摘要
星敏感器是一种高精度的姿态测量仪器。具有自主导航能力的新一代星敏感器的显著特点是视场大,精度高,体积、质量、功耗不断减小。大相对孔径、宽光谱范围的光学系统已成为目前发展的趋势。本论文以新一代星敏感器为研究背景,以宽谱段、小视场、大相对孔径为研究对象,主要对星敏感器的光学系统部分进行了研究。
本文首先分析了星敏感器在国际、国内的发展趋势,并从星敏感器光学系统的特点出发,根据课题要求着重对摄远系统进行了研究。由于谱段较宽,色差难以校正,因此重点分析了光学系统的复消色差、玻璃材料的选择以及像差校正等特点,并初步选定了有利于消色差的光学材料。根据技术指标要求,使用CODE V软件确定了光学系统的结构型式。
其次,在确定了系统结构方案后,结合复消色差的设计方法分析了摄远系统前后透镜组的各级像差,在优化设计过程中确定了各光学元件的具体材料。利用多种成像质量指标对所设计的光学系统成像质量进行了评价。在确定系统结构之后,为了给系统的加工及装调提供依据,对系统进行了公差分配。为了使公差更加合理,采用离焦的方式对系统分配后的公差进行补偿,并作了误差分析。
最后,为了抑制进入光学系统的杂散光,有效地避免非目标光对系统成像质量的影响,用LightTools软件设计了光学系统的遮光罩,并在达到了消光要求的基础上,通过改变遮光罩的结构论证了实现轻量化的可行性。此外,为了减小空间环境的影响,设计出了镜筒,以完善系统结构。
Star sensor is a high precision instrument used for orientation measurement. Wide field, high precision, small volume and mass, less power consumption are distinct characters of new generation star sensor, which has self-navigation capability. Smaller F# and wider spectral coverage of optics of star sensor are the trends of development. Based on the background of new generation star sensor and research subject of wide spectral band, narrow field of view and small F#, we studied the optical system of star sensor.
Firstly, trend in development of star sensor was analyzed. In order to fulfill the task, characters of optical system in star sensor, especially telephoto system is discussed according to qualification. Characters of apochromatism, glass materials and correction of aberrations are analyzed. Primary materials of optical elements are chose in favor of correcting chromatic aberration. According to specifications requirements, optical system structure is selected.
Secondly, after designing of optical system scheme, a lot of aberrations coming from the front and rear parts of system are analyzed according to the method of apochromatism. Image quality of telephoto system is evaluated by several kinds of merits figure. For the sake of supplying technical measurement, system tolerance is allocated. To make tolerance more rational, using through focus we compensated tolerance and analyzed errors.
Finally, different kinds of baffles are designed using LightTools for restraining stray light and effectively avoiding non-objective effect on image quality of optical system. The possibility of light weight is argumented by changing structures of baffles whose requirement of extinction is satisfied. Furthermore, cylinders of lenses are designed to reduce the influence of space environment and perfect the total structure.
引文
1王晓东.大视场高精度星敏感器技术研究.中科院博士学位论文. 2003:7~l0
2李杰. APS星敏感器关键技术的研究.中科院博士学位论文. 2005:8~l2
3 Roelof W. H. van Bezooijen. Autonomous star tracker for geostationary satellites. Proc. SPIE. 2812:847~859
4 Liebe C. C. Star trackers for attitude. AES Magazine. 2003, 20(6):10~16
5 Allan Read Eisenma, Carl Christian Liebe. The new generation of autonomous star trackers. Proc. SPIE. 1997, 3221:524~535
6 John Leif Jorgensen, Andrew Pickles. Fast and robust pointing and tracking using a second generation of star tracker. Proc. SPIE. 1999, 3351:51~61
7车锦.天体敏感器技术的进展.航天控制. 1993, 45(3):102~105
8朱铮,过瑞英.星敏感器用导航星星表的建立.宇航学报. 1992, 10(4):33~35
9郝志航,刘金国.星敏感器在小卫星中的应用和发展.微小卫星和星座技术学术研讨会. 1999, 8
10袁家虎.导航星敏感器技术研究.四川大学博士论文. 2003:14~15
11张爱红,左保军,范志刚.紫外星敏感器的光学系统设计.哈尔滨工业大学学报. 2002, 34(3):13~16
12 J. L. Jorgensen. New generation of autonomous star tracker. Proc. SPIE. 2002, 3221:40~43
13洪新华,杨建峰.衍折射光学元件消二级光谱的设计.光学学报. 2004, 16(4):312~315
14崔庆丰.用二元光学元件实现复消色差.光学学报. 1994, 14(8):877~881
15姜会林.关于二级光谱问题的探讨.光学学报. 1981, 2(2):225~232
16袁旭沧.光学设计.北京:科学出版社. 1988:138~140
17崔庆丰,匡裕光.混合复消色差光学系统.光学学报. 1995, 10(3):431~433
18匡裕光.混合复消色差透镜组的设计原理.光学学报. 1995, 11(4):514~517
19许言强,宋连科,郑春红.二元复合式消色差补偿器的研究与测试.应用光学. 2005, 26(2):57~59
20钟萍华,胡玉禧,周绍祥.基于S_L图的复消色差方法.光子学报. 2004, 33(5):589~591
21崔庆丰,匡裕光.混合复消色差透镜组的设计原理.光学学报. 1995,15(4):499~503
22洪新华,陈立武,郑黎.基于衍/折射光学元件复消色差.激光杂志. 2003, 10(6):25~26
23卢欣. CCD星敏感器光学系统设计.控制工程. 1993, 17(5):9~17
24黄欣.星敏感器光学系统参数的确定.控制工程. 1999, (5):19~24
25箫泽新.工程光学设计.北京:电子工业出版社. 2003, 6:7~15
26常群.光学设计文集.北京:科学出版社. 1976:85~102
27李士贤,李林.光学设计手册.北京理工大学出版社, 1996:103~118
28葛振杰. 3D虚拟数字电视头盔显示系统的研制.长春理工大学硕士论文. 2005:37~40
29赵玉春.中长焦镜头的构造与像质.天文爱好者. 2003, 29(1):52~55
30陈立武,杨建峰,赵葆常.宽谱段折射式长焦光学镜头.光子学报. 2004,
33(9):1123~1125
31 R KinSlake. Lens Design Fundamentals. Beijing: Science Publishing Company. 1978:109~121
32吴峰.折反式大视场星敏感器光学系统的设计.苏州大学硕士论文. 2004:30~33
33 Robert P. Stray light technology overview of the 1980 decade (and a peek into the future). Proc. SPIE. 1990, 1331:2~7
34郝云彩,肖淑琴,王丽霞.星载光学遥感器消杂光技术现状与发展.中国空间科学技术. 1995, 15(3):40~42
35 Moldosanov, Kashirin, Skrynnikov. Black coatings for stray light and thermal control applications. Proc. SPIE. 2004, 4458:87~94
36 S. F. Nee. Overview of the reflection and scattering from optical blacks. Applied Optics. 2005, 31(10):1549~1550
37李晖,李英才.星载光学系统遮光罩消杂光结构优化设计方法. 2003, 25 (10):914~918
38卢卫,李展.星敏感器遮光罩的优化设计.导弹与航天运载技术. 2003, 25(3):47~50
39 John L. Stauder. Stray light comparison of off-axis and on-axis telescopes. Applied Optics.2000, 26(5):42~44
40李晖,李英才.一种简化杂光分析方法的数理模型.光子学报. 1996, 25(7):666~672
41张国玉,曹维国,高玉军.光学系统的杂散光的计算与分析方法.长春光学精密机械学院学报. 1995, 18(4):21
42王平阳,谈和平.用蒙特卡罗法数值模拟CCD相机的杂光.空间科学技术. 1999, 2:60~65
43夏新林,唐明.空间光学系统杂光的蒙特卡罗方法验证.哈尔滨工业大学学报. 1996, 28(4):26~28
44卢卫,李展.星敏感器中遮光罩设计及结果模拟.光电工程. 2004, 12~20
45岑兆丰,何志平,李晓彤.光纤光学的杂光分析模型.计算机工程与应用. 2003, 23:188~190
46 Kawano Hiroyuki, Sato Yukio, Mitani Kenji, Kanai Hirosh, Hama Kazumori. New light shielding technique for shortening the baffle length of a star sensor. Proc. SPIE. 2002, 4767:62~69
47 Mazy, Defise, Plesseria, optical monitoring camera stray-light design. Proc. SPIE. 1998, 3426:344~352
48 Moldosanov, Kashirin, Skrynnikov, Anisimova, Anisimov Kobtsov. Black coatings for stray light and thermal control application. Proc. SPIE. 2005, 4458:87~94
49唐勇,卢欣,郝云彩.星敏感器杂光抑制分析.航天控制, 2004, 22(3):58~61
50 Breault R P. techniques in stray radiation suppressions of stray light. Proc. SPIE. 1977, 107:21~23
51岑兆丰,何志平,张清泉等.光学系统中的杂光分析.光学仪器. 2004, 25(2):12~15
52 Jean Claude Perrin. Methods for rapid Evaluation of the stray light in Optical Systems. Proc. SPIE. 2004, 8:5429~5430
53 JIANG Jie, LI Xiao, ZHANG Guangjun, WEI Xinguo. Fast star tracking technology in star sensor. Proc. SPIE. 2006,10:6358~6360
54韩心志,吕咏.光学系统中杂散辐射的分析.红外与毫米波学报. 1994, 13(6):32~34
55王骞,张景旭.红外系统中杂散辐射的抑制方法.红外技术. 2002, 12(5):22~24
56黄强.空间光学系统的杂散光分析.红外. 2006, 27(1):26~33
57 Perrin, Jean Claude. Methods for rapid evaluation of the stray light in optical systems. The International Society for Optical Engineering. 2004, 5249:392~399
58 Buffington. Improved design for stray-light reduction with a hemispherical imager.Applied Optics. 2003, 16:2683~2686
59 Kawano, Sato, Mitani. New light shielding technique for shortening the baffle length of a star sensor. Proc. SPIE. 2003, 4767:62~69
60廖胜.光学系统杂光抑制研究.成都电子科技大学硕士论文. 2003:6~10
61 Steven R. Meier. Comparisons of the Optical, Surface, and Constituent Properties of Morphologically Variant Black Materials. Proc. SPIE. 2004, 5526:168~171