M.H. Hegge. Extending the enterprise through multi-level supply control. International Journal of Production Economics,1997,53:35~42.
阴向阳,童秉枢,李和良等. 大批量定制设计研究现状. 机械科学与技术,2001,20(1):20~22.
阴向阳,面向大批量定制的产品配置设计研究. 北京:清华大学博士学位论文,2001.
Jianxin Jiao, Mitchell M. Tseng. A methodology of developing product family architecture for mass customization. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 1999,10:3~20.
Xuehong Du,Jianxin Jiao,Mitchell M.Tseng. Architecture of product family for mass customization. ICMIT 2000, 2000:437~443.
Jianxin Jiao, Mitchell M.Tseng, Vincent G. Duffy, Fuhua Lin. Product family modeling for mass customization. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 1998,35:495~498.
Bart MacCarthy, Philip G. Brabazon, Johanna Bramham. Fundamental modes of operation for mass customization. International Journal of Production Economics, 2003,85: 289~304
薛鸿源,产品设计过程管理及其支持系统的研究与实践. 武汉:华中理工大学博士学位论文,1997.
刘清华,分布式环境下协同产品开发过程管理的研究与实践. 武汉:华中科技大学博士学位论文,2001.
M. Rezayat. The Enterprise-Web portal for life-cycle support. Computer-Aided Design, 2000, 32:85~96.
刘晋,沈春林. 供应链的一种形式化建模方法. 南京航空航天大学学报,2001,33(6):537~544.
Wen-Chieh Chuang, Remote collaborative product development in a product development chain, The University of Iowa,2001.
蒋新松,李伯虎,邓家緹,李武强,李芳芸. 并行工程产品开发过程的集成. 北京:兵器工业出版社,1994,8.
AitSahlia F, Johnson E, Will P. Is Concurrent Engineering Always a Sensible Proposition? IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 1995, 42(2):66~170.
Smith R P, Eppinger S D. Deciding between Sequential and Concurrent Tasks in Engineering Design. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Applications, 1998,6(1):15~25.
Krishnan V, Eppinger S D, Whitney, D E. A Model-based Framework to Overlap Product Development Activities. Management Science, 1997, 43(4):437~451.
李伟刚,莫蓉,杨海成,王增强.支持跨企业协同产品开发的过程模型. 计算机集成制造系统,2002,8(5):351~355.
Chun-Hsien Chen, Shih Fu Ling, Wei Chen. Project scheduling for collaborative product development using DSM. International Journal of Project Management, 2003,21:291~299.
Ji-Hong Yan, Cheng Wu. Scheduling approach for concurrent product development processes. Computers in Industry, 2001,46:139~147.
唐任仲, O. Mejab. 过程管理技术. 浙江大学学报(工学版), 2002,36(3):256~259.
周济,查建中,肖人彬. 智能设计. 北京:高等教育出版社,1997.
Y. Zeng, P. Gu.A science-based approach to product design theory Part I: formulation and formalization of design process. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 1999,15:331~339.
Y. Zeng, P. Gu. A science-based approach to product design theory Part II: formulation of design
requirements and products. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing,1999,15:341~352.
罗海滨,范玉顺,吴澄. 工作流技术综述. 软件学报,2000,11(7):899~907.
Hajo A. Reijers, Selma Limam, W.M.P. Van Der Aalst. Product-Based Workflow Design. Journal of Management Information Systems,2003,20(1):229~262.
Jose A.Ceroni, Shimon Y.Nof, A workflow model based on parallelism for distributed organizations. Journal Intelligent Manufacturing,2002,13:439~461.
Reza Ahmadi,Thomas A. Roemer,Robert H. Wang. Structuring product development processes. European Journal of Operational Research,2001,130:539~558.
钱西汉,吴峻松,王成焘.支持动态联盟的工作流管理及应用. 机械设计与制造工程,1999,28(5):28~31.
P.W.H. Chung, L. Cheung, J. Stader, P. Jarvis, J. Moore, A. Macintosh. Knowledge-based process management—an approach to handling adaptive workflow. Knowledge-Based Systems, 2003,16:149~160.
M.D.R.-Moreno, P.Kearney. Integrating AI planning techniques with workflow management system. Knowledge-Based System,2002,15:285~291.
Ha Bin Lee, Jong Woo Kim, Sung Joo Park. KWM: Knowledge-based Workflow Model for Agile Organization. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 1999,13:261~278.
Giovani Da Silveira,Denis Borenstein and Flavio S.Fogliatto. Mass Customization: Literature Review and Research Directions. International Journal of Production Economics, 2001,(6),1~13.
Xuehong Du, Jianxin Jiao, Mitchell M. Tseng. Graph Grammar Based Product Family Modeling. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Application,2002,10(2):113~129.
E. Feitzinger, H. Lee. Mass customization at Hewlett-Packard: The power of postponement. Harvard Business Review, 1997, (1),116~121.
S.Kotha. Mass customization: Implementing the emerging paradigm for competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 1995, (special edition), 21~42.
Freuder, E.C. The Role of Configuration Knowledge in the Business Process. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 1998, 13:29~31.
Renate Eisentraut, Universita¨t Bamberg, Lehrstuhl fur Psychologie. Styles of problem solving and their influence on the design process. Design Studies, 1999,20: 431~437.
Benoit G.Gauthier JR. Demand-based configuration of modular product architecture, PHD Thesis, University of Rhode Island, 2001.
Dieter Roller, Ingo Kreuz. Selecting and parameterising components using knowledge-based configuration and a heuristic that learns and forgets. Computer-Aided Design, 2003,35:1085~1098.
T.R.Gruber, G.R. Olsen, J.Runkel. The configuration design ontologies and the VT elevator domain theory. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,1996,44:569~598.
P. Lavency, M. Vanhoedenaghe. Knowledge based Configuration Management. Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1988,11: 83 ~92.
Ping Yi Chao,Tsung Te Chen. Analysis of assembly through product configuration. Computer in
Industry,2001,44:189~203.
Grigoris Antoniou,Volker Sperschneider. On the Verification of Modular Logical Knowledge Bases. Expert Systems With Application, 1995,8:351~357.
Boi Faltings,Rainer Weigel. Constraint-based knowledge representation for configuration systems. Lab. of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Switzerland, Technical Report No. TR-94/59.
S. M. Thompson. Configuration management-keeping it all together. BT Technology Journal, 1997,15:48~60.
Daniel Subin, Rainer Weigel. Product Configuration Framework-A Survey. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 1998,13:42~49.
Hiroya Inakoshi, Seishi Okamoto, Yuiko Ohta and Nobuhiro Yugami. Effective Decision Support for Product Configuration by Using CBR. Fujitsu Laboratories LTD. Technical Report.
Timo Soininen, Ilkka Nicmcla. Developing a Declarative Rule Language for Applications in Product Configuration. The Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Practical Aspect of Declarative Languages(PADL’99), 1999:305~319.
Alexander Felfernig, Gerhard Friedrich, Dietmar Jannach. Conceptual modeling for configuration of mass-customizable products. Artifical Intelligence in Engineering, 2001,15:165~176.
G?rel Hedin, Lennart Ohlsson, John McKenna. Product Configuration Using Object Oriented Grammars. In Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on System Configuration Management (SCM-8), Brussels, July 20-21, 1998. LNCS-1439, pp 107-126, Springer-Verlag.
Yin-Ho Yao, Amy J.C. Trappey. ISO10303 compatible data model and its applications for PC configuration management. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2000,16:339~352.
高奇微,莫欣农. 产品数据管理(PDM)及其实施. 北京:机械工业出版社,1998.
童秉枢,李建明. 产品数据管理(PDM)技术. 北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
童秉枢. 现代CAD技术. 北京:清华大学出版社,2000.
刘清华,万立,钟毅芳. 基于CORBA和Web的产品数据管理系统的体系结构研究. 计算机集成制造系统,2000,6(4):50~54.
Strowbridge,A. The implication of E-Business for product lifecycle management. PDM Implementation - Pains and Gains (Ref. No. 2000/054), IEE Seminar, 2000:411~413.
Troy J. Strader, Fu-Ren Lin, Michael J. Shaw. Information infrastructure for electronic virtual organization management. Decision Support Systems, 1998(23):75~94.
Soon Huat Lim, Neal Juster, Alan de Pennington. Enterprise modeling and integration: a taxonomy of seven key aspects. Computers In Industry, 1997(34): 339~359.
Park Kyung Hye, Favrel Joel. Virtual Enterprise – Information System and Networking Solution. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 1999(37): 441~444.
Pingtao Yan, MengChu Zhou, Donald Sebastian. An integrated product and process development methodology: Concept formulation. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 1999,15:201~210.
徐亚斌,产品开发过程建模的研究. 西安:西北工业大学博士学位论文,2000.
覃征,汪应洛,张磊,卫民堂,阎礼祥. 网络企业管理. 西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.
彭卫平,基于PDM的集成产品开发环境研究. 武汉:华中科技大学博士学位论文,2002.
P. Beynon-Davies, L. Bonde, D. Mcphee, C.B. Jones. A Collaborative Schema Integration System. Computer Supported Cooperative Work: The Journal of Collaborative Computing,1997,6:1~18.
Par Carlshamre, Bjorn Regnell. Requirements lifecycle management and release planning in market-driven requirements engineering process. Proceedings.of 11th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2000: 961~965.
Niklas Sundgren. Introducing Interface Management in New Product Family Development. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 1999,16:40~51.
蒋贵川,范玉顺,吴澄.动态联盟建盟过程模型与分析. 机械工程学报,2002,38(1),58~62.
Bjorn Fagerstrom, Mats Jackson. Efficient collaboration between main and sub-suppliers. Computers in Industry,2002,49:25~35.
Li Chen, Simon Li. Modeling Concurrent Product Design: A Multifunctional Team Approach. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Application,2000,8(3):183~197.
A. Gayretli, H.S. Abdalla. An object-oriented constraints-based system for concurrent product development. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 1999,15:133~144.
San Myint, M.T. Tabucanon. The framework for an expert system to generate alternative products in concurrent engineering design. Computers in Industry, 1998,37:125~134.
Zhengbong Shi. Inter-Organizational Information System Use In Supply Chain:Toward An Integration Of Competence Based And Transaction Cost Based Views Of The Firm, PHD Thesis, The University of Toledo, 2001.
曾宇波,蔡巍,庄小斌,刘成颖. 面向产品全生命周期的产品结构和配置管理系统构架. 企业信息化,2002,10:56~63.
P.Gu, S. Sosale. Product modularization for life cycle engineering. Robotics and Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 1999,15:387~401.
Javier P. Gonzalez-Zugasti, Kevin N. Otto. Modular Platform-based Product Family Design. Proceedings of DETC’00 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, 2000:1~11.
Juliana Hsuan. Impacts of supplier-buyer relationships on modularization in new product development. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 1999,5:197~209.
Saurabh Gupta, V. Krishnan. Product family-based assembly sequence design methodology. IIE Transactions, 1998,30:933~945.
Peter Lindsay, Anthony MacDonald, Mark Staples, Paul Strooper. A Framework for Subsystem-based Configuration Management. Proceedings of Software Engineering Conference in Australian, 2001: 275~284.
Reinhardt A. Botha, Jan H.P. Eloff. Access Control in Document-centric Workflow Systems –An Agent-based Approach. Computers & Security,2001,20(6):525~532.
G.Q. Huang, J. Huang, K.L. Mak. Eloff. Agent-based workflow management in collaborative
product development on the Internet. Computer-Aided Design,2000,32:133~144.
Yehuda E. Kalay, Lachmi Khemlani, JinWon Choi. An integrated model to support distributed collaborative design of buildings. Automation in Construction, 1998,7:177~188.
Dongming Xu, Huaiqing Wang. Multi-agent collaboration for B2B workflow monitoring. Knowledge-Based Systems,2002,15:485~491.
W.M.P. van der Aalst, A, Kumar. A reference model for team-enabled workflow management systems. Data & Knowledge Engineering,2001,38:335~363.
G. Fakas, B. Karakostas. A workflow management system based on intelligent collaborative objects. Information and Software Technology,1999,41:907~915.
Duen-Ren Liu, Minxin Shen. Workflow modeling for virtual processes:an order-preserving process-view approach. Information Systems,2003,28:505~532.
Hong Li, Theodore J. Williams. The interconnected chain of enterprises as presented by the Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture. Computers in Industry,2000,42:265~274.
董志斌,严隽薇,吴启迪. 企业过程建模体系的研究. 工业工程与管理,2002,1:40~44.
张晓东,柴跃廷,任守榘. 基于业务规则的事件驱动建模方法. 清华大学学报,1999,39(7):25~28.
杨志龙,何玉林,杜静.PDM过程管理的功能建模及参数化数学处理. 计算机工程与应用,2000,9:62~66.
A. Goh, Y.-K. Koh, D.S. Domazet. ECA rule-based support for workflows. Expert Systems with Applications, 2001,15:37~46.
Robert P Smith, Jeffrey A Morrow. Product development process modeling. Design studies, 1999,20:237~261.
祁国宁, Schottner J, 顾新建, 祁连, 韩永生. 从过程序列、过程链到过程流. 计算机集成制造系统,2001,7(10):13~18.
W.M.P. van der Aalst. Formalization and verification of event-driven process chains. Information and Software Technology,1999,41:639~650.
Shi-Jie Chen, Li Lin. A Project Task Coordination Model for Team Organization in Concurrent Engineering. Concurrent Engineering: Research and Application, 2002,10(3):187~203.
耿素云,屈婉玲,张立昂. 离散数学. 北京:清华大学出版社,1992.
Jeffrey M. Thompson, Mats P.E. Heimdahl. Extending the Product Family Approach to Support n-Dimensional and Hierarchical Product Lines. Proceedings.of Fifth IEEE International Symposium on Requirements Engineering, 2000:56 –64.
Lu Zhang, Hong Mei, Hong Zhu. A Configuration Management System Supporting Component-based Software Development. 25th Annual International Conference on Computer Software and Applications,2001:25~30.
Jeffrey B. Dahmus, Javier P. Gonzalez-Zugasti, Kevin N. Otto. Modular product architecture. Design Studies,2001,22: 409~424.
Fumihiko Kimura, Satoru Kato, Tomoyuki Hata,Takefumi Masuda. Product Modularization for Parts Reuse in Inverse Manufacturing. http://www.cim.pe.u-tokyo.ac.jp, 2001.
Sehyun Myung, Soonhung Han. Knowledge-based parametric design of mechanical products based on configuration design method. Expert Systems with Application, 2001,21:99~107.
Ronen I. Brafman, Joseph Y. Halpern, Yoav Shoham. On the knowledge requirements of tasks. Artificial Intelligence, 1998,98:317~349.
E.P. Gribomont, M.Lacroix, P.Lavency. Consistency of compatibility constraints in configuration management. CompEuro '88. 'Design: Concepts, Methods and Tools, 1988: 81~88.
Bocionek, S., Buchka, P., Schweiger, J. Generating expert systems for configuration tasks. Proceedings of 1990 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, 1990, 2:896~901.
Kramer, B.M. Knowledge-based configuration of computer systems using hierarchical partial choice. TAI '91 Third International Conference on Tools for Artificial Intelligence, 1991:368~375.
Z.H. Jiang, J.Q. Yan. Research and development on constraint-based product family design and assembly simulation. Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,139:257~262.
Oliver Hollmann, Thomas Wagner1, Andreas Guenter. EngCon: A Flexible Domain-Independent Configuration Engine. http://www.hitec-hh.de, 2001.
M.Heinrich, E.W.Jungst. A resource-based paradigm for the configuration of technical systems from modular componens. Proceedings of Seventh IEEE Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Applications, 1991:257~264.
Wolfgang Kuchlin,Carsten Sinz. Proving Consistency Assertions for Automotive Product Data Management. Journal of Automated Reasoning, 2000,24:145~163.
Amiya K., Chakravarty L., Nagraj Balakrishnan. Achieving product variety through optimal choice of module variations. IIE Transactions, 2001,33:587~598.
Surya Ramachandran, Yolanda Gil. Knowledge Acquisition for Configuration Tasks :The EXPECT Approach. http://wwwold.ifit.uni-klu.ac.at, 1999.
顾新建,金勇华,胡蓉等. 网上通用产品配置设计工具的研究. 计算机集成制造系统,2001,20(5):61~64.
Carsten Sinz, Andreas Kaiser, Wolfgang Kuchlin. SAT-based Consistency Checking Automotive Electronic Product Data. http://www-sr.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de, 2000.
K.Muller, H.J.Sebastian. Intelligent systems for engineering design and configuration problems. European Journal of Operational Research,1997,100:315~326.
韩晓建,邓家褆. 产品概念设计方案的评价方法. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2000,26(2):210~212.
Dong Jianhua, Xiao Tianyuan, Qiao Guixiu. Study on an Configuration Framework for Product Family. High Technology Letters, 2001,7(4):58~62.
U. Roy, S.S. Kodkani. Product modeling within the framework of the World Wide Web. IIE Transactions 1999,31:667~677.
P.W.H. Chung, Roger Goodwin. An integrated approach to representing and accessing design rationale. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 1998,11:149~159.
Alison McKay, Alan de Pennington, Jim Baxter. Requirements management: a representation scheme for product specications. Computer-Aided Design, 2001,33:511~520.
F.J. O’Donnell, K.J. Maccallum, T.D. Hogg, B.Yu. Product Structuring in a small Manufacturing Enterprise. Computer in Industry, 1996,31:281~292.
Lars Hvam. MA procedure for building product models. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,1999,15:77~87.
Warren I., Sommerville I. A model for dynamic configuration which preserves application integrity. Proceedings of Third International Conference on Configurable Distributed Systems, 1996:81~88.
张维明,朱承,曹泽文,刘震. 知识库系统建模框架. http://www.ccw.com.cn/produ, 2001.
窦万春,李东波,王玉,张世琪. 基于知识应用的数据挖掘技术理论分析与应用研究. 计算机集成制造系统,2000,4:65~69.
顾新建,祁国宁. 知识集成初探. 计算机集成制造系统,2000,2:8~13.
Schwille, J. Modeling Product and Process Characteristics in Software Configuration Management. IEEE First Euromicro Conference on Software Maintenance and Reengineering, 1997:25~32.
Sanja Vranes, Mladen Stanojevic. Design knowledge representation in Prolog/Rex. Engineering Applications of Artifcial Intelligence, 1999, 12:221~228.
Brian R. Gaines, Douglas H. Norrie, Andrew Z. Lapsley, Mildred L.G. Shaw. Knowledge Management for Distributed Enterprises. http://repgrid.com/reports, 2000.
Francis E.H. Tay, Jinxiang Gu. Product modeling for conceptual design support. Computers in Industry, 2002,48:143~155.
Laszlo Horvath, Imre J.Rudas. Attaching knowledge to product model for representation of human intent. Systems, IEEE International Conference on Computational Cybernetics and Simulation, 1997,2:1580~1585.
V. Devedzic. A survey of modern knowledge modeling techniques. Expert systems with applications, 1999,17:275~294.
Schreiber, G., Wielinga, B., & Hoog, R, CommonKADS: a comprehensive methodology for KBS development. IEEE Expert, 1994,9(6):28~37.
Honghua Dai, Heinz Schmidt, et al. Intelligent inference within objects using constraint rules. IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Processing Systems, 1997.
F.Mili, W.Shen, I.Martinez, Ph.Noel, M.Ram, E.Zouras. Knowledge modeling for design decisions, Artificial Intelligence in Engineering,2001,15:153~164.
Paul A.Rodgers, Nicholas H.M. Caldwell, P. John Clarkson, Avon P.Huxor. The management of concept design knowledge in modern product development organizations, International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 2001,14(1):108~115.
Leslie Monplaisir. An integrated CSCW architecture for integrated product/process design and development. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing,1999,15:145~153.
K.K.Leong, K.M. Yu, W,B, Lee. A security model for distributed product data management system. Computers in Industry,2003,50:179~193.
Edward C. Cheng.An object-oriented organizational model to support dynamic role-based access control in electronic commerce. Decision Support Systems, 2000,29:357~369.
Silvana Castano, Giancarlo Martella, Pierandela Samarati. Analysis,comparison and design of role-based security specifications. Data & Knowledge Engineering, 1997,21:31~55.
冯绍军,陈禹六. 系统集成的约束机理研究. 系统工程理论与实践,2002,5:19~25.
C.J. Anumba, O.O. Ugwu, L. Newnham, A. Thorpe. Collaborative design of structures using intelligent agents. Automation in Construction,2002,11:89~103.
李敏强,王琛,周静.CSCW系统中协同机制及协同活动模型. 系统工程与电子技术,2000,22(4):28~31.
Sylvia Osborn. Integrating role graphs: a tool for security integration. Data & Knowledge Engineering,2002,43:317~333.
Carlo Bellettini,Elisa Bertino,Elena Ferrari. Role Based Access Control Models. Information Security Technical Report, 2001,6(2):21~29.
Sejong Oh, Seog Park. Task-role-based access control model. Information Systems, 2003,28:533~562.
Gail-Joon Ahn, Seung-Phil Hongb, Michael E. Shin. Reconstructing a formal security model. Information and Software Technology,2002,44:649~657.
Weiming Shen, Rob Kremer, Mihaela Ulieru, Douglas Norrie. A collaborative agent-based infrastructure for Internet-enabled collaborative enterprises. International Journal of Production Research,2003,41(8):1621~1638.
刘志,高济.基于任务结构模型的多Agent产品并行开发体系. 计算机工程与应用,1999,12:4~10.
汪惠芬,张友良,张帆.协同开发环境中的CAD/CAM集成数据管理的实现. 计算机工程与应用,2001,24:119~122.