公司控制权转让的效率分析
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摘要
公司控制权转让行为,其实质是对较为稀缺的控制权资源进行重新配置的过程。对公司控制权转让行为进行效率评价,主要是看对这一资源的重新配置是否改善和提高了公司价值,从而增进了社会福利。
     在股权相对集中的公司,特别是存在大股东的公司中,传统的委托-代理分析框架不能对控制权转让提供合理的解释。取而代之的是公司控制权的“转让交易”理论,也就是说,公司控制权的转让被视为一种主动的交易行为。尽管当前的企业理论和兼并收购理论对这种交易的动机、条件、方式及其后果进行了一定程度的揭示,然而对这一交易的另一个重要方面,即交易效率方面则缺乏理论的分析与透视。本文力图从两方面弥补这一缺陷:一方面提出一个对公司控制权转让效率进行总体分析的框架;另一方面则利用这一框架对各种转让方式间的效率差异进行综合比较,力图得出对公司控制权转让实践有指导意义的结论。
     全文分上、下两篇,上篇为“公司控制权转让效率理论”。第一章在对公司控制权转让的基础与交易性质进行分析的基础上,对公司所有权结构与控制权转让方式进行了分类:与高度集中的所有权(NS结构)相对应的是控制权协议转让方式;与高度分散的所有权(NCS结构)相对应的是控制权转让的要约收购方式。将控制权转让的两种主要方式与控制权收益的两种类型结合起来,可以得出对公司控制权转让效率进行分析的总体框架。
     第二章提出一个NS结构下的一般性控制权转让模型,然后对其效率结果作出评价。
     第三章提出一个NCS结构下的一般性控制权转让模型,然后对其效率结果进行评价。
     第四章将上述两种结构下公司控制权的转让效率进行了综合比较并得出如下结论:第一,从出价范围方面来看,NS结构下的控制权转让出价范围比NCS结构下的范围大很多,其可能的结果是无论有效率的转让还是无效率的转让在NS结构下发生的可能性都远高于NCS结构。但在NCS结构下,对要约出价的要求明显高于NS结构,其可能的结果是大多数无效率的转让以及一些公司价值改善不高的有效率转让都被排除在发生的可能之外。第二,从促进有效率的控制权转让发生方面来看,同NCS结构相比,有相对较多的有效率的控制权转让在NS结构下发生。换句话说即有相对较少的有效率的控制权转让在NS结构下不能发生。第三,从防止无效率的控制权转让发生方面来看,大部分无效率的转让在NCS结构下都不可能发生,因此NCS结构要严格优于NS结构。第四,从预期效率成本比较方面来看,控制者间在攫取控制权私人收益方面的差异及其绝对水平以及相关变量的分布特点都对控制权转让的预期效率成本产生重大影响。本文的分析证明了从效率角度来看,虽然总
    
    体说米NCS结构要优了NS结构,但在一些特定条什卜,NS结构也会优了NCS结构。
     卜篇为“我国公司控制权转让的效率分析”。第五章对我国公司控制权转让的主流协议
    转让方式及其股权结构和政府行为基础进行了分析;第六章对我国公司控制权主流协议转让
    方式的效率和无效率问题进行评价;第七章为前两部分的延伸分忻,解释了效率较高的耍约
    收购方式在我国较少发生的体制和监管方面的原因。第八章对作为公司控制权转让特殊方式
    的“买壳上市”行为进行分析,并对其效率结果作出评价:最后一章提出了提高我国公司控
    制权转让效率的几点建议和设想。
     通过对公司控制权转让理论和我国公司控制权转让实践的综合分析,本文认为,我国公
    司控制权转让的总体效率较低,其原因较为复杂:既有股权结构方面的原因,也有政府行为
    方面的原因,还有法律和监管方面的原因。与此相对应,要提高我国公司控制权转让的效率,
    既要结合国有股减持优化上市公司股权结构,又要结合经济改革规范政府行为,还要结合完
    善法规体系提高执法效率。
The essence of transference of corPorate control is to reallocate the rare corporate control
    resources. Thus, the efficient evaluation of corporate control transference fOcuses on whether the
    resources reallocation has improved and increased corporate va1ue, and eventUally enhanced the
    social wealth.
    ln the corporations with relatively more concCntrated ownership, and particularly for those
    owned by large shareholders, the tfaditional principal-agent theory can not give satisfied
    explanations regarding the corporate control transference. lnsteadly, according to the "tfansferable
    trade" theory, the corporate control transference is interpreted as an active trading. Although the
    currently popular firm theories and M&A theories have paftly revealed the initiatives, conditions,
    ways and effects of the corporate control trading, it still lacks of theoretical analysis and'
    perspective on the trading efficiency -- one of the most imPofhat aspects conceming corporate
    control transference. The main purpose of this paPer is to offset the pitfalls mentioned above from
    two aspects: on one hand, to put forward an overall analytic skeleton on the corporate control
    trading efficiency, on the other, to conduct comPrehensive comparisons among the efficiency of
    different trading models by using the skeleton. As the result, my work tries to reach some
    conclusions that could guide the practices of corporate control tradings.
    This paPer comPrises of tWo sections. The first section is "The efficient theory of corporate
    control transference". Corporate ownership strUctUre and control transferable models are classified
    based upon the ana1ysis of the preconditions and quality of the corporate control transference in
    the first chapter: concentrated ownership structUre corresponds to the negotiable transferable
    model; dispersed ownership structure corresponds to the tender off model. After combining the
    two models and the two tapes of corporate control gains, we can get the overall analytic skeleton.
    In the second chapter, a general corporate control transference model in NS structure is put
    fOrward and the efficient effect is evaluated.
    ln the third chapter, a generaI corPorate control tran?ference model in NCS structure is'put
    fOrward and the efficient effect is evaluated.
    A variety of concIusions were reached in the fOurth chapter f first, the biding scope in NS
    structure is much larger than that in NCS structure, as a possibIe effect, both efficient and
    illcfficient tral1sferences aIC more 1ike1y to take p1ace in NS structure than in NCS structure.
    1loxvcver, in NCS structurc, most incf11cie11t tral1sfbre11ccs al1d some effic]cnt tral1sfCrcnces witl1
    lo\v corporate va1ue-in1proved lcvel wiIl 11ot take place because of t1lc higl1 bidding li111it. Second,
    li-onl tlle Poillt of vie'x ()f pron1otil1g t11c eflicic11t tra11sfCre11ces, NCS structure is bcttcr tI1an NS'
    l
    
    
    structure because there are relatively more efficient transferences taking place in NS structure than in NCS structure. Third, NCS structure is better than NS structure from the point of view of preventing the inefficient transferences, because almost all inefficient transferences can not take place in NCS structure. Finally, from the aspect of expecting efficient cost, the difference among controllers seizing the controlling private gains, the absolute level of seizure and the attribution of related variable imposes important effect on the expecting efficient cost of the corporate control transference.
    The second section is "The efficient analysis of corporate control transferences in China". The main model of corporate control transferences in China, the negotiable transferable model, and its foundation of ownership-structure and government-activity are analyzed in the fifth chapter. * *
    In the sixth chapter, a variety of efficient and inefficient transferable problems are put forward and appraised. The main body of the seventh chapter explains why there are fewer tender offs taking place fr
引文
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