超验主义与二元论：罗伯特·弗罗斯特诗歌的哲学研究
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摘要
罗伯特·弗罗斯特是20世纪美国最伟大的诗人之一，被誉为“美国的民族诗人”，是美国近代文坛的领军人物。在创作背景上，他的诗歌大多以新英格兰乡村为背景，具有浓郁的乡土气息和浪漫的田园风情，并且以神圣而美丽的大自然为依托，字里行间处处闪耀着哲学思辨的光芒。在创作理念上，他发扬了传统诗歌的优秀特质，并在其基础上进行了超越和创新，从而在更高角度、更深层次上形成了自己的超验美学，真正实现了传统诗歌向现代诗歌的过渡。在创作技巧上，他以简单、朴实的文字，向读者传递更为深邃的哲学思想，引领读者开启灵魂的大门，步入他丰富的精神世界。
本论文旨在从哲学层面深入探讨罗伯特·弗罗斯特诗歌中的超验主义、二元对立与统一主题和语言哲学问题。弗罗斯特是一个饱受争议的哲学诗人。由于受超验主义的影响，他完全生活在自己的情感世界里，尽管历尽磨难，他还是那样乐观,把自己的生活感受融入诗歌中。他的诗歌具有浓郁的超验主义色彩，弗罗斯特不仅能细细品味事物，掌握精髓，而且也能发现事物并透过现象揭示本质。因此，他的诗歌有着端庄凝重的形式，语句中洋溢着独特而富有魅力的睿智，语言辛辣讽刺且饱含高深的哲学韵味。弗罗斯特辩证地看待事物，正确对待生死离别。他那超凡脱俗的乐观精神也深深地影响着读者。同时，弗罗斯特将其哲学观点运用于生活，并借此建立起强大的精神世界。此外，他的诗歌强调自然界中存在两种物质实体，并且不断发展变化，在转化过程中相互促进，共同发展。本文阐述了他诗歌中的二元对立统一关系。语言哲学则是弗罗斯特诗歌中的另一哲学特征。本文指出：语言或言语表现出的不仅仅是字面上的意义，简单的语句背后蕴藏着更深刻的哲学内涵。
本文包括引言、主体三章和结语。
引言部分概述了弗罗斯特的生平，国内外对弗罗斯特的研究状况，他的文学成就，本文研究的主要内容，研究方法及论文的框架。
第一章主要论述弗罗斯特诗歌中的超验主义问题，他主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理。超验主义者认为，世界存在一种理想的精神实体，它能够超越经验和科学而通过直觉把握真理。本章运用超验主义理论分析弗罗斯特诗歌中的哲学特征，全面地探讨弗罗斯特诗歌中的超验主义诗学、人与自然的亲密性、遍及自然和人类的神性。弗罗斯特认为人与自然有着不可分割的亲密性，人与自然是一种相互作用的关系。自然给人类提供必要的保障，人类反过来改造自然，促进自然界更好地发展，为人类服务。
第二章系统地论述弗罗斯特诗歌中的二元对立统一主题。二元论者认为，世界的本源是意识和物质两个实体，意识超越物质而独立存在。本章旨在探索弗罗斯特诗歌中二元对立统一的哲学基础构筑。根据对立统一规律学说，世间一切事物都存在矛盾，矛盾无处不在，无时不有。矛盾即对立又统一，在一定条件下相互作用和相互转变。本文揭示了弗罗斯特诗歌中人与人以及人与社会之间的对立统一的辩证关系。
第三章着重研究弗罗斯特诗歌中的语言哲学问题。语言或言语在一般情况下表达语言本身的意义，而在某种特定情境下，语言表达的是特定的意义。弗罗斯特的诗歌运用声音理论、隐喻和象征、不可知论表述出他的语言哲学观点，增强了诗歌的哲学内涵，提高了诗歌的思想层次。弗罗斯特认为，诗歌是由诗歌语言传达意义，而诗歌语言本身就是一种声音，可以表达情感和反映情绪。在他的诗歌中，简单的诗句背后往往蕴藏着深刻的内涵。
结论部分总结了超验主义及二元论的对立统一关系。通过研究超验主义和探讨二元论在弗罗斯特诗歌作品中的表现作用，揭示了二者的哲学内涵，这对于读者了解弗罗斯特诗歌作品中的哲学思想具有重要意义。哲学理论与诗歌创作相互结合，提高了诗歌的美学价值和艺术感染力。本文认为，弗罗斯特使哲学思想与诗歌艺术巧妙结合，相辅相成，既表现了哲学思想，又提高了诗歌的美学价值，使哲学与诗歌形成了一个有机的整体。显然，两者的对立统一关系在诗歌中的巧妙运用极大地丰富了诗歌的内涵，因而备受读者青睐。
弗罗斯特将超验哲学和二元论运用于诗歌创作之中，深刻揭示人物的内心世界和预知预感，努力探索人物的心理发展过程。历史赋予了弗罗斯特作为哲学诗人的地位。尽管历史上曾有许多作家和诗人论述过诗歌哲学，但是很少有人像弗罗斯特那样表现得如此深刻。他用自己的亲身经历阐述人生哲理，寓意深刻，令人回味。本文充分肯定了他的创作成就和对诗歌哲学所做出的贡献。弗罗斯特不朽的诗篇已经成为人类丰富的文化遗产。
Robert Frost, one of the greatest American poets of the20thcentury, is honored asan American national poet and as an outstanding leader of American literary circlesin modern times. In his poems he frequently employs New England settings to presentstrong rural flavors and romantic idyllic tastes with a philosophical connotationpresented in his vivid descriptions of nature. Concerning the method and content ofhis writing, Frost not only makes full use of traditional poetic writing techniques butalso brings forth new ideas and finally develops his own view of transcendentalpoetics at a higher perspective and a deeper level than most other poets. Hence Frostrealized a transition from a traditional poetic view to a modern one. Frost s writingtechnique conveys an insightful philosophical essence to his readers through hissimple and plain words, guiding readers to explore his poetry and to enter into hismarvelous spiritual world.
This dissertation aims to study the themes of transcendentalism, dualisticopposition and unity, and the philosophy of language in Robert Frost’s poetry. Frostis a controversial philosophical poet. Due to the influence of transcendentalism, helived entirely in his own emotional world. Although his life was difficult, Frostremained optimistic in writing about his life through poetry, with his writingdisplaying a strong sense of transcendentalism. Frost exhibited an ability to pondertopics, grasp their essence, and eventually reveal their truth through physicalphenomena. His poems are of a dignified form, with his poetic lines characterized bya unique, charming use of wise sayings, ironic humor, and profound philosophicalideas. Frost treats life issues dialectically, converting sorrows into strengths anddisplaying a positive attitude towards life owing to his extraordinary, inspiringlyoptimistic spirit. Moreover, he applies philosophy to his life in his poetry andconsequently builds a strong spiritual world.
Additionally, Frost’s poetry emphasizes the existence of two entities in thenatural world that constantly change and develop. In the process of mutual interaction,these entities gain mutual development. The inherent relationships in this dualistic opposition and unity, as well as in the philosophy of language, are important featuresof Frost’s poetry. This dissertation argues that language or parole, expresses not onlysuperficial meanings but, on certain occasions, allows simple sentences, like thoseused by Frost, to convey profound philosophical significance.
This dissertation contains an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion.
The Introduction briefly introduces Frost s life experiences, provides a study onFrost at home and abroad, and describes Frost s literary achievements. This isfollowed by a summary of the main points of this study, its research methodology,and the dissertation s outline.
Chapter One features an in-depth research on transcendentalist theory, whichclaims that man can surpass sense and possess enough rationality to know the truthdirectly. Transcendentalists believe that there is a realistic spiritual entity in the worldthat can surpass human experience as well as science, thereby mastering the truththrough intuition. This chapter uses transcendentalist theory to analyze thephilosophical characteristics in Frost s poems and to extensively discuss thetranscendentalist poetics of his writing, the intimacy between humans and nature, andthe divinity that pervades nature and humans. Frost believes that there is an intimacybetween man and nature an interactive and affinitive relationship of great integrity,where nature provides enough necessities for human beings who in turn transformnature and promote its capacity to effectively serve humanity.
Chapter Two incorporates a systematic study of dualistic theory, which posits thatthe origin of the world is composed of two entities, spirit and matter, with spiritsurpassing matter and existing independently. This chapter examines thephilosophical theory of opposition and unity in Frost s poetry. According to dualistictheory, constant contradictions exist everywhere and in everything in the world. Theworld s oppositions and unities create mutual interactions and changes under certainconditions. This chapter reveals that Frost s poetry contains such dialecticaloppositions and unity in its depictions of the relationships between man and man aswell as man and society.
Chapter Three introduces the theory of the philosophy of language in Frost s poetry. Generally, language expresses the meaning of language itself, but in particularsituations, this expression takes on a particular significance. In Frost s poetry, forexample, the theory of the sound of senses, metaphors and symbols, and agnosticismare all employed to illustrate his philosophy of language. Frost believes that poetryutilizes vocabulary to convey meanings, with language itself being a voice which canexpress emotions and moods, with simple words implying complex meanings.
The Conclusion summarizes transcendentalist philosophy and the dualisticrelationships of opposition and unity and how these theories function in Frost s poetry,revealing its significant philosophical connotations, while also affirming Frost s lifeaccomplishments, his philosophical contributions to poetry, and the enduring qualityof his writing. Frost s combination of philosophy with poetry elevates the aestheticvalue and artistic infectivity of his work. By sophisticatedly combining philosophywith poetry, Frost forms a supplementary relationship between the two subjects thatnot only reveals his philosophical thinking but also elevates the aesthetic value of hispoetry to an organically philosophical-poetic whole.
Frost s application of transcendentalism and dualism in his poetry reflects thepsychological development process through the presentiment of his poems characters.While other writers and poets in history have written philosophical poetry, no one hasarguably achieved the magnitude reached by Frost, who takes philosophy from his lifeexperience and expounds meanings of such profundity that an enlightened aftertasteremains long after the poems have been read. Frost s philosophical contributions inpoetry are among his greatest achievements, allowing his work to become immortal asan important cultural heritage for human beings.
本论文旨在从哲学层面深入探讨罗伯特·弗罗斯特诗歌中的超验主义、二元对立与统一主题和语言哲学问题。弗罗斯特是一个饱受争议的哲学诗人。由于受超验主义的影响，他完全生活在自己的情感世界里，尽管历尽磨难，他还是那样乐观,把自己的生活感受融入诗歌中。他的诗歌具有浓郁的超验主义色彩，弗罗斯特不仅能细细品味事物，掌握精髓，而且也能发现事物并透过现象揭示本质。因此，他的诗歌有着端庄凝重的形式，语句中洋溢着独特而富有魅力的睿智，语言辛辣讽刺且饱含高深的哲学韵味。弗罗斯特辩证地看待事物，正确对待生死离别。他那超凡脱俗的乐观精神也深深地影响着读者。同时，弗罗斯特将其哲学观点运用于生活，并借此建立起强大的精神世界。此外，他的诗歌强调自然界中存在两种物质实体，并且不断发展变化，在转化过程中相互促进，共同发展。本文阐述了他诗歌中的二元对立统一关系。语言哲学则是弗罗斯特诗歌中的另一哲学特征。本文指出：语言或言语表现出的不仅仅是字面上的意义，简单的语句背后蕴藏着更深刻的哲学内涵。
本文包括引言、主体三章和结语。
引言部分概述了弗罗斯特的生平，国内外对弗罗斯特的研究状况，他的文学成就，本文研究的主要内容，研究方法及论文的框架。
第一章主要论述弗罗斯特诗歌中的超验主义问题，他主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理。超验主义者认为，世界存在一种理想的精神实体，它能够超越经验和科学而通过直觉把握真理。本章运用超验主义理论分析弗罗斯特诗歌中的哲学特征，全面地探讨弗罗斯特诗歌中的超验主义诗学、人与自然的亲密性、遍及自然和人类的神性。弗罗斯特认为人与自然有着不可分割的亲密性，人与自然是一种相互作用的关系。自然给人类提供必要的保障，人类反过来改造自然，促进自然界更好地发展，为人类服务。
第二章系统地论述弗罗斯特诗歌中的二元对立统一主题。二元论者认为，世界的本源是意识和物质两个实体，意识超越物质而独立存在。本章旨在探索弗罗斯特诗歌中二元对立统一的哲学基础构筑。根据对立统一规律学说，世间一切事物都存在矛盾，矛盾无处不在，无时不有。矛盾即对立又统一，在一定条件下相互作用和相互转变。本文揭示了弗罗斯特诗歌中人与人以及人与社会之间的对立统一的辩证关系。
第三章着重研究弗罗斯特诗歌中的语言哲学问题。语言或言语在一般情况下表达语言本身的意义，而在某种特定情境下，语言表达的是特定的意义。弗罗斯特的诗歌运用声音理论、隐喻和象征、不可知论表述出他的语言哲学观点，增强了诗歌的哲学内涵，提高了诗歌的思想层次。弗罗斯特认为，诗歌是由诗歌语言传达意义，而诗歌语言本身就是一种声音，可以表达情感和反映情绪。在他的诗歌中，简单的诗句背后往往蕴藏着深刻的内涵。
结论部分总结了超验主义及二元论的对立统一关系。通过研究超验主义和探讨二元论在弗罗斯特诗歌作品中的表现作用，揭示了二者的哲学内涵，这对于读者了解弗罗斯特诗歌作品中的哲学思想具有重要意义。哲学理论与诗歌创作相互结合，提高了诗歌的美学价值和艺术感染力。本文认为，弗罗斯特使哲学思想与诗歌艺术巧妙结合，相辅相成，既表现了哲学思想，又提高了诗歌的美学价值，使哲学与诗歌形成了一个有机的整体。显然，两者的对立统一关系在诗歌中的巧妙运用极大地丰富了诗歌的内涵，因而备受读者青睐。
弗罗斯特将超验哲学和二元论运用于诗歌创作之中，深刻揭示人物的内心世界和预知预感，努力探索人物的心理发展过程。历史赋予了弗罗斯特作为哲学诗人的地位。尽管历史上曾有许多作家和诗人论述过诗歌哲学，但是很少有人像弗罗斯特那样表现得如此深刻。他用自己的亲身经历阐述人生哲理，寓意深刻，令人回味。本文充分肯定了他的创作成就和对诗歌哲学所做出的贡献。弗罗斯特不朽的诗篇已经成为人类丰富的文化遗产。
Robert Frost, one of the greatest American poets of the20thcentury, is honored asan American national poet and as an outstanding leader of American literary circlesin modern times. In his poems he frequently employs New England settings to presentstrong rural flavors and romantic idyllic tastes with a philosophical connotationpresented in his vivid descriptions of nature. Concerning the method and content ofhis writing, Frost not only makes full use of traditional poetic writing techniques butalso brings forth new ideas and finally develops his own view of transcendentalpoetics at a higher perspective and a deeper level than most other poets. Hence Frostrealized a transition from a traditional poetic view to a modern one. Frost s writingtechnique conveys an insightful philosophical essence to his readers through hissimple and plain words, guiding readers to explore his poetry and to enter into hismarvelous spiritual world.
This dissertation aims to study the themes of transcendentalism, dualisticopposition and unity, and the philosophy of language in Robert Frost’s poetry. Frostis a controversial philosophical poet. Due to the influence of transcendentalism, helived entirely in his own emotional world. Although his life was difficult, Frostremained optimistic in writing about his life through poetry, with his writingdisplaying a strong sense of transcendentalism. Frost exhibited an ability to pondertopics, grasp their essence, and eventually reveal their truth through physicalphenomena. His poems are of a dignified form, with his poetic lines characterized bya unique, charming use of wise sayings, ironic humor, and profound philosophicalideas. Frost treats life issues dialectically, converting sorrows into strengths anddisplaying a positive attitude towards life owing to his extraordinary, inspiringlyoptimistic spirit. Moreover, he applies philosophy to his life in his poetry andconsequently builds a strong spiritual world.
Additionally, Frost’s poetry emphasizes the existence of two entities in thenatural world that constantly change and develop. In the process of mutual interaction,these entities gain mutual development. The inherent relationships in this dualistic opposition and unity, as well as in the philosophy of language, are important featuresof Frost’s poetry. This dissertation argues that language or parole, expresses not onlysuperficial meanings but, on certain occasions, allows simple sentences, like thoseused by Frost, to convey profound philosophical significance.
This dissertation contains an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion.
The Introduction briefly introduces Frost s life experiences, provides a study onFrost at home and abroad, and describes Frost s literary achievements. This isfollowed by a summary of the main points of this study, its research methodology,and the dissertation s outline.
Chapter One features an in-depth research on transcendentalist theory, whichclaims that man can surpass sense and possess enough rationality to know the truthdirectly. Transcendentalists believe that there is a realistic spiritual entity in the worldthat can surpass human experience as well as science, thereby mastering the truththrough intuition. This chapter uses transcendentalist theory to analyze thephilosophical characteristics in Frost s poems and to extensively discuss thetranscendentalist poetics of his writing, the intimacy between humans and nature, andthe divinity that pervades nature and humans. Frost believes that there is an intimacybetween man and nature an interactive and affinitive relationship of great integrity,where nature provides enough necessities for human beings who in turn transformnature and promote its capacity to effectively serve humanity.
Chapter Two incorporates a systematic study of dualistic theory, which posits thatthe origin of the world is composed of two entities, spirit and matter, with spiritsurpassing matter and existing independently. This chapter examines thephilosophical theory of opposition and unity in Frost s poetry. According to dualistictheory, constant contradictions exist everywhere and in everything in the world. Theworld s oppositions and unities create mutual interactions and changes under certainconditions. This chapter reveals that Frost s poetry contains such dialecticaloppositions and unity in its depictions of the relationships between man and man aswell as man and society.
Chapter Three introduces the theory of the philosophy of language in Frost s poetry. Generally, language expresses the meaning of language itself, but in particularsituations, this expression takes on a particular significance. In Frost s poetry, forexample, the theory of the sound of senses, metaphors and symbols, and agnosticismare all employed to illustrate his philosophy of language. Frost believes that poetryutilizes vocabulary to convey meanings, with language itself being a voice which canexpress emotions and moods, with simple words implying complex meanings.
The Conclusion summarizes transcendentalist philosophy and the dualisticrelationships of opposition and unity and how these theories function in Frost s poetry,revealing its significant philosophical connotations, while also affirming Frost s lifeaccomplishments, his philosophical contributions to poetry, and the enduring qualityof his writing. Frost s combination of philosophy with poetry elevates the aestheticvalue and artistic infectivity of his work. By sophisticatedly combining philosophywith poetry, Frost forms a supplementary relationship between the two subjects thatnot only reveals his philosophical thinking but also elevates the aesthetic value of hispoetry to an organically philosophical-poetic whole.
Frost s application of transcendentalism and dualism in his poetry reflects thepsychological development process through the presentiment of his poems characters.While other writers and poets in history have written philosophical poetry, no one hasarguably achieved the magnitude reached by Frost, who takes philosophy from his lifeexperience and expounds meanings of such profundity that an enlightened aftertasteremains long after the poems have been read. Frost s philosophical contributions inpoetry are among his greatest achievements, allowing his work to become immortal asan important cultural heritage for human beings.
引文
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Mishra, Rajendra Nath. Search For Belief In The Poetry Of Robert Frost [M]. NewDelhi: Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications,1992.
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Parini, Jay, Miller, Brett. The Columbia History of American Poetry [M] Beijing:Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press,2005.
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Sunil Kumar Sarker. W. b. Yeats Poetry And Plays [M]. New Delhi: AtlanticPublishers and Distributors,2002.
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江枫.弗罗斯特诗选[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012.
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李维屏.乔伊斯的美学思想和小说艺术[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
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Frost, Robert. The Collected Prose of Robert Frost [M]. Cambridge: The BelknapPress,2009.
Gelpi, Albert. A Coherent Splendor, The American Poetic Renaissance [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1987.
Greiner. Robert Frost: The Poet and His Critics [M]. Chicago: American LibraryAssociation,1976.
Hill, Thomas. Contemporary Theories of Knowledge [M]. New York: Ronald PressCo.,1961.
Howarth, Herbert. Frost in a Period Setting, The Southern Review: Robert Frost [J].Lewis P. Simpson and Donald E. Stanford,1966.
Irving, Clarence. The Pragmatic Element of Knowledge [M]. Los Angeles：Universityof California Publications in Philosophy,1926.
Isaacs, Elizabeth. An Introduction to Robert Frost [M]. Pennsylvania: Haskell HousePublishers,1962.
Kumar, Shivk. British Victorian Literature Critical Assessments [M]. New Delhi:Atlantic Publishers and Distributors,2002.
Katz, Sandra L. and Frost, Elinor. A Poet’s Wife [M]. Michigan: Institute forMassachusetts Studies, Westfield State College,1988.
Kyle, Carol Anne. Epistemological Dualism in the Poetry of Robert Frost [D]. AnnArbor, Michigan: UMI,1969.
Lane, Millicent Travis. Agnosticism as Technique: Robert Frost’s Poetic Style [D].Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI,1967.
Lehman, David. The Oxford Book of American Poetry [M]. Middle Town：WesleyanUniversity Press,2006.
Leighton, Angela. Shelley and the Sublime: An Interpretation of the Major Poems [M].Cambridge：Cambridge University Press,1984.
Lovejoy, Arthur O. The Revolt Against Dualism [M]. Chicago: The Open CourtPublishing Company,1930.
Lovejoy, Arthur O. The Revolt Against Dualism: An Inquiry Concerning the Existenceof Ideas [M]. New York: Norton,1930.
Maheswari, M. Uma. Robert Frost’s Major Themes–Study [J]. IRWLE VOL.4No. II,2008[7],141-160.
Malloch, Theodore Roosevelt; Massey, Scott T. Renewing American Culture: ThePursuit of Happiness [M]. Houston: M&M Scrivener Press,2006.
Mastendino, Alfred Charles. Dualism in the Poetry of Robert Frost [D]: Ann Arbor,Michigan: UMI,1971.
Matthiessen, Francis Otto. American Renaissance, London, Toronto, New York:Oxford UP,1964,133-134.
McCorkle, James. Conversant Essays: Contemporary Poets on Poetry [M], Michigan:Wayne State University Press,1990.
McGinley, Jerry. Miles To Go Before I Sleep [M]. Lake Tahoe: Fiction Works,2003.
Meyers, Jeffrey. Robert Frost: A Biography [M]. Michigan：University of Michigan,1996.
Mishra, Rajendra Nath. Search For Belief In The Poetry Of Robert Frost [M]. NewDelhi: Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications,1992.
Moore, Andy Johnson. Topical Philosophy of Robert Frost: Science, Politics, SocialPhilosophy, Education [D]. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI,1973
Oster, Judith. Toward Robert Frost: The Reader and the Poet [M]. Athens：TheUniversity of Georgia Press,1994.
Parini, Jay, Miller, Brett. The Columbia History of American Poetry [M] Beijing:Foreign Languages Teaching and Research Press,2005.
Paton, Priscill. Abandoned New England: Landscape in the Works of Homer, Frost,Hopper, Wyeth, and Bishop [M]. Hanover and London: University Press of NewEngland,2003.
Phillips. Ralph Waldo Emerson Essays Second Series [M]. Boston: SampsonCompany,2004.
Poirier, Richard and Richardson, Mark. Robert Frost: Collected Poems, Prose, andPlays[M]. New York: Library of America,1997.
Poirier, Richard. Robert Frost: The Work of Knowing [M]. Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress,1977.
Pritchard, William H. Frost A Literary Life Reconsidered [M]. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press,1993.
Runes, Dagobert D. The Dictionary of Philosophy [M]. New York: PhilosophicalLibrary,1942.
R. W. B. Lewis. The American Adam: Innocence, Tragedy, and Tradition in theNineteen Century [M]. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press,1965.
Sacks, Kenneth. Emerson Political Writings [M]. Cambridge University Press,2009.
Sanders, David. A Divided Poet: Robert Frost, North of Boston, and the Drama ofDisappearance [M]. Rochester: Camden House,2011.
Smythe, Daniel. Robert Frost Speaks [M]. Michigan: Twayne Publishers,1964.
Stanlis, Peter J. In the Clearing: Continuity and Unity in Frost’s Dualism [J].Humanitas2005,68.
Stanlis, Peter J. Robert Frost: The Poet as Philosopher [M]. Wilmington: ISI Books,2007.
Sunil Kumar Sarker. W. b. Yeats Poetry And Plays [M]. New Delhi: AtlanticPublishers and Distributors,2002.
Tharpe, Jac and Ferris, William R. Frost–Centennial Essays II, Mississippi:University Press of Mississippi,1971.
Thoreau, David Henry. Walden [M]. Boston: Beacon Press，2010.
Thoreau, Henry David. Walden Bonus: Thoreau’s Essay: on the Duty of CivilDisobedience [M]. Arc Manor,2007.
Timmerman, John H. Robert Frost: The Ethics of Ambiguity [M]. Cranbury:Rosemont Publishing&Printing Corp,2002.
Tuten, Nancy L. and Zubizarreta, J. The Robert Frost Encyclopedia [M]. West Port：Greenwood Press,2000.
Waggoner, Hyatt H. The Humanistic Idealism of Robert Frost [J]. American Literature,March,1941.
Waggoner, Hyatt H. The Modern Temper [J]. South Atlantic Quarterly, July,1938.
Wilcox, Earl J. and Barron, Jonathan N. Roads Not Taken: Rereading Robert Frost[M]. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press,2000.
William, Gilman. Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson [M]. New York: NewAmerican Library,1965.
William, James. A Pluralistic Universe [M]. New York: Longmans, Green and Co.,1909.
William, James. The Meaning of Truth: A Sequel to Pragmatism [M]. New York:Longmans, Green and Co.,1909.
William, James. Pragmatism: A New Name for Some Old Ways of Thinking [M]. NewYork: Longmans, Green and Co.,1907.
William, Stanley Jevons. The Principles of Science: A Treatise on Logic and ScientificMethod Macmillan, New York: Macmillan and Co.1883.
Winters, Yvor. Robert Frost, or the Spiritual Drifter as Poet, The Sewanee Review [J].LVI, Autumn1948,564.
Yalom, Irvin D.. Existential psychotherapy [M]. New York: Health CommunicationsInc.,1980.
冯翠华.英语修辞大全[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005.
黄任.英语修辞与写作[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004.
江枫.弗罗斯特诗选[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2012.
李维屏.英美意识流小说[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，1996.
李维屏.英美现代主义文学概观[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1998.
李维屏.乔伊斯的美学思想和小说艺术[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2000.
刘守兰.英美名诗解读[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2006.