加州旅游业发展的历史考察（1960-1980）
摘要
旅游业是当代发达国家服务业发展中的重要组成部分，其发达程度和水平，在很大程度上反映了社会经济进入发达阶段后，人们追求生活方式的走向。美国是当代发达国家之一，其旅游业的发展历程，在一定程度上反映了美国发达的社会管理机制及与之相适应的国民生活水平和方式。加州是美国人口最大的州，也是旅游业资源非常丰富的州。研究美国加州旅游业的发展演变，了解其阶段性特征，总结和汲取美国政府在促进旅游、保护生态环境和生态资源方面的经验和教训，对加深认识民众对旅游休闲与文化娱乐的需求，特别是追求与大自然融为一体的本性理念，具有普遍性的价值和意义。
本文以国内外研究成果为基础，以加州旅游业发展为线索，结合美国历史的背景和加州的历史，将加州的旅游业按照四个章节进行论述。第一章主要通过对加州从加入美国联邦大家庭的时候开始，到20世纪30年代末期的整体发展做以简要勾勒，然后重点分析加州旅游业的兴起与发展过程，缕析加州早期旅游业发展的制约因素及其与加州在不同时期的整体的经济发展的联系，为第二章的主题分析起到一个铺垫性的作用。第二章重点分析战后美国和加州经济的结构性变迁，并以此为背景，用大部分篇幅来分析战后至80年代美国旅游业的发展概况，然后重点分门别类地论述加州各地的旅游资源开发的条件和原因，突出人们生活方式的发展变化及其对旅游业的要求。第三章重点分析加州旅游业的发展历程，通过与美国其他州旅游业的发展进行比较，来彰显加州旅游业的发展特点及其整体水平与美国其他州的旅游业的发展差距，指出20世纪60年代到80年代加州旅游业发展的地域性特征。同时，文中还就这个时段加州游客的类型、来源特征、参观景点类型等问题进行解析。第四章主要是分析加州旅游业发展的意义和影响，包括旅游业作为“出口型”产业的性质和意义，旅游资源开发的双重性效应及旅游业发展的经济联动效应等。最后是结语部分，用概括性的语言，在总结全文的基础上，提炼论文中的思想和观点，以画龙点睛的方式，凸显加州旅游业发展过程中的经验教训，提出值得进一步研究的问题及理论性思考，指出对中国发展旅游业的借鉴价值和启示。
Tourism is an indispensabale part in service industry in the United States. Itreflects the nation’s lifestyle of majority of people. With the development of theglobal economy, the growth of recreational awareness, and the rapid advancementof transportation after World War II, American tourism moved into a period ofpopular tourism and its economic and social impact became increasingly obvious.
California, occupying the largest population in the United States, itsgovernmental and corporate leaders, seeking to promote tourist industry,embarked upon an ambitious program of physical renewal of tourism in the yearsafter World War II. This dissertation examines the growth of tourism as a strategyfor downtown renewal in California by employing a great deal of raredeclassified documents and some second-handed book for reference. Thepurpose is to trace the development and changing of tourism in California, toreveal how tourism influences the california’s economy, and as a result, tohighlight the role of tourism in economy and provides reference for thedevelopment of some tourist districts in China.
Arrangement of Contents is as the following:The preface lays out theorigins and make up of the materials and analyzed the related study and data; theopening section introduces the early development of California’s tourism, itcontains the regional natural geographical features, its early history, its initialprominence and its establishment and development as a national state; the secondsection highlights the principal components of California's high road todevelopment in tourism after world war II. It details the objective opportunitiesfor the rise of tourism, the active promotion and strategic positioning forcalifornia’s economy by federal or state’s elites, and the primary channels oftourism; The third part provides the tourism’s progress and periodic features; thefourth section sums up the significant impact of tourism upon the overalleconomy and development in California; the concluding section reviews andsummarize the viewpoints of the dissertation.
本文以国内外研究成果为基础，以加州旅游业发展为线索，结合美国历史的背景和加州的历史，将加州的旅游业按照四个章节进行论述。第一章主要通过对加州从加入美国联邦大家庭的时候开始，到20世纪30年代末期的整体发展做以简要勾勒，然后重点分析加州旅游业的兴起与发展过程，缕析加州早期旅游业发展的制约因素及其与加州在不同时期的整体的经济发展的联系，为第二章的主题分析起到一个铺垫性的作用。第二章重点分析战后美国和加州经济的结构性变迁，并以此为背景，用大部分篇幅来分析战后至80年代美国旅游业的发展概况，然后重点分门别类地论述加州各地的旅游资源开发的条件和原因，突出人们生活方式的发展变化及其对旅游业的要求。第三章重点分析加州旅游业的发展历程，通过与美国其他州旅游业的发展进行比较，来彰显加州旅游业的发展特点及其整体水平与美国其他州的旅游业的发展差距，指出20世纪60年代到80年代加州旅游业发展的地域性特征。同时，文中还就这个时段加州游客的类型、来源特征、参观景点类型等问题进行解析。第四章主要是分析加州旅游业发展的意义和影响，包括旅游业作为“出口型”产业的性质和意义，旅游资源开发的双重性效应及旅游业发展的经济联动效应等。最后是结语部分，用概括性的语言，在总结全文的基础上，提炼论文中的思想和观点，以画龙点睛的方式，凸显加州旅游业发展过程中的经验教训，提出值得进一步研究的问题及理论性思考，指出对中国发展旅游业的借鉴价值和启示。
Tourism is an indispensabale part in service industry in the United States. Itreflects the nation’s lifestyle of majority of people. With the development of theglobal economy, the growth of recreational awareness, and the rapid advancementof transportation after World War II, American tourism moved into a period ofpopular tourism and its economic and social impact became increasingly obvious.
California, occupying the largest population in the United States, itsgovernmental and corporate leaders, seeking to promote tourist industry,embarked upon an ambitious program of physical renewal of tourism in the yearsafter World War II. This dissertation examines the growth of tourism as a strategyfor downtown renewal in California by employing a great deal of raredeclassified documents and some second-handed book for reference. Thepurpose is to trace the development and changing of tourism in California, toreveal how tourism influences the california’s economy, and as a result, tohighlight the role of tourism in economy and provides reference for thedevelopment of some tourist districts in China.
Arrangement of Contents is as the following:The preface lays out theorigins and make up of the materials and analyzed the related study and data; theopening section introduces the early development of California’s tourism, itcontains the regional natural geographical features, its early history, its initialprominence and its establishment and development as a national state; the secondsection highlights the principal components of California's high road todevelopment in tourism after world war II. It details the objective opportunitiesfor the rise of tourism, the active promotion and strategic positioning forcalifornia’s economy by federal or state’s elites, and the primary channels oftourism; The third part provides the tourism’s progress and periodic features; thefourth section sums up the significant impact of tourism upon the overalleconomy and development in California; the concluding section reviews andsummarize the viewpoints of the dissertation.
引文
①State of California Department of Economic and Business Development, Office of Tourism, The EconomicImpact of Travel on California Counties1982, U.S. Travel Data Center, Executive Summary, p.1,1984.
②U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.12.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.13.
②Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89： A RegionalTourism Model”Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986, p.420.
①Dean MacCannel, The tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York,1976.
②Valene Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia,1977.
③Alma Gottlieb,“American’s Vacations”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.9,1982, pp.165-187.
④John J Pilgram,“Environmental Implications of Tourism Development”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.4,1980, pp.554-583.
⑤Graham M. S. Dann,“The Psychology of Leisure Travel”, Annals of Tourism Research,1983, pp.286-289.
⑥Thomas Weiss, Tourism in America Before World War II, New York: Grosset&Dunlap.1977.
①Carlton S. Van Doren and Sam A. Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985, pp.467-489.
②Dona Brown, Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the Nineteenth Century, Washington, D. C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1995; Cindy Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States,New York: Oxford University Press,1999; Richard Starnes, Southern Journeys: Tourism, History, and Culture inthe Modern South, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,2003.
③John Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century, New York: OxfordUniversity Press,1989.
①Jerritt James Frank, Marketing the Mountains: an Environmental History of Ttourism in Rocky MountainNational Park, History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, ppv.
②Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America, New York,1957.
③Robert C. Schmitt,“Travel, Tourism and Migration”, Demography, Vol.5, No.11968, pp.306-310.
①Anne Hyde and Marguerite Shaffer, An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture,1820-1920, New York: New York University Press,1990.
②Marguerite Shaffer, See America first---Tourism and National Identity,1880-1940, Washington D. C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,2001.
③M. Gottdiener, Las Vegas: The Social Production of an All-American City, Blackwell Publishers,1999.
①Hal Rothman, Devil’s Bargain: Tourism in the Twentieth-Century American West, Lawrence, Kansas:University Press of Kansas,1998.
②David M. Wrobel and Patrick T. Long, Seeing and Being Seen: Tourism in the American West, Lawrence,Kansas: University Press of Kansas,2001.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915,University of Washington,2002.
②Valene L. Smith, Arlene Hetherington and Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89: A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986, pp.415-433.
③Hal K. Rothman,“Stumbling toward the Millennium: Tourism, the Postindustrial World, and theTransformation of the American West”, California History, Vol.77, No.3(Fall,1998), pp.141-155.
④Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review, Vol.68,OrangeEmpires (May,1999), pp.173-191.
①Jason Philip Gruen, Manifest Destinations: Tourist Encounters in the Urban American West,1869-1893,Berkeley: University of California Press,2004.
②Catherine Cocks, Doing the Town: The Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States,1850-1915, Berkeley:University of California Press,2001.
③Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity in Monterey, California,Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993, pp.2-3.
①例如，王永忠著：《西方旅游史》，南京：东南大学出版社2004年；罗明义：《国际旅游发展导论》天津：南开大学出版社，2006年；王晨光：《旅游经济学》，北京：经济科学出版社2004年。
②彭顺生:《世界旅游发展史》,北京:中国旅游出版社,2006年4月。
③吴必虎：《一部填补旅游史空缺的专著----评世界旅游发展史》，《旅游学刊》，2006年第6期。
④王旭：《美国城市发展模式——从城市到大都市区》，北京:清华大学出版社,2006年,第247页。
①梁茂信：《都市化时代：20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，长春：东北师范大学出版社2002年，第34页。
②陈宝森：《当代美国经济》，北京：社会科学文献出版社,2011年。
③王晓德：《美国现代大众消费社会的形成及其全球影响》，美国研究,2007年第2期。
④梁茂信：《当代美国的人口流动及其区域性影响》,世界历史,1998年第6期。
⑤杜江：《近年美国旅行社发展态势研究》，《旅游学刊》，1996年第4期；刘赵平：《美国旅行社业最新发展态势研究—兼议对中国旅行社业的启迪》，《旅游学刊》，1999年第3期；田喜洲、王爱声、张延杰：《论美国旅游生态环境保护的措施》，《生态经济（学术版）》，2007年第2期；王爱声：《美国环境法与可持续发展》，《法学杂志》，1998年第6期；张延杰：《20世纪60年代美国环境保护意识的产生》，《东北师范大学学报》，2000年第4期；金卫东：《美国东部都市群旅游产业密集带的发展与启示》，《旅游学刊》，2004年第6期。
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.viii.
②James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.173; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3, Published by:American Geographical Society Stable,1952, p.470, http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.175; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
③James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.175; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
①James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.75; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
②James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.175; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
③James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.175; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
④James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.174; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
⑤加利福尼亚官方网站:http://www.ca.gov/(2010年1月14日下载)
①Kevin Starr,“The Gold Rush and the California Dream”, California History, Vol.77, No.1, National Gold RushSymposium(Spring,1998), p.56, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(:2010年1月13日下载)
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States,Colonial Timesto1970, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1975, p.22.
③Kevin Starr,“The Gold Rush and the California Dream”, California History, Vol.77, No.1, National Gold RushSymposium(Spring,1998), p.56, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(:2010年1月13日下载)
④U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States,Colonial Timesto1970, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1975, p.22.
⑤Kevin Starr,“The Gold Rush and the California Dream”, California History, Vol.77, No.1, National GoldRush Symposium(Spring,1998), p.61, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(:2010年1月13日下载)
⑥U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Timesto1970, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1975, p.25.
①U.S. Census Bureau, Distribution of the100Largest Urban Places, by Region, Division, and State1790-1990,p.table26; http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027(2012年3月20日下载)
②Kevin Starr,“The Gold Rush and the California Dream”, California History, Vol.77, No.1, National Gold RushSymposium(Spring,1998),pp.56-61, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(2010年1月13日下载)
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.24.
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.25.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.26.
④U.S. Census Bureau, Population of the100Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States,1790to1990, pp. table09,tables11,13,15,17; http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027(2012年
3月20日下载)
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, pp.viii-ix.
②萨尼：《天使之城—洛杉矶》，《旅游周刊》2011年3月19日。
③Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, pp.viii-ix.
④U.S. Census Bureau, Population of the100Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States,1790to1990, pp.11,13,15,17; http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027(2012年3月20日下载)
①王旭:《美国城市发展模式----从城市化到大都市区化》,北京：清华大学出版社,2006，第246页。
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.236-237.
③梁茂信:《都市化时代----20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》,东北师范大学出版社,2002，第11页。
④[美]埃里克.方纳著,王希译：《给我自由—一部美国的历史》,商务印书馆,2010,第747页。
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.viii.
②[美]埃里克.方纳著，王希译：《给我自由—一部美国的历史》,商务印书馆,2010,第747页。
③[美]马克.吐温著，刘文哲，张明林译：《苦行记》,重庆：西南师范大学出版社,1994，第192页。
①Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.67, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(2009年11月16日下载)
②Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.72, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(2009年11月16日下载)
③Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.65, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(2009年11月16日下载)
④Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.68, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(2009年11月16日下载)
⑤Marguerite S. Shaffer,“See America First: Re-Envisioning Nation and Region through Western Tourism”, ThePacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and the American West (Nov.,1996), p.564,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640296(2009年11月16日下载)
⑥Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.42-43.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.50-52.
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.55.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.56.
④Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.271-272.
①Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.73,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
②[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第69页。
③Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.12, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553(2010年1月14日下载)
①Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996),p.12, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553(:2010年1月14日下载)
②Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.13, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553(:2010年1月14日下载)
③Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.12, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553(2010年1月14日下载)
①Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), pp.14-15, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553
(2010年1月14日下载)
②田喜洲：《论美国旅游生态环境保护的措施》，《生态经济》(学术版),2007年第2期,第316页。
③[美]埃里克.方纳著,王希译：《给我自由---一部美国的历史》,北京：商务印书馆，2010，第905页。
①Ernest M. Fisher,“Housing Problems”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.48, No.1(Nov.,1933),p.146,http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884799.(2012年7月20日下载)
②梁茂春:《美国改善城市贫困社区居住环境的措施》，城市问题，2010年第8期，第90页。
③David Ward,“The Progressives and the Urban Question: British and American Responses to the Inner CitySlums1880-1920”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol.9, No.3(1984), p.312,http://www.jstor.org/stable/622235(2012年7月20日下载)
④Stephan M. Wilson and Gary W. Peterson,“Life Satisfaction among Young Adults from Rural Families” FamilyRelations, Vol.37, No.1(Jan.,1988), p.84, http://www.jstor.org/stable/584435.(2012年7月20日下载)
①[美]埃里克.方纳著,王希译：《给我自由---一部美国的历史》,北京：商务印书馆，2010，第960页。
②彭顺生：《世界旅游发展史》,中国旅游出版社,2006年,第227-234页。
③Catherine Cocks, Doing the Town---The Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States,1850-1915, University ofCalifornia Press2001. pp.24-25,
①刘易斯.芒福特著，宋俊岭，倪文彦译：《城市发展史---起源,演变和前景》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2005年，第472页。
②石庆环：《20世纪美国中产阶级的结构变迁及其特征》，《辽宁大学学报》，2010年7月第4期，第92页。
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.133.
④Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.104.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.107-108; pp.111-115; p.119.
②[美]弗雷德里克.刘易斯.艾伦，汪晓莉，袁玲丽译：《浮华时代---美国20世纪20年代简史》，上海：上海财经大学出版社，2008年1月，第56页。
③[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第77页。
①王旭：《美国西海岸大城市研究》，长春：东北师范大学出版社1994年版，第218页。
②蔡骐，孙有中：《现代美国大众文化》，北京：中国经济出版社，2000年版，第24页。
③蔡骐，孙有中：《现代美国大众文化》，北京：中国经济出版社，2000年版，第28页。
①骆越红：《美国大众文化的兴起与商业化趋势》，东北师范大学硕士学位论文，2008年，第15-16页。
②Catherine Cocks, Doing the Town---The Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States,1850-1915, University ofCalifornia Press2001. pp.1-2.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.64.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.137; pp.139-140.
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.143.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.202.
④Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.233-234.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.264-265.
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.276.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.31.
④Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.28-29.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.326; p.328.
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.21-22.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.273.
④王旭：《美国城市发展模式---从城市化到大都市区化》，清华大学出版社，2006,第247页。
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.10.
②Catherine Cocks, Doing the Town---The Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States,1850-1915, University ofCalifornia Press2001. pp.7-8.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau,“The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976”,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, pp.viii-ix.
②Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau,“The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976”,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.2.
③Edited by Dennis R. Judd and Susan S. Fainstein, The Tourist City, Yale University Press,2000. pp.5-6.
①Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.68,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
②Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.69,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
①Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.158, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
②Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.165, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
①Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.168, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
②Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), pp.163-164, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
③Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.539, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
①Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.538, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
②Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity in Monterey, California,Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993,pp.18-19.
③Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), pp.163-164, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
④Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.162, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
①Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.169, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
②[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川，曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第38页。
③Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of aState.p.69, University of California Press,2000.
④Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.164, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
①Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.70.
②Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. pp.71-72.
①Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.,University of California Press,2000. p.73.
②Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.77.
③Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. pp.78-79.
④Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.79.
①Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.79.
②Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.80.
③Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.81.
①Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.81.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985. p.467.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985. p.467.
①Marguerite S. Shaffer,"See America First": Re-Envisioning Nation and Region through Western Tourism, ThePacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and the American West (Nov.,1996), p.571,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640296(2009年11月16日下载)
①Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.12, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553(:2010年1月14日下载)
②Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.5, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549
(:2010年1月14日下载)
③Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.6, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549
(:2010年1月14日下载)
①Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.6, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549
(:2010年1月14日下载)
②Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(:2010年1月14日下载)
③Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.9, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(:2010年1月14日下载)
④朱世达：《关于美国中产阶级的演变与思考》，《美国研究》,1994年第4期,第43页。
①马小宁：《旅游业与城市经济----以迈阿密为例》，厦门大学博士学位论文，2007年8月，第2页。
②Richard Butler&Geoffrey Wall,“Introduction: Themes in Research on the Evolution of Tourism”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12. p.288,1985.
③Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau,“The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976”,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976,p.viii.
④王旭：《美国西海岸大城市研究》，长春：东北师范大学出版社1994年版，第250-251页。
⑤王旭：《美国西海岸大城市研究》，长春：东北师范大学出版社1994年版，第238页。
①Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), pp.162-163, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
②Christopher M Law, Urban Tourism: The Visitor Economy and Growth of large Cities, Second Edition, p.6,London: Continuum,2002.
③Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.526, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
①President Economic Report,1978;http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/ERP/1978/ERP1957_Chapter1.pdf
②Manpower Report of the President, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1963, pp.5,22.
③President Economic Report,1957;http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/ERP/1957/ERP1957_Chapter2.pdf
①President Economic Report,1978;http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/ERP/1978/ERP1957_Chapter1.pdf
②孙群郎：《郊区化对美国社会的影响》，《美国研究》，1999年第3期，第51页。
③王旭：《美国“阳光带”城市的崛起述评》，《世界经济》，1990年第12期，第33页。
①梁茂信：《都市化时代——20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，长春：东北师范大学出版社2002年版，第94-96页。
②王旭：《美国城市发展模式---从城市化到大都市化》，清华大学出版社，2006年2月，第275页。
③Dan Walters,“The New California”, California History, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California
(Winter,1989/1990), p.224. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158540Accessed:13/01/201008:57
④西雅图:《勃兴重观》，商业周刊,1942-6–20,(26)。
⑤梁茂信：《都市化时代——20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，长春：东北师范大学出版社2002年版，第94-96页。
⑥Dan Walters,“The New California”, California History, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California
(Winter,1989/1990), p.224.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A. Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985, p.479.
②Clare Gunn, Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases, New York10001,2002, p.3.
③[美]卡洛普，刘绪贻，李世洞,秦珊等译：《美国社会发展趋势》，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，第110-118页。
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A. Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985, p.479.
②刘绪贻，李存训：《罗斯福时代》，人民出版社2002年版，第91-96页。
③Ullman. Edward L.“Amenities as a Factor in Regional Growth”, The Geographical Review44(2): pp.19-132.
①付成双：《从环境史的角度重新审视美国西部开发》，《史学月刊》，2009年第2期,第118页。
②黄贤全,杜洋:《美国的西部开发与环境保护》,西南师范大学学报,2001年9月,第27卷,第5期,第142页。
③整理自滕海键博士论文：《美国环境政策研究（1970s-1990s）》，南开大学，2007年3月，第88-89页。
④黄贤全,杜洋:《美国的西部开发与环境保护》,西南师范大学学报,2001年9月,第27卷,第5期,第142页。
⑤滕海键博士论文：《美国环境政策研究（1970s-1990s）》，南开大学，2007年3月，第88-89页。
⑥吴楚材：《国外森林旅游的发展历程》，中国绿色时报，2010年3月23日，摘自中国林业新闻网。
⑦[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川，曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第158-159页。
①[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川，曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第158-159页。
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.474,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
③Jerritt James Frank, Marketing the Mountains: an Environmental History of Tourism in Rocky MountainNational Park, History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, p.xi.
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.474,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.474.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第158-159页。
②美国开垦改造局官方网站：http://www.usbr.gov/native/(2009年11月18日下载)
③美国开垦改造局官方网站：http://www.usbr.gov/history/2011newbriefhistoryv1.pdf(2009年11月18日下载)
④Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.475.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①John Ott, Landscapes of Consumption: Auto Tourism and Visual Culture in California,1920-1940, Universityof California Press,2000. pp.59-60.
②John Ott, Landscapes of Consumption: Auto Tourism and Visual Culture in California,1920-1940, Universityof California Press,2000. p.59.
③Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.121985. p.478.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.15.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985. p.478.
①栾爽，李乾贵：《美国政府航空运输业法律规制的历史考察》，中国行政管理，2011年第10期，第100页。
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
③栾爽，李乾贵：《美国政府航空运输业法律规制的历史考察》，中国行政管理，2011年第10期，第100页。
④黄贤全，杜洋：《美国的西部开发与环境保护》,西南师范大学学报,2001年9月,第27卷,第5期,第141页。
⑤Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
①[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川，曾萍等译，《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社，2006，第71页。
②Travel Weekly, May3,1984,p.63.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial timesto1970, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1975,p.707.
④Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.2. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549
(:2010年1月14日下载)
①Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(2009年11月16日下载)
②Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(:2009年11月16日下载)
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial timesto1970, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1975,p.716.
②Travel Weekly, May3,1984, p.63.
③Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
④Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial timesto1970, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1975,p.716.
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.476,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial timesto1970, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1975,p.707.
④John Ott, Landscapes of Consumption: Auto Tourism and Visual Culture in California,1920-1940. Universityof California Press,2000. pp.51-52.
⑤John Ott, Landscapes of Consumption: Auto Tourism and Visual Culture in California,1920-1940. Universityof California Press,2000. pp.51-52.
⑥[美]埃里克.方纳著,王希译：《给我自由---一部美国的历史》,北京：商务印书馆，2010，第1206页。
①[美]埃里克.方纳著,王希译：《给我自由---一部美国的历史》,北京：商务印书馆，2010，第1210页。
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
③黄贤全,杜洋：《美国的西部开发与环境保护》，西南师范大学学报，2001年9月，第27卷，第5期，第141页。
①Travel Weekly, May3,1983, p.63.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
③Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.473.
④Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.487.
①Hal K. Rothman,“Stumbling toward the Millennium: Tourism, the Postindustrial World, and theTransformation of the American West”, California History, Vol.77, No.3(Fall,1998), p.145.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462489(2009年10月24日)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.481.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
③邓银颖：《19世纪末20世纪初美国旅游业的兴起》[硕士论文]，东北师范大学，2012年5月，第18页。
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.481.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.465,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①John Ott, Landscapes of Consumption: Auto Tourism and Visual Culture in California,1920-1940. Universityof California Press,2000. pp.62-63.
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.467,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
③Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.546., http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载
④Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.467.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.547., http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.472.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.469.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.470.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
③Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.472.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
④Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.471.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.472.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②M. Gottdiener, Claudia C. Collins&David R. Dickens, Las Vegas---The Social Production of an All-AmericanCity, Blackwell publishers,1999, pp.9-11.
③Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.474.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), p.176. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
①Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), pp.179-180, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”,Annals of tourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.479.
③Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), p.174, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
④袁镜才：《美国海滨城市圣迭戈》，域外写真，第33页。
①Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), p.175. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
②Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), p.176. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
③Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review, Vol.68,Orange Empires (May,1999), p.177. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
①Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review, Vol.68,Orange Empires (May,1999), p.178. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
②Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.417.
①Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.421.
②Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.423.
③Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.424.
①Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.425.
②Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.428.
③Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research,Vol.13,1986. p.429.
①Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.430.
②Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.430.
③Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.418.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A. Lollar,“The consequences of forty years of tourism growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12, p.468,1985.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A. Lollar,“The consequences of forty years of tourism growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12, p.486,1985.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985. p.479.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985. p.480.
②王旭：《美国城市发展模式——从城市到大都市区》，北京:清华大学出版社,2006年2月,第247页。
③Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985. p.481.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985. p.482.
②C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada, Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, pp.11-12.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.12.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1963, p.206.
③1950-1962年的数据来自于U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of theUnited States, Washington D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1963, p.206.
④U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1977, p.232.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States,WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1977, p.241.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.10.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.16.
④U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.13.
⑤表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R.Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen,Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder,Colorado:University of Colorado,1971, pp.7-10.
⑥表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R. Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen, Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado,1971, pp.15-18.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.10.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States,WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1963, p.10.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States,WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1963, pp.782-783.
③C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.4.
④C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.2.
①C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.4.
②表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R.Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen,Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder,Colorado:University of Colorado,1971, pp.7-10.
①C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.3.
②C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.3.
①表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R. Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen, Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado,1971, pp.15-18.
②C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada, Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, pp.11-12.
①C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada, Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.3.
②C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada, Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.2.
③C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada, Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.4.
④表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R. Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen, Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado,1971, p.40.
①表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R. Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen, Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado,1971, pp.42-43.
②State of California Department of Economic and Business Development, Office of Tourism, The EconomicImpact of Travel on California Counties1982, U.S. Travel Data Center, Executive Summary, p.1,1984.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.12.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.31.
③Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.25.
④Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.20.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.21.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.21.
③Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.21.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.19.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.19.
③Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.24.
④U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.5.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, pp.7-8.
②U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.11.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.83.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, pp.33-34.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.35.
④梁茂信：《都市化时代—20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，东北师范大学出版社，2002年4月，第98页。
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.37.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967,pp.46-47,49.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967,pp.46-47,49.
④U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States,WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1978, pp.17,19-21.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.65.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967,pp.46-47,49.
③Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.2.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.1.
②Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.550. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
①Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), pp.553-554. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.112.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.117.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, pp.118.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.60.
①在二战后，南加州的旅游促销方法发生转变。以前的旅游促销主要是针对那些冬季寒冷的北方州，而在
50年代开始，广告促销活动也扩展到南方那些天气闷热、潮湿的州。这类活动也取得了较大的成功。参见Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,VoumeII, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.2.
②Shulman Research, Number and Charactertistics of Travelers to Caliornia in1986: A Report Prepared for theCalifornia Department of Commerce, Sacramento, CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.15.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.59.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.60.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.61.
③Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976,p.5.
④Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.34.
⑤Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.5.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.63.
②Shulman Research, Number and Charactertistics of Travelers to Caliornia in1986: A Report Prepared for theCalifornia Department of Commerce,Sacramento,CA: Department of Commerce,1988,p.19.
③梁茂信：《都市化时代—20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，东北师范大学出版社，2002年4月，第106-108页。
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.43.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.43.
①Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity in Monterey, California,Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993, p.8.
②Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity in Monterey, California,Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993, p.11.
③Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity in Monterey, California,Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993, pp.12-13.
④Nathan Dianiel Gonzales, Visit Yesterday, Today: Ethno-Tourism and Southern California,1884-1955, ADissertation Submitted in Partial Satisfaction of the Requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History,University of California-Riverside,2006, p.4.
①Nathan Dianiel Gonzales, Visit Yesterday, Today: Ethno-Tourism and Southern California,1884-1955, ADissertation Submitted in Partial Satisfaction of the Requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History,University of California-Riverside,2006,p.15.更多的详细论述参见16-19页。
②California Heritage Task Force, A Report to the Legislature and the People of California, Sacramento, CA:August1984(unpublished report),p.6.
③U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, pp.20-21.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.4.
②Shulman Research, Number and Charactertistics of Travelers to Caliornia in1986: A Report Prepared for theCalifornia Department of Commerce, Sacramento, CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.17.
①Robert C. Schmitt “Travel, Tourism and Migration”; Demography, Vol.5, No.1(1968), pp.308-309.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2060210/,(2009年10月24日下载)
②Shulman Research, Number and Charactertistics of Travelers to Caliornia in1986: A Report Prepared for theCalifornia Department of Commerce,Sacramento,CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.31.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.xi.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.3.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.2.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985, p.477.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, California Travel and Tourism by the Numbers,Prepared for the office of tourism, Department of Commerce, December,1985, p.12.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.5.
②Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.7.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.2.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.75.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.75.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.77.
②关于引文参见U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California TourismIndustry-Trends and Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S.Department of Commerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.77.
③在报告中，“travel”是被界定为：从居住地旅行到至少100英里以上的地方，它既可以是在美国之内，也可以是在从美国到国外，并且在异地自费居住一个晚上以上。【旅行支出】“travel expenditure”是在旅行中用货币交换服务和商品的行为，按照这种界定，即使是旅行者尚未出门就发生支出（例如，购买飞机票和旅行途中使用的必要物品），也可以算作是旅行支出。Dean Runyan Associates,Regional Economic Impactsof California Travel1985and1986: A Report Prepared for the California Department of Commerce,Sacramento,CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.17.
④Dean Runyan Associates,Regional Economic Impacts of California Travel1985and1986: A Report Preparedfor the California Department of Commerce,Sacramento,CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.2.
①California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.3.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.1.
②Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976,p.xi.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, California Travel and Tourism by the Numbers,Prepared for the office of tourism, Department of Commerce, December,1985, p.9.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, California Travel and Tourism by the Numbers,Prepared for the office of tourism, Department of Commerce, December,1985, p.10.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, California Travel and Tourism by the Numbers,Prepared for the office of tourism, Department of Commerce, December,1985, p.11.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.11.
③U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.4.
①Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), pp.69-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
②Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.71.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
①Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.71.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
②California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994.Executive Summary. p.26.
③California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.27.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.5.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, pp.7-8.
②California Heritage Preservation Commission, The Preservation, Organization and Display of California’sHistoric Documents: Report to the California State Legislature, Sacramento, CA: May30.1975, pp.3,5-6,7-8.
③California Heritage Task Force, A Report to the Legislature and the People of California, Sacramento, CA:August1984(unpublished report), p.6.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.30.
②U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, pp.20-21.
③California Heritage Preservation Commission, The Preservation, Organization and Display of California’sHistoric Documents: Report to the California State Legislature, Sacramento, CA: May30.1975, pp.3,5-6,7-8.
①California Heritage Task Force, A Report to the Legislature and the People of California, Sacramento, CA:August1984(unpublished report), p.6.
②U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.13.
③California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,,1994.p20; U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, California Travel and Tourism by theNumbers, Prepared for the office of tourism, Department of Commerce, December,1985, p.4.
④Regional Economic Impacts of California Travel1986-1988, Prepared by Dean Runyan Associates for theCalifornia Department of Commerce, February1990, George Deukmejian, Governor, p.11
①田喜洲：《论美国旅游生态环境保护的措施》，《生态经济》（学术版），2007年第2期，第316页。
①Paul Lorah and Rob Southwick,“Environmental Protection, Population Change, and Economic Development inthe Rural Western United States”, Population and Environment, Vol.24, No.3(Jan.,2003), p.265.http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503837,(2010年3月16日下载)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952, p.463.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Power, T.M.(editor),“Economic Well-Being and Environmental Protection in the Pacific Northwest”. Universityof Montana: Economics Department.1995. p.212.
②Paul Lorah and Rob Southwick,“Environmental Protection, Population Change, and Economic Development inthe Rural Western United States”, Population and Environment, Vol.24,No.3,(Jan.2003), p.259. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503837(2010-03-16下载)
①Paul Lorah and Rob Southwick,“Environmental Protection, Population Change, and Economic Development inthe Rural Western United States”, Population and Environment, Vol.24, No.3(Jan.,2003), pp.
256-264,http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503837,(2010年3月16日下载)
②David L. Barkley,“The Economics of Change in Rural America”, American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics,Vol.77,No.5(Dec.1995), p.1253. http://www.jstor.org/stable1243357(2010-03-12下载)
③Paul Lorah and Rob Southwick,“Environmental Protection, Population Change, and Economic Development inthe Rural Western United States”, Population and Environment, Vol.24, No.3(Jan.,2003), p.255.http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503837,(2010年3月16日下载)
④Bryan H. Farrel and Dean Runyan,“Ecology and Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research,Vol.18,1990, p.34.
①Bryan H. Farrel and Dean Runyan,“Ecology and Torism”, Annals of Torism Research,Vol.18,1990,p.27.
②Frieda Knobloch,“Creating the Cowboy State: Culture and Underdevelopment in Wyoming since1867” TheWestern Historical Quarterly, Vol.32, No.2(Summer,2001), pp.201-221.; http://www.jstor.org/stable/3650773
(2010年3月17日下载)
①Frieda Knobloch,“Creating the Cowboy State: Culture and Underdevelopment in Wyoming since1867” TheWestern Historical Quarterly, Vol.32, No.2(Summer,2001), pp.201-221., http://www.jstor.org/stable/3650773
(2010年3月17日下载)
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.13.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.10.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.11.
③Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.15.
①Dean Runyan Associates,Regional Economic Impacts of California Travel1985and1986: A Report Preparedfor the California Department of Commerce,Sacramento, CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.2.
②Dean Runyan Associates,Regional Economic Impacts of California Travel1985and1986: A Report Preparedfor the California Department of Commerce,Sacramento, CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.4.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, pp.77-81.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of TourismResearch, Vol.12,1985, p.475.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985, p.476.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985, p.474.
①Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review, Vol.68,Orange Empires (May,1999), p.188. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
②Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), p.189. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
③在50年代，汽车已经成为美国人旅游活动中的重要工具。特别是美国人在前往邻国加拿大和墨西哥旅游的时候，越来越多的人也是自驾旅游的。1950年，有大约600多万游客乘坐200万辆旅游车驶进加拿大，旅游花销250万美元，占美国国际旅游花销的40%。在去加拿大的游客中，前往蒙特利尔和魁北克的人最多，其乘坐的旅游团队车达150万辆，而不列颠哥伦比亚仅为25万辆；大量加拿大人也移居南部的美加边境，在美国宽阔的公路网上畅游。1950年大概有2.5万人驾车游览了阿拉斯加，还有几千人乘船或飞机前往阿拉斯加；墨西哥也吸引了大量美国游客，1950年达40万，其中有一半人是驾车沿着通往墨西哥城的主干高速路前往的。Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.
42, No.3,1952,p465. http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.464.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,Executive Summary,1994, p.11.
③California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.20.
①California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.25.
②California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994.Executive Summary.
③California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.25.
④California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994.Preface.
⑤California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994.Preface.
①California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994.preface.
②California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.19.
[1] National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States, Preservation Policy ResearchMeasuring Historic Preservation’s impact on Tourism: A Study of California and other States,edited by Paula Huntley and Hisashi B. Sugaya, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricPreservation in the United States,1984
[2] National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States, Preservation Policy ResearchMeasuring Historic Preservation’s impact on States: A Study of California’s Historic andCultural Resources, edited by J. Laurence Mintler, Preservation Policy Research Series: No.PPR-COL, Order No.5049, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for Historic Preservation in theUnited States,1984
[3] California Heritage Task Force, A Report to the Legislature and People of CaliforniaSacramento, August1984.
[4] California Heritage Preservation Commission, The Preservation, Organization and Displayof California’s Historic Documents: Sixth Report to the California State Legislature,Sacramento, Senate of the State of California, May,1975.
[5] California Heritage Preservation Commission, The Preservation, Organization and Displayof California’s Historic Documents: First Report to the California State Legislature,Sacramento, Senate of the State of California, January,1965.
[6] California Development of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, Regional EconomicImpacts of California Travel: Description of the California Regional Travel Model,1985and1986, Travel Impact Estimates, and Suggested Procedures for Additional Travel DataCollection, Sacramento CA,1988
[7] California Development of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, Number andCharacteristics of Travelers to California in1986, Sacramento CA:1988
[8] California Development of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, Number andCharacteristics of Travelers to California in1987, Sacramento CA:1988
[9] California Development of Commerce, Office of Economic Research&Office of Tourism,The Economic Impact of Domestic Travelers on California Counties1980-1985, U.S. TravelData Center, Executive Summary,1987.
[10] State of California Department of Economic and Business Development, Office of Tourism,The Economic Impact of Travel on California Counties1982, U.S. Travel Data Center,Executive Summary,1984.
[11] California Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, Regional EconomicImpacts of California Travel1986-1988, Portland OR,1990.
[12] California Department of Commerce, Office of Tourism,, The Economic Impact of Travel onCalifornia Counties1983, including a breakdown of expenditures by purpose of travel,lodging type, industry and out of state versus resident visitors, U.S. Travel Data Centre,Executive Summary,1985.
[13] California Trade and Commerce Agency, California Travel Impacts by County1992-1995,.Sacramento, California&Portland, Oregon, Executive Summary1997.
[14] Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, Office of Tourism, CaliforniaTravel&Tourism by the Numbers, Sacramento, California,1985.
[15] California, An Economic Profile,1990.
[16] California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working forCalifornia, Executive Summary,1994.
[17] California Trade and Commerce Agency, Division of Tourism, California Travel, ItsEconomic Impact1998,1999.
[18] California Trade and Commerce Agency, Division of Tourism, California Travel, ItsEconomic Impact1995,1997.
[19] Community Analysis Bureau, Brenda Pickens, The Economic Development of SouthernCalifornia,1920-1976. Volume II. The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California:City of Los Angeles,1976.
[20] United States General Accounting Office, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Waterand Power, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, U.S. Senate, Water Transfers:More Efficient Water Use Possible, If Possible Are Addressed. GAO/RCED-94-35,1994.
[21] Economic Development Administration: Technical, Assistance, Project, U. S. Department ofCommerce, California Tourism Industry---Trends and Investment Opportunities, EconomicsResearch Associates: Los Angeles, Washington, D. C.1967.
[22] California Legislature, Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means--1962, California’sTourist Trade, Assembly of the stated of California,1963.
[23] California Legislature, Senate Select Committee on Tourism and Aviation, Public Hearing onCreating the California Council on Tourism, City Hall, Palm Springs, California,1990.
[24] California Legislature, Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means: Class Room,Museum of Science and Industry Exposition Park, Los Angeles, Edited Transcript of Hearingof the Subcommittee on Economic Development, California,1963.
[25] U.S. Congress, Senate, National Tourism Policy Study: Hearing Before the Subcommittee onForeign Commerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce, Ninety Fourth Congress,Second Session, Serial No.91-73, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1978.
[26] U.S. Congress, House of Representatives,1984Summer Olympics: Hearing Before theSubcommittee on Commerce, Transportation and Tourism of the Committee of Energy andcommerce, Ninety Eight Congress, First Session, Serial No.98-62,Washington D.C.: U.S.Government Printing Office,1984.
[27] California Legislature, Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means: Bridge Bay resort,Redding, California,1962, Edited Transcript of Hearing of the Subcommittee on TouristTrade, California,1962.
[28] California Legislature, Assembly Interim Committee on ways and Means, Town, CountyHotel, San Diego, September11,1962, Edited Transcript of Hearing of theSubcommittee on Tourist Trade. California,1962.
[29] California Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means,“A Report of the AssemblyInterims Committee on Ways and Means-1962”,California’s Tourist Trade,Vol.21,No.6.
[30] Planning, Acquisition, and Local Service Division, The Impact on Local Economics ofSpending by Visitors to California State Parks, California State Parks, Sacramento, CA,1995.
[31] Economic Development Services Ebasco Environmental CRC Systems Meta-Link, ExecutiveSummary, Feasibility Study for a Traveler Information System Using Safety Roadside RestAres,1989.
[32] California Legislature, Senate Select Committee on Tourism and Aviation, Senate Energy andPublic Utilities Committee, California Commission on Aviation and Airports, The State of AirTravel in California: Reassessing Deregulation and Its Fallout, Sacramento California, LosAngeles International Airport,1990.
[33] California Legislature, Senate Select Committee on Tourism and Aviation, Hearing on TheImpact of Natural Disasters on California’s Tourism Industry, San Francisco, California,1990.
[34] U.S. Senate, Visitor Facilitation at U. S. Points of Entry: Hearing Before the Subcommitteeon Foreign Commerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce, Science, andTransportation, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session,, Washington D.C.: U.S.Government Printing Office,1990.
[35] U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, National Transportation Safety BoardAuthorization, Fiscal Year1982: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Commerce,Transportation and Tourism of the Committee on Energy and commerce, Ninety-SeventhCongress, First Session, Serial No.97-45, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice,1981.
[36] Committee on Commerce, A Conceptual Basis for the National Tourism Policy Study,Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1976.
[37] U.S. Senate, National Tourism Policy Study Final Report: Hearing Before the Subcommitteeon Merchant Marine and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce,Science, andTransportation, Ninety-Fifth Congress, Second Session Serial No.95-67,, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1978.
[38] U.S. Senate, National Tourism Policy Study: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on ForeignCommerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce, Ninety-Forth Congress, SecondSession Serial No.94-73, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1976.
[39] U.S. Senate, National Tourism Policy Study: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on ForeignCommerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce, Ninety-Fourth Congress, SecondSession Serial No.94-98,, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1976.
[40] U.S. Senate, National Tourism Policy Study: Hearings Before the Committee onCommerce,Science, and Transportation, Ninety-Fifth Congress, Second Session SerialNo.95-128, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1978.
[41] U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, National Tourism Programs and Policies: HearingBefore the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation and Tourism of the Committee onEnergy and commerce, Ninety-Seventh Congress, First Session, Serial No.97-46, WashingtonD.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1981.
[42] U.S. Senate, Federal Policy on Tourism: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on ForeignCommerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce,Science, and Transportation, OneHundred and First Congress, First Session, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice,1989.
[43] U.S. Senate, Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on ForeignCommerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerc, Science, and Transportation, OneHundred First Congress, First Session, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice,1989.
[44] U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Tourism Policy and Export Promotion Act:Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Hazardous Materials of theCommittee on Energy and commerce, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session,SerialNo.101--151,Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1990.
[45] U.S. Senate, Allocation of Energy Sources to the Travel and Tourism Industry: HearingBefore the Subcommittee on Merchant Marine and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce,Science, and Transportation, Ninety-Sixth Congress, First Session, Serial No.96-22,,Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1979.
[46] Comptroller of the Unites States, Zafer Construction Company; Kolin Construction, Tourism,Industry and Trading Co. Inc. File: B-295903; B-295903.2, Washington, D.C.:United StatesGovernment Accountability Office,2005.
[47] Highlights of GAO-08-855, A Report to Congressional Requesters, Post-GovernmentEmployment Restrictions and Foreign Agent Registration: Additional Action Needed toEnhance Implementation of Requirements, Washington, D.C.:United States GovernmentAccountability Office,2008.
[48] Highlights of GAO-04-82, a report to the Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary,House of Representatives, Overstay Tracking: A Key Component of Homeland Security and ALayered Defense, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Accountability Office,2004.
[49] Manpower Report of the President, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1963,pp.5,22
[50] Report of the General Comptroller of the Unites States, Unites States Travel ServiceContractual Relationship with Discover America Travel Organizations, Washington,D.C.:United States General Accounting Office,1977.
[51] United States General Accounting Office, Estimates of Job Generation in the Travel andTourism Industry, GAO/PAD-83-54, Washington, D.C.:United States General AccountingOffice,1983.
[52] U.S. General Accounting Office Before The Subcommittee On Investigations And OversightHouse Committee On Public Works And Transportation, Discriminatory And UnfairPractices And Unreasonable User Charges In International Aviation, Washington,D.C.:United States General Accounting Office,1981.
[53] United States General Accounting Office, Testimony Before the Committee on Environmentand Public Works, United States Senate, National Highway System: Refinement WouldStrengthen the System, Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office,1994.
[54] United States Senate, Information on the Forest Service’s Efforts to Control the Spread of theWestern Spruce Budworm in the Carson National Forest（GAO/RCED-86-8）, Washington,D.C.:United States General Accounting Office,1985.
[55] Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Water and Power, Committee on Energy andNatural Resources, U.S. Senate, Water Transfers More Efficient Water Use Possible, IfProblems Are Addressed, Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office,1994.
[56] U.S. General Accounting Office Efforts to Improve Reception of Foreign Visitors at U. S.Airport, Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office,1991.
[57] U.S. General Accounting Office, Foreign Visitors Facilitation, United States GeneralAccounting Office, Washington, DC,1990.
[58] Report to the Secretary of Commerce, Funding Constrains Require A New Approach toSupport Tourism Information for Foreign Visitors, Washington, D.C.: United States GeneralAccounting Office,1982.
[59] U.S. General Accounting Office, Process for Admitting Additional Countries into the VisaWaiver Program, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Accountability Office,2006.
[1] Abbott, Carl., The New Urban America: Growth and Politics in the Sunbelt Cities,ChapelHill: University of North Carolina Press,1987.
[2] Aitchison, Cara et al,Leisure and Tourism Landscapes: Social and Cultural GeographiesLondon; New York: Routledge,2000.
[3] Allwinkle, S. J. and Speed, C, Tourism and Cultural Cities: A Sustainable Perspective. In M.Robinson and P. Callaghan（eds） Tourism and Culture. Sunderland: Business EducationPublishers.1996.
[4] Anderton, Frances, Las Vegas: the Success of Excess, London: Ellipsis London: Koln:Konemann,1997.
[5] Aramberri, Julio, Tourism Development: Issues for A Vulnerable Industry, Clevedon:Channel View Publications,c2005.
[6] Baade, R.A and Sanderson, A.R, The Employment Effect of Teams and Sports Facilities. InR.G. Noll and A.Zimbalist （eds）, Sports, Jobs and Taxes: The Economic Impact of SportsTeams and Stadiums, Washing, DC: Brookings Institution Press,1997.
[7] Baade, R.A. Stadddiums, Professional Sports and City Economies: An Analysis of UnitedStates Experience. In J. Bale and O. Moen（eds） The Stadium and the City. Keele: KeeleUniversity press.1995.
[8] Baranowski, Shelley, Being Elsewhere: Tourism, Consumer Culture, and Identity in ModernEurope and North America, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, c2001.
[9] Barfield,Claude E. Industry, Services, and Agriculture: the United States Faces a UnitedEurope, Washington, D.C.: AEI Press: Lanham, Md.: Distributed by University Press ofAmerica,1992.
[10] Barron, Stephanie, Reading California: Art, Image, and Identity,1900-2000, Los Angeles:Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Berkeley: University of California Press, c2000.
[11] Baud-Bovy, M.（Manuel）, Tourism and Recreation Development, London: The ArchitecturalPress; Boston: CBI Pub. CO.1977.
[12] Berkowitz, B. L, Economic Policy Really Works: Baltimore, Maryland. In R.D. Bingham andJ.P. Blair （eds） Urban Economics Development. Beverly Hills: Sage,1984.
[13] Bremer, Thomas S.,Blessed with Tourists: the Borderlands of Religion and Tourism in SanAntonio,Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, c2004.
[14] Briggs, Susan,. Successful Web Marketing for the Tourism and Leisure Sectors, London:Kogan Page,2001.
[15] Browne, Blaine T., Modern American Lives: Individuals and Issues in American HistorySince1945, Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, c2008.
[16] C.R. Goelder, Gerald L. Allen, Karen Dicke, Travel trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder Colorado：University of Colorado,1971.
[17] Cater,Paul A. Another Part of the Twenties. New York: Columbia University Press,1977.
[18] Cater,Paul A. The Twenties in America. New York: Crowell,1968.
[19] Chadwick, P.A.Concepts, Definitions and Measures Used in Travel Research. In J.R.B.Ritchie and C.R.Goeldner（eds）, Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Research. New York: JohnWiley.1987.
[20] Chauhan, Ravee, Heritage and Cultural Tourism, New Delhi: Vista International PublishingHouse,2006.
[21] Chawla, Romila, Heritage Tourism and Development, New Delhi: Sonali Publications,2004.
[22] Chen, Kuan-Chou, The Development of a System Dynamics Simulation Model of NationalPark Regions for Educational US, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI.1996.
[23] Chen, Sz-Reng, Modeling Spatial and Temporal Variations in Tourism-Related Employmentin Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI.1988.
[24] Christopher M. Law, Urban Tourism （Second Edition）: The Visitor Economy and theGrowth of Large Cities, London. New York: Continuum,2002.
[25] Chudacoff, Howard p., The Evolution of American Urban Society, Prentice Hall,1981.
[26] Cocks, Catherine, Doing the Town: the Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States,1850-1915, Berkeley: University of California Press, c2001.
[27] Cohen, Michael A. Et al eds., Preparing for the Urban Future: Global Pressures and LocalForces the Woodrow Wilson Centre Press,1996.
[28] Craig-Smith, Stephen J. ed. Recreation and Tourism as a Catalyst for Urban WaterfrontRedevelopment: An International Survey, Westport, Conn.: Praeger.1995.
[29] Crouch, Geoffrey I, Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure. Volume3,Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing. c2004.
[30] David M. Wrobel&Patrick T. Long, Seeing and Being Seen: Tourism in the American West.Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas,2001.
[31] Dean MacCannel, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, New York,1976.
[32] Donaldson, Gary, Modern America: A Documentary History of the Nation Since1945Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, c2007.
[33] Economic Research Associates,Community Economic Impact of the Olympic Games in LosAngeles. Los Angeles: Economic Research Associates,1984.
[34] Elliott-White, Martin, Tourism&Development: Routledge Perspectives on development.Routledge,2004.
[35] Ewen, Stuart and Elizabeth Ewen, Channels of Desire: Mass Images and the shaping ofAmerican Consciousness. New York: McGraw-Hill,1982.
[36] Fainstein,S.S.,Gordon,I.and Harloe, M, Divided Cities: New York and London in theContemporary World. Oxford: Blackwell,1992.
[37] Fogelson, Robert, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles,1850-1930, New York,1967.
[38] Foglesong, R.Walt, Disney World and Orlando: Deregulation as a Strategy for Tourism. InD.R.Judd and S.S.Fainstein,（eds） The Tourist City. New Haven, CT: Yale UniversityPress.1999.
[39] Foy, Jessica H and Thomas J. Schlereth, eds. American Home life,1880-1930: A socialHistory of Spaces and Services. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press,1992.
[40] Frechtling, D.C., Assessing the Impacts of Travel and Tourism-Introduction to Travel ImpactEstimation. In J.R.B.Ritchie and C.R. Goeldner（eds） Travel, Tourism and HospitalityResearch. New York: John Wiley.1987.
[41] Frieden,B. and Sagalyn,L.B, Downtown Inc: Hoe America Rebuilds its Cities. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press.1989.
[42] Getz,D, Event Management and Event Tourism. New York: Cognizant CommunicationCorporation.1997.
[43] Getz,D, Festival, Special Events and tourism. New York: Van Nostrand.1991.
[44] Giaoutzi, Maria, Tourism and Regional Development: New Pathways, Aldershot, England;Burlington, VT: Ashgate, c2006.
[45] Gilbert, D.C, Conceptua lIssues in the Meaning of Tourism. In C.P. Cooper（ed.）Progress inTourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, vol.2. London:Belhaven.1990.
[46] Girard, Luigi Fusco, Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Local Development, Farnham, Surney:Ashgate, c2008..
[47] Glaser, J.R., USA Museums in Context. In Scottish Museums Council （ed.） The AmericanMuseum Experience: In Search of Excellence. London: HMSO.1986.
[48] Godde, Pamela, ed. Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Bethesda, Md.:Congressional Information Service, Inc..2001.
[49] Goldberg, Ronald Allen, America in the Twenties. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse UniversityPress,2003.
[50] Goswami, Ramakant, Tourism in World Development, New Delhi: Cyber Tech Publications,2006.
[51] Gottdiener,M, The Theming of Americ:; Dreams, Visions and Commercial Spaces.Boulder,CO: Westview Press.1997.
[52] Gottdiener,M.,Collins, C.C. and Dickens, D.R, Las Vegas: The Social Reproduction of anAll-American City. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.1999.
[53] Grabler, Klaus, International City Tourism: Analysis and Strategy, London: Washington:Pinter,1997.
[54] Hal K. Rothman, Devil’s Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth-Century American West,Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas,1998.
[55] Hall, Derek R, Rural Tourism and Sustainable Business, Clevedon: Buffalo: Channel ViewPublications, c2005.
[56] Haug, Charles James, Urban Development and Tourism: Nice, a case study,1750-1914,Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI.1977.
[57] Hinch, Thomas, Sport Tourism Development, Clevedon: Buffalo: Channel View Publications,c2004.
[58] Holtorf, Cornelius, From Stonehenge to Las Vegas: Archaeology as Popular Culture,WalnutCreek, CA: Altamira Press, c2005.
[59] Hsieh, Wen Chin, Chinese Tourists in Las Vegas: Flow and the Evaluation of An InterculturalGap, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI.1997.
[60] Hughes,H.L, The Elusive Cultural Tourist. In M. Robinson et al.（eds）Reflections onInternational Tourism: Expressions of Culture and Meaning in Tourism. Sunderland:Business Education Publishers.2000.
[61] Hula, R.C, The Two Baltimores. In D. Judd and M.Parkinson （eds）Leadership and UrbanRegeneration: Cities in North America and Europe. Beverly Hills: Sage.1990.
[62] Inskeep, Edward, National and Regional Tourism Planning: Methodologies and CaseStudies., London: New York: Routledge,1994.
[63] Ioannides, Dimitri, The Economic Geography of the Tourist IndustryL:a Supply-SideAnalysis, London: New York: Routledge,1998.
[64] Jeanne Beekhuis&Co, Expenditure and Characteristics of Visitors to the Inner Harbor andRelated Downtown Sites in Baltimore.. Washington, DC: Jeanne Beekhuis&Co.1988.
[65] Jennings, Gayle, Water-Based Tourism, Sport, Leisure, and Recreation Experiences, Oxford:New York: Elsevier, c2007.
[66] Johnston, Wayne, Baltimore’s Mansion: a Memoir, New York: Doubleday, c1999.
[67] Judd, D. R.. and Fainstein, S.S.（eds）, The Tourist Cities. New Haven; CT: Yale UniversityPress. c1999.
[68] Kay, P, Creeping Privatization: the Pros and Cons of Tourism for Public Art Museums andBlockbuster Exhibitions. In M. Robinson,N. Evans and P. Callaghan （eds） Tourism andCulture: Culture as a Tourist Product. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers.1996.
[69] Keyser, Heidi, Tourism Development, Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa,2002.
[70] Kolb, Bonita M, Tourism Marketing for Cities and Towns: Using Branding and Events toAttract Tourists, Amsterdam: Boston: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, c2006.
[71] Koster, E.H, Science Culture and Cultural Tourism. In M. Robinson,N. Evans and P.Callaghan （eds） Tourism and Culture: Culture as a Tourist Product, Sunderland: BusinessEducation publishers.1996.
[72] Kotler,P., Haider, D.H. and Rein, I. Marketing Places: Attracting Investment and Tourism toCitied, States and Nations. New York: Free Press.1993.
[73] Kyvig, David E, Daily Life I the United States,1920-1939: Decades of Promise and Pain.Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,2002.
[74] Lanza, Alessandro, The Economics of Tourism and Sustainable Development, Cheltenham,UK: Northhampton. MA: Edward Elgar, c2005.
[75] Law, C.M, Tourism As a Focus for Urban Regeneration. In S. Hardy, T. Hart and T. Shaw（eds） The Role of Tourism in the Urban and Regional Economy. London: Regional StudiesAssociation..1991.
[76] Law, C.M, Urban Tourism in the Unites States. Urban Tourism Project Working Paper, No.4,Salford: Department of Geography, University of Salford.1985.
[77] Law, Christopher M, Urban Tourism: Attracting Visitors to Large Cities, London: Continuum,2002.
[78] Marguerite Shaffer,See America First:Tourism and National Identity,1880-1940, WashingtonD. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press,2001
[79] Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity inMonterey California, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993.
[80] McKercher, Bob, Cultural Tourism: the Partnership between Tourism and Cultural HeritageManagement New York: Haworth Hospitality Press, c2002.
[81] Miller, Nathan, New World Coming: the1920s and the Making of Modern America. NewYork: Scribner,2003.
[82] Moehring, Eugene P, Las Vegas: A Centennial History, Reno: University of Nevada Press,c2005.
[83] Monkkonen, Eric H., America Become Urban: The Development of U.S. Cities&TownsBerkeley,1988.
[84] Murphy, Peter E., Quality Management in Urban Tourism, Chichester: New York: Wiley.c1997.
[85] Nash, Gerald D, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy, Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press, c1990.
[86] Nathan Daniel Gonzales,“Visit Yesterday, Today”: Ethno-Tourism and Southern California1884-1955,（University of California-Riverside）, Ann Arbor, M: ProQuest Information andLearning Company,2006.
[87] Newton, James Winship, The Travel Market and Its Effect upon the Employment Structure ofService Functions Within Select, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI.1977.
[88]Olson, Sherry H,Baltimore: the Building of An American City,Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, c1980.
[89] Page, S. Urban Tourism. London: Routledge1995.
[90] Page, Stephen, Managing Urban tourism, Harlow: Prentice Hall.2002.
[91] Parker,R.E. Las Vegas: Casino Gambling and Local Culture. In D.R. Judd and S.S. Fainstein（eds） The Tourist City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.1999.
[92] Pender, Lesley. Marketing Management for Travel and Tourism, Cheltenham:StanleyThornes （Publishers） Ltd..1999.
[93] Puzo, Mario, Inside Las Vegas, New York: Grosset&Dunlap. c1977.
[94] Raj, Razaq, Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Festivals Management: An InternationalPerspective, Wallingford. UK: Cambridge, MA: CABI Pub.. c2007.
[95] Rath, Jan, Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City, New York: London: Routledge,2007
[96] Raymond W, Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern SanFrancisco,1869-1915. Ph.D University of Washington,2002.
[97] Rice, B.R, Atlanta: If Dixie were Atlanta. In R.M.Bernard and B.R. Rice （eds） SunbeltCities: Politics and Growth since World War II. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.1983.
[98] Richards, Greg, Cultural Tourism: Global and Local Perspectives, New York: HaworthHospitality Press, c2007.
[99] Richards, Greg, Tourism, Creativity and Development, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: NewYork. NY: Routledge, c2007.
[100] Rippendorf, J, The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel.Oxford: Heinemann Professional Publishing.1987.
[101] Roger Daniels, Asian America—Chinese and Japanese in the United states since1850,Seattle and London:University of Washington Press,1995.
[102] Rosentraub, M.S. and Przybylski, M, Sports and Downtown Development: Indianapolis’sEffort to Go from Indian Noplace to Indiana Sports Place. In M.S. Rosentraub（ed.）MajorLeague Losters: The Real Cost of Sports and Who’s Paying for It. New York: BasicBooks.1997.
[103] Rosentraub, M.S, Stadiums and Urban Space. In R.G. Noll and A.Zimbalist （eds） SportsJobs and Taxes: The Economic Impact of Sports Teams and Stadiums. Washington, DC:Brookings Institution Press.1997.
[104] Schimmel, K. S, Growth Politics, Urban Development, and Sport Stadium Construction inthe United States: A Case Study. In J. Bale and X. Moen （eds） The Stadium and the City.Keele; Keele Univesity Press.1995.
[105] Schlesinger, Arthur M., The Rise of the City,1878-1898New York,1933.
[106] Scott Norris, Discovered Country: Tourism and Survival in the American West, Albuquerque,New Mexico: Stone Ladder Press,1994.
[107] Scott, Mel, The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective, Berkeley: Universityof California,1959.
[108] Selby, Martin, Understanding Urban Tourism: Image, Culture and Experience, London:New York: I.B. Tauris: In the U. S. and Canada, Distributed by Palgrame Macmillan,2004.
[109] Sharma, K. K, Tourism and Socio-Cultural Development, New Delhi: Sarup&Sons,2004.
[110] Sharrer, George Terry, Flour Milling and The Growth of Baltimore,1783-1830, Ann Arbor,Mich.: UMI.1976.
[111] Shavit, David, Bali and the Tourist Industry:A History,1906-1942,Jefferson, D.C.:McFarland&Co..2003.
[112] Sigala, Marianna, International Cultural Tourism:Management, Implications and Cases,Oxford: Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, c2005.
[113] Simich, Jerry L, The Peoples of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces, Reno: University ofNevada Press, c2005.
[114] Smith, Melanie K, Cultural Tourism in A Changing World: Politics, Participation and（Re）presentation Clevedon: Buffalo, NY: Channel View Publications, c2006.
[115] Stanonis, Anthony J, Creating the Big Easy: New Orleans and the Emergence of ModernTourism,1918-1945, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, c2006.
[116] Steinberg, James B. et al ed., Urban America: Policy Choices for Los Angeles and theNation Santa Monica, CA: Rand,1992.
[117] Stevenson, Elizabeth. Babbitts and Bohemians, the American1920’s, New York:Macmillan,c1967.
[118] Streissguth, Thomas, The Roaring Twenties: An Eyewitness History. New York: Facts onFiles,2001.
[119] Teaford, Jon C., The Twentieth-Century American City: Problem, Promise and RealityBaltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1986.
[120] Thompson, Hunter S, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, and other American Stories, NewYork: Modern Library,1996.
[121] Timothy Dallen J, Shopping Tourism, Retailing, and Leisure, Clevedon: Buffalo, NY:Channel View Publications, c2005.
[122] Tourism Canada, The US Travel Market Study,. Ottawa: Tourism Canada.1986.
[123] Tribe, John, The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism, Amsterdam:Boston:Elsevier,2005.
[124] Valene Smith, ed., Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, Philadelphia,1977.
[125] Veal, Anthony James, Leisure and Tourism Policy and Planning,Wallingford, Oxon, UK:New York, NY: CABI Pub. c2002.
[126] Vetter, F, Big City Tourism. Berlin: Reimer Verlag.1985.
[127] Vladimir, Andrew, The Complete Travel Marketing Handbook:37Industry Experts ShareTheir Secrets, Lincolnwood, III, U.S.A.: NTC Business Books, c1988.
[128] Waitt, Gordon, Gay Tourism: Culture and Context,New York: Haworth Hospitality Press,c2006.
[129] Walder, Bibiana, Innovation and Product Development in Tourism: Creating SustainableCompetitive Advantage, Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH&Co.,2006
[130] Walle, Alf H, Cultural Tourism: A Strategic Focus, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.1998.
[131] Weiermair, Klaus, The Tourism and Leisure Industry: Shaping the Future, New York:Haworth Hospitality Press, c2004.
[132] White, Richard, Power and Place in the North American West,Seattle: Center for theStudy of the Pacific Northwest in Association with University of Washington Press, c1999.
[133] Williams, Christine, Service Quality in Leisure and Tourism, Wallingford, Oxon, UK:Cambridge, MA: CABI Pub. c2003.
[134] Williams, John A, Current Issues and Development in Hospitality and Tourism Satisfaction,Binghamton, NY, USA: Haworth Hospitality Press, c2003.
[135] Wilson, Joan Hoff, The Twenties: The Critical Issues. Boston: Little, Brown andcompany,1972.
[136] Wu, Wu-Chung, Strategy Formulation in the International Services Sector: FactorsInfluencing, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI,1990.
[137] Xu, Xiamei, Nature-Oriented Tourist Behavior Among Pleasure Travelers to NorthAmerica, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI,2000.
[1]--------,“Reports: A Forum for Tourism and Leisure Research Issues”, Tourism Management,Vol.19, No.4,1998, pp387-391.
[2] Abraham Pizam,“The80’s: Its Impact on Travel and Tourism Marketing”, Annals of TourismResearch, Vol.4, No.5,1977,pp279-287.
[3] Alma Gottlieb,“Americans’ Vacations”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.9,1982,pp165-187.
[4] Bamberger, R. J. and Parham,D.W,“Leveraging Menity Infrastructure: Indianapolis’Economic Development Strategy”, Urban Land,Vol.43,No.11,1984,pp12-18.
[5] Bramwell, B and Rawding, L,“Tourism Marketing Organizations in Industrial Cities.Organizations, Objectives and Urban Governance”. Tourism Management, Vol.15,1994,pp425-434.
[6] Bramwell, B,“Planning for Tourism in An Industrial City”, Town and country planning,Vol.62（1\2）,1993,pp17-19.
[7] Brawn, B.M,“The Economic Contribution of Conventions: the Case of Orlando”. Journalof Travel Research, Vol.30,No.3,1992, pp32-37.
[8] C. S. Van Doren; Larry D. Grustke,“Spatial Analysis of the U. S. Lodging Industry1963-1977”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.9,1982,pp543-563.
[9] C.L.Jenkins,“Government Involvement in Tourism in Developing Countries”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.9,1982, pp499-521.
[10] Carlton S. Van Doren,Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”,Annals of tourism research, Vol.12,1985, pp467-489.
[11] Dale Fodness,“Measuring Tourist Motivation”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.21, No.3,1994,pp555-581.
[12] Gilbert, D.C,“Conceptual Issues in the Meaning of Tourism”. In C.P. Cooper（ed.）Progressin Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, vol.2. London: Belhaven,1990
[13] Giuli Liebman Parrinello,“Motivation and Anticipation in Post-Industrial Tourism”, Annalsof Tourism Research, Vol.20,1993,pp233-249.
[14] Graham Dann, Dennish Nash, Philip Pearce,“Methodology in Tourism Research”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.15,1988, pp387-391.
[15] Graham M. S. Dann,“The Psychology of Leisure Travel: Effective Marketing and Selling ofTravel Services” Annals of Tourism Research,1983, pp286-289.
[16] Higham, J,“Sport as An Avenue of Tourism Development: An Analysis of the Positive andNegative Impacts of Sports Tourism”. Current Issues in Tourism,Vol.22,1999,pp822-890.
[17] Hinch, T.D, Urban Tourism: Perspectives on Sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,Vol.4,1996,pp95-109.
[18] Holcombe, B and Luongo, M,“Gay Tourism in the United States”, Annals of TourismResearch,Vol.23,1996,pp711-713.
[19] Honggen Xiao; Stephen L. J. Smith,“The Making of Tourism Research: Insights from aSocial Sciences Journal”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.33, No.2,2006, pp490-507.
[20] Hughes, C.G,“Conference Tourism: A Salesman’s Dream”, Tourism Management,Vol.9,1988, pp235-238.
[21] Hughes, C.G,“The Employment and Economic Benefits of Tourism Reappraised”. TourismManagement,Vol.3,1982,pp167-176.
[22] Hughes,H.L,“Olympic Tourism and Urban Regeneration”, Festival Management and EventTourism, Vol.1,1993,pp157-162.
[23] Ivanka Avelini Holjevac,“A Vision of Tourism and the Hotel Industry in the21stCentury”,Hospitality Management22,2008, pp129-134.
[24] J. E. Brougham; R. W. Butler,“A Segmentation Analysis of Resident Attitudes to the SocialImpact of Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.3, No.4,1981, pp569-590.
[25] Jamee Khadaboo, Boopen Seetanah,“Transportation Infrastructure and TourismDevelopment”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.34, No.4,2007, pp1021-1032.
[26] Jansen-Verbeke, M. and van Rekom, J,“Scanning Museum Visitors: Urban Tourismmarketing”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.23,1996, pp364-375.
[27] Jim Macbeth,“Towards an Ethics Platform for Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.32,No.4,2005, pp962-984.
[28] Jerritt James Frank, Marketing the Mountains: an Environmental History of Tourism in RockyMountain National Park, History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, ppxi.
[29] John A. Jakle,“Tourism by Automobile in1932, the American West as Stereotype”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.3, No.4,1981,pp534-549.
[30] John J. Plgram,“Environmental Implications of Tourism Development”, Annals of TourismResearch, Vol.4,1980,pp554-583.
[31] John Towner, Geoffrey Wall,“History and Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.18,1991, pp71-84.
[32] Jorge E. Arana, Carmelo J. Leon,“The Impact of Terrorism on Tourism Demand” Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.35, No.2,2008, pp299-315.
[33] Judith Adler,“Youth on the Road: Reflections on the History of Tramping”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985,pp335-354.
[34] Kent, W.E,“Underground Atlanta: the Untimely Passing of A Major Tourist Attraction”,Journal of Travel Research, Vol.22,1984, pp2-7.
[35] Law, C.M,“Regenerating the City Centre Through Leisure and Tourism”. Built Environment,Vol.26,2000, pp117-129.
[36] Law, C.M,“Urban Tourism and Its Contribution to Urban Regeneration”. Urban Studies,Vol.29,1992, pp599-618.
[37] Levine, M.V,“Downtown Redevelopment as An Urban Growth Strategy: A Critical Appraisalof the Baltimore Renaissance”, Journal of urban Affairs, Vol.9,1987, pp103-123.
[38] McNulty, R,“Revitalizing Industrial Cities through Cultural Tourism”. International Journalof Environmental Studies, Vol.25,1985, pp225-228.
[39] Mullins, P,“Tourism Urbanization”. International Journal of Urban and regionalresearch,Vol.15,1991,pp326-342.
[40] Nelson H. H. Graburn,“Americans’ Vacations: Further Comments on Class and Lifestyle”,Annals of Tourism Research,1983, pp270-273.
[41] Nelson H. H. Graburn,“The Anthropology of Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.10,1983,pp9-33.
[42] Patrick C. Jobes,“Old Timer and New Mobile Lifestyle”, Annals of Tourism Research,Vol.11,1984,pp184-198.
[43] Paul Aspelin,“An Original American Vacation”, Annals of Tourism Research,,1978,pp175-178.
[44] Richard Butler&Geoffrey Wall,“Introduction: Themes in Research on the Evolution ofTourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.12.1985, pp287--293.
[45] Richard C. Prentice, Stephen F. Witt,“Holiday Parks: Current Issues and Trends”,Hospitality Management, Vol.10, No.3,1991, pp229-244.
[46] Rosentraub, M.S. and Nunn, S.R,“Suburban City Investment in Professional Sports”,American Behavioural Scientist, Vol.21,1978, pp393-414.
[47] Russell R. Currie,“A Pleasure-Tourism Behaviors Framework”, Annals of TourismResearch, Vol.24, No.4,1997,pp884-897.
[48] Tanja Mihalic,“Tourism Policy and Planning: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.36, No.1,2009, pp157-158.
[49] Tighe, A.J,“Cultural Tourism in the USA”. Tourism Management, Vol.6,1985, pp234-251.
[50] Ullman. Edward L. Amenities as a Factor in Regional Growth.,The Geographical Review44（2）:1954,119-132.
[51] Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A Regional Tourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986, pp415-433.
[52] Zukin, S. et al.,“From Coney Island to Las Vegas”, Urban Affairs Review, Vol.33,1998,pp627-654.
[1] Alfred Runte“,Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”,California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West （Spring,1991）, pp.62-75,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553,（2009年11月16日下载）
[2] Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Faceof Tourism,1880-1930”,California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: ACentury of California National Parks （Summer,1990）, pp.154-169,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421,（2009年11月18日下载）
[3]“CarCulture”:http://www.discoveramerica.com/ca/california/los-angeles-la-fodors-article-1.html（2009年11月1日下载）
[4] Clark Davis,“From Oasis to Metropolis: Southern California and the Changing Context ofAmerican Leisure”,The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.61, No.3（May,1992）, pp.357-386,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640592,（2009年11月18日下载）
[5] Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42,No.3（Jul.,1952）, pp.462-481, http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100,（2009年11月18日下载）
[6] David Ward,“The Progressives and the Urban Question: British and AmericanResponses to the Inner City Slums1880-1920”, Source: Transactions of the Institute ofBritish Geographers, New Series, Vol.9, No.3（1984）,pp.312, Published by: BlackwellPublishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society （with the Institute ofBritishGeographers）Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/622235（2012年7月20日下载）
[7] Dean MacCannell,“The Ego Factor in Tourism”, The Journal of Consumer Research,Vol.29, No.1（Jun.,2002）, pp.146-151,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3131967,（2009年11月18日下载）
[8] Dydia DeLyser,“Ramona Memories: Fiction, Tourist Practices, and Placing the Past inSouthern California”,Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.93, No.4（Dec.,2003）, pp.886-908, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1515360,（2009年10月24日下载）
[9] Ernest M. Fisher,“Housing Problems”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.48, No.1（Nov.,1933）, pp.146,Published by: Oxford University PressStable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884799.（2012年7月20日下载）
[10] Hal K. Rothman,“Stumbling toward the Millennium: Tourism, the Postindustrial World,and the Transformation of the American West”, California History, Vol.77, No.3（Fall,1998）, P141-155, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462489,（2009年10月24日）
[11] Kerwin L. Klein,“Frontier Products: Tourism, Consumerism, and the SouthwesternPublic Lands,1890-1990”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.62, No.1（Feb.,1993）,pp.39-71,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640522,（2009年11月18日下载）
[12] Mansel G. Blackford “Historians Approach Tourism in the American West: A ReviewEssay”, The Business History Review, Vol.75, No.3（Autumn,2001）, P579-585,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3116387,（2009年11月18日下载）
[13] Marguerite S. Shaffer,“See America First: Re-Envisioning Nation and Region throughWestern Tourism”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West （Nov.,1996）, pp.559-581http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640296（,2009年11月16日下载）
[14] Martin Padget,“Travels in the American Southwest”, Journal of the Southwest, Vol.46,No.2, Scholarship from the William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies（Summer,2004）, pp.413-440, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40170295,（2009年11月18日下载）
[15] Maurice Roche,“Mega-Events and Micro-Modernization: On the Sociology of the NewUrban Tourism”, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol.43, No.4（Dec.,1992）, pp.563-600, http://www.jstor.org/stable/591340,（2009年10月24日下载）
[16] Penelope Canan and Michael Hennessy,“The Growth Machine, Tourism, and the Sellingof Culture”,Sociological Perspectives, Vol.32, No.2（Summer,1989）, pp.227-243,http://www.jstor.org/stable/1389099,（2009年11月18日下载）
[17] Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation,Entertainment, and the Arts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75,No.1, Archives in California （Spring,1996）, pp.68-83,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561,（2009年11月16日下载）
[18] Peter J. Blodgett,“Visiting "The Realm of Wonder": Yosemite and the Business ofTourism,1855-1916”,California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: ACentury of California National Parks （Summer,1990）, pp.118-133.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462419,（2009年11月18日下载）
[19] Richard A. Walker Source,“California's Golden Road to Riches: Natural Resources andRegional Capitalism,1848-1940”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers,Vol.91, No.1（Mar.,2001）, pp.167-199. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3651196,（2009年10月24日下载）
[20] Robert C. Schmitt “Travel, Tourism and Migration”; Demography, Vol.5, No.1（1968）,pp.306-310. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2060210/,（2009年10月24日下载）
[21] Stephan M. Wilson and Gary W. Peterson,“Life Satisfaction among Young Adults fromRural Families” Source: Family Relations, Vol.37, No.1（Jan.,1988）, pp.84,Published by: National Council on Family Relations, Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/584435.（2012年7月20日下载）
[22] Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The PacificHistoryReview,Vol.68,OrangeEmpires （May,1999）,pp.173-191,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,（2009年10月24日下载）
[23] Thomas K. Hafen,“City of Saints, City of Sinners: The Development of Salt Lake Cityas a Tourist Attraction1869-1900”, The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol.28, No.3（Autumn,1997）, pp.343-377. http://www.jstor.org/stable/971025,（2009年11月16日下载）
[24] Thomas R. Cox “,Before the Casino: State Parks, and Nevada's Quest for Tourism”,TheWestern Historical Quarterly, Vol.24, No.3（Aug.,1993）, pp.333-350,http://www.jstor.org/stable/970754,（2009年11月18日下载）
[1]（英）史蒂芬·威廉姆斯；杜靖川曾萍等译，《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》新视野旅游译丛，昆明：云南大学出版社2006
[2]---------，《美国西部国家公园》，香港：今日世界出版社编译，1973
[3]［美］弗雷德里克·刘易斯·艾伦著，汪晓莉，袁玲丽译：《浮华时代――美国20世纪20年代简史》，上海：上海财经大学出版社，2008
[4]［美］卡尔·艾博特，：《大都市边疆-----当代美国西部城市》（王旭等译），北京，商务印书馆，1998
[5]［美］卡洛普.美国社会发展趋势.刘绪贻,李世洞,秦珊等译.北京:商务印书馆,1997.110～118.
[6]［美］乔尔·科特金，保罗·格拉博威兹（著）《加利福尼亚的崛起》，现代国际关系研究所选编，北京：时事出版社，1985
[7]［美］沃尔特·拉菲伯；理查德·波伦堡；南希·沃洛奇著，黄磷译：《美国世纪――一个超级大国的崛起与兴盛》，海口：海南出版社，2008
[8]陈宝森：《当代美国经济》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003
[9]陈宝森：《美国经济与政府政策：从罗斯福到里根》，北京：世界知识出版社，1988
[10]匡林：《旅游业政府主导型发展战略研究》，北京：中国旅游出版社，2001
[11]梁茂信：《都市化时代----20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会发展问题》，长春:东北师范大学出版社，2002
[12]刘易斯·芒福特著,宋俊岭,倪文彦译《城发展史---起源,演变和前景》,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005年, P472
[13]罗明义：《国际旅游发展导论》，天津：南开大学出版社，2002
[14]马克·吐温著，刘文哲，张明林译：《苦行记》,重庆：西南师范大学出版社,1994，第192页
[15]彭顺生：《世界旅游发展史》，北京：中国旅游出版社，2006
[16]沈受君：《世界旅游概览》，北京：中国旅游出版社，1982
[17]王晨光：《旅游经济学》，北京：经济科学出版社，2004
[18]王旭：《美国西海岸大城市研究》，长春，东北师范大学出版社，1994
[19]王旭：《美国城市发展模式---从城市到大都市区》，北京：清华大学出版社，2006
[20]王永忠：《西方旅游史》，南京：东南大学出版社，2004
[21]魏小安：《旅游热点问题实说》，北京：中国旅游出版社，2001
[22]吴国清：《世界旅游地理》上海：上海人民出版社，2003
[23]徐明宏：《休闲城市》，南京：东南大学出版社，2004
[24]殷理田：《旅游产业发展论》，北京：人民出版社，2000
[25]张懿文：《美国人这样过生活》，北京：旅游教育出版社，2009
[26]邹树梅：《旅游史话》，天津：百花文艺出版社，2008
[1]杜江：《近年美国旅行社发展态势研究》，《旅游学刊》，1996年第4期
[2]付成双：《从环境史的角度重新审视美国西部开发》，《史学月刊》，2009年第2期
[3]黄虚峰：《新南方起源时期美国南部城市的发展和城市生活的变迁》《史学月刊》，2002年第7期
[4]惠宇明：《美国：旅游立法异彩纷呈》，《中国旅游报》，1995年1月21日第4版
[5]金卫东：《美国东部都市群旅游产业密集带的发展与启示》，《旅游学刊》，2004年第6期
[6]李宏：《欧美旅行社的一体化进程研究》，《旅游学刊》，1999年第6期
[7]梁茂春:《美国改善城市贫困社区居住环境的措施》，城市问题，2010年第8期
[8]梁茂信：《当代美国的人口流动及其区域性影响》，《世界历史》，1998年第6期
[9]刘赵平：《美国旅行社业最新发展态势研究—兼议对中国旅行社业的启迪》，《旅游学刊》，1999年第3期
[10]田喜洲，王渤：《试论美国旅游业》，《东南亚纵横》，2003年第10期
[11]田喜洲，《论美国旅游生态环境保护的措施》，《生态经济（学术版）》，2007年第2期
[12]石庆环：《20世纪美国中产阶级的结构变迁及其特征》，《辽宁大学学报》，2010年7月第4期
[13]王爱声：《美国环境法与可持续发展》，《法学杂志》，1998年第6期
[14]王大悟：《主题乐园长盛不衰十大要素论析—以美国迪斯尼世界为案例的实证研究》，《旅游学刊》，2007年第2期
[15]王晓德：《美国现代大众消费社会的形成及其全球影响》，《美国研究》，2007年第2期
[16]王旭：《拓宽美国城市史研究的成功尝试---评“都市化时代――20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题”》，《世界历史》2003年第4期
[17]王旭：《工业城市发展的周期及其阶段性特征――美国中西部与中国东北部比较》《历史研究》，1997年第6期，
[18]王莹：《中美风景区管理比较研究》，《旅游学刊》，1996年第6期
[19]吴必虎，蔡利平：《美国大学中的旅游研究---旅游研究向名牌大学的渗透》，《旅游学刊》，2001年第4期
[20]吴必虎，唐子颖，蔡利平：《美国大学中的旅游研究（二）---旅游及相关专业的教学体系》，《旅游学刊》，2002年第5期
[21]张广瑞：《简谈国际旅游城市应具备的条件》，《旅游学刊》，1994年第1期
[22]张延杰：《20世纪60年代美国环境保护意识的产生》，《东北师范大学学报》，2000年第4期
[23]赵炳时：《美国大城市形态发展现状与趋势》，《城市规划》，2002年第5期
[24]朱世达：《关于美国中产阶级的演变与思考》，《美国研究》,1994年第4期,
[1]马小宁，旅游业与城市经济----以迈阿密为例[D]:[博士学位论文].厦门大学，2007
[2]刘凤环，美国消费社会在1920年代的形成，[D]:[博士学位论文].南开大学，2007
[3]齐秀丽，冷战与美国的国际收支调节政策，[D]:[博士学位论文].东北师范大学，2008
[4]黄海，从政府主导到政府引导---日英两国旅游业发展过程中政府职能和作用的历史转变，
[D]：[硕士学位论文].西南师范大学历史文化与旅游学院，2002
[5]邓银颖，19世纪末20世纪初美国旅游业的兴起，[D]:[硕士学位论文].东北师范大学，2012
②U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.12.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.13.
②Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89： A RegionalTourism Model”Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986, p.420.
①Dean MacCannel, The tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York,1976.
②Valene Smith, Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism. Philadelphia,1977.
③Alma Gottlieb,“American’s Vacations”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.9,1982, pp.165-187.
④John J Pilgram,“Environmental Implications of Tourism Development”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.4,1980, pp.554-583.
⑤Graham M. S. Dann,“The Psychology of Leisure Travel”, Annals of Tourism Research,1983, pp.286-289.
⑥Thomas Weiss, Tourism in America Before World War II, New York: Grosset&Dunlap.1977.
①Carlton S. Van Doren and Sam A. Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985, pp.467-489.
②Dona Brown, Inventing New England: Regional Tourism in the Nineteenth Century, Washington, D. C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,1995; Cindy Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States,New York: Oxford University Press,1999; Richard Starnes, Southern Journeys: Tourism, History, and Culture inthe Modern South, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press,2003.
③John Sears, Sacred Places: American Tourist Attractions in the Nineteenth Century, New York: OxfordUniversity Press,1989.
①Jerritt James Frank, Marketing the Mountains: an Environmental History of Ttourism in Rocky MountainNational Park, History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, ppv.
②Earl Pomeroy, In Search of the Golden West: The Tourist in Western America, New York,1957.
③Robert C. Schmitt,“Travel, Tourism and Migration”, Demography, Vol.5, No.11968, pp.306-310.
①Anne Hyde and Marguerite Shaffer, An American Vision: Far Western Landscape and National Culture,1820-1920, New York: New York University Press,1990.
②Marguerite Shaffer, See America first---Tourism and National Identity,1880-1940, Washington D. C.:Smithsonian Institution Press,2001.
③M. Gottdiener, Las Vegas: The Social Production of an All-American City, Blackwell Publishers,1999.
①Hal Rothman, Devil’s Bargain: Tourism in the Twentieth-Century American West, Lawrence, Kansas:University Press of Kansas,1998.
②David M. Wrobel and Patrick T. Long, Seeing and Being Seen: Tourism in the American West, Lawrence,Kansas: University Press of Kansas,2001.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915,University of Washington,2002.
②Valene L. Smith, Arlene Hetherington and Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89: A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986, pp.415-433.
③Hal K. Rothman,“Stumbling toward the Millennium: Tourism, the Postindustrial World, and theTransformation of the American West”, California History, Vol.77, No.3(Fall,1998), pp.141-155.
④Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review, Vol.68,OrangeEmpires (May,1999), pp.173-191.
①Jason Philip Gruen, Manifest Destinations: Tourist Encounters in the Urban American West,1869-1893,Berkeley: University of California Press,2004.
②Catherine Cocks, Doing the Town: The Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States,1850-1915, Berkeley:University of California Press,2001.
③Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity in Monterey, California,Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993, pp.2-3.
①例如，王永忠著：《西方旅游史》，南京：东南大学出版社2004年；罗明义：《国际旅游发展导论》天津：南开大学出版社，2006年；王晨光：《旅游经济学》，北京：经济科学出版社2004年。
②彭顺生:《世界旅游发展史》,北京:中国旅游出版社,2006年4月。
③吴必虎：《一部填补旅游史空缺的专著----评世界旅游发展史》，《旅游学刊》，2006年第6期。
④王旭：《美国城市发展模式——从城市到大都市区》，北京:清华大学出版社,2006年,第247页。
①梁茂信：《都市化时代：20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，长春：东北师范大学出版社2002年，第34页。
②陈宝森：《当代美国经济》，北京：社会科学文献出版社,2011年。
③王晓德：《美国现代大众消费社会的形成及其全球影响》，美国研究,2007年第2期。
④梁茂信：《当代美国的人口流动及其区域性影响》,世界历史,1998年第6期。
⑤杜江：《近年美国旅行社发展态势研究》，《旅游学刊》，1996年第4期；刘赵平：《美国旅行社业最新发展态势研究—兼议对中国旅行社业的启迪》，《旅游学刊》，1999年第3期；田喜洲、王爱声、张延杰：《论美国旅游生态环境保护的措施》，《生态经济（学术版）》，2007年第2期；王爱声：《美国环境法与可持续发展》，《法学杂志》，1998年第6期；张延杰：《20世纪60年代美国环境保护意识的产生》，《东北师范大学学报》，2000年第4期；金卫东：《美国东部都市群旅游产业密集带的发展与启示》，《旅游学刊》，2004年第6期。
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.viii.
②James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.173; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3, Published by:American Geographical Society Stable,1952, p.470, http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.175; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
③James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.175; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
①James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.75; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
②James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.175; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
③James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.175; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
④James D. Houston,“From El Dorado to the Pacific Rim: The Place Called California”; Source: CaliforniaHistory, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California (Winter,1989/1990), p.174; http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158534
(2010年1月14日下载)
⑤加利福尼亚官方网站:http://www.ca.gov/(2010年1月14日下载)
①Kevin Starr,“The Gold Rush and the California Dream”, California History, Vol.77, No.1, National Gold RushSymposium(Spring,1998), p.56, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(:2010年1月13日下载)
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States,Colonial Timesto1970, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1975, p.22.
③Kevin Starr,“The Gold Rush and the California Dream”, California History, Vol.77, No.1, National Gold RushSymposium(Spring,1998), p.56, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(:2010年1月13日下载)
④U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States,Colonial Timesto1970, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1975, p.22.
⑤Kevin Starr,“The Gold Rush and the California Dream”, California History, Vol.77, No.1, National GoldRush Symposium(Spring,1998), p.61, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(:2010年1月13日下载)
⑥U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Timesto1970, Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office,1975, p.25.
①U.S. Census Bureau, Distribution of the100Largest Urban Places, by Region, Division, and State1790-1990,p.table26; http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027(2012年3月20日下载)
②Kevin Starr,“The Gold Rush and the California Dream”, California History, Vol.77, No.1, National Gold RushSymposium(Spring,1998),pp.56-61, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(2010年1月13日下载)
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.24.
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.25.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.26.
④U.S. Census Bureau, Population of the100Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States,1790to1990, pp. table09,tables11,13,15,17; http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027(2012年
3月20日下载)
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, pp.viii-ix.
②萨尼：《天使之城—洛杉矶》，《旅游周刊》2011年3月19日。
③Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, pp.viii-ix.
④U.S. Census Bureau, Population of the100Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States,1790to1990, pp.11,13,15,17; http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027(2012年3月20日下载)
①王旭:《美国城市发展模式----从城市化到大都市区化》,北京：清华大学出版社,2006，第246页。
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.236-237.
③梁茂信:《都市化时代----20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》,东北师范大学出版社,2002，第11页。
④[美]埃里克.方纳著,王希译：《给我自由—一部美国的历史》,商务印书馆,2010,第747页。
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.viii.
②[美]埃里克.方纳著，王希译：《给我自由—一部美国的历史》,商务印书馆,2010,第747页。
③[美]马克.吐温著，刘文哲，张明林译：《苦行记》,重庆：西南师范大学出版社,1994，第192页。
①Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.67, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(2009年11月16日下载)
②Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.72, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(2009年11月16日下载)
③Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.65, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(2009年11月16日下载)
④Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.68, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(2009年11月16日下载)
⑤Marguerite S. Shaffer,“See America First: Re-Envisioning Nation and Region through Western Tourism”, ThePacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and the American West (Nov.,1996), p.564,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640296(2009年11月16日下载)
⑥Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.42-43.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.50-52.
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.55.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.56.
④Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.271-272.
①Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.73,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
②[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第69页。
③Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.12, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553(2010年1月14日下载)
①Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996),p.12, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553(:2010年1月14日下载)
②Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.13, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553(:2010年1月14日下载)
③Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.12, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553(2010年1月14日下载)
①Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), pp.14-15, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553
(2010年1月14日下载)
②田喜洲：《论美国旅游生态环境保护的措施》，《生态经济》(学术版),2007年第2期,第316页。
③[美]埃里克.方纳著,王希译：《给我自由---一部美国的历史》,北京：商务印书馆，2010，第905页。
①Ernest M. Fisher,“Housing Problems”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.48, No.1(Nov.,1933),p.146,http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884799.(2012年7月20日下载)
②梁茂春:《美国改善城市贫困社区居住环境的措施》，城市问题，2010年第8期，第90页。
③David Ward,“The Progressives and the Urban Question: British and American Responses to the Inner CitySlums1880-1920”, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, New Series, Vol.9, No.3(1984), p.312,http://www.jstor.org/stable/622235(2012年7月20日下载)
④Stephan M. Wilson and Gary W. Peterson,“Life Satisfaction among Young Adults from Rural Families” FamilyRelations, Vol.37, No.1(Jan.,1988), p.84, http://www.jstor.org/stable/584435.(2012年7月20日下载)
①[美]埃里克.方纳著,王希译：《给我自由---一部美国的历史》,北京：商务印书馆，2010，第960页。
②彭顺生：《世界旅游发展史》,中国旅游出版社,2006年,第227-234页。
③Catherine Cocks, Doing the Town---The Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States,1850-1915, University ofCalifornia Press2001. pp.24-25,
①刘易斯.芒福特著，宋俊岭，倪文彦译：《城市发展史---起源,演变和前景》，北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2005年，第472页。
②石庆环：《20世纪美国中产阶级的结构变迁及其特征》，《辽宁大学学报》，2010年7月第4期，第92页。
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.133.
④Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.104.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.107-108; pp.111-115; p.119.
②[美]弗雷德里克.刘易斯.艾伦，汪晓莉，袁玲丽译：《浮华时代---美国20世纪20年代简史》，上海：上海财经大学出版社，2008年1月，第56页。
③[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第77页。
①王旭：《美国西海岸大城市研究》，长春：东北师范大学出版社1994年版，第218页。
②蔡骐，孙有中：《现代美国大众文化》，北京：中国经济出版社，2000年版，第24页。
③蔡骐，孙有中：《现代美国大众文化》，北京：中国经济出版社，2000年版，第28页。
①骆越红：《美国大众文化的兴起与商业化趋势》，东北师范大学硕士学位论文，2008年，第15-16页。
②Catherine Cocks, Doing the Town---The Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States,1850-1915, University ofCalifornia Press2001. pp.1-2.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.64.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.137; pp.139-140.
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.143.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.202.
④Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.233-234.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.264-265.
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.276.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.31.
④Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.28-29.
①Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.326; p.328.
②Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, pp.21-22.
③Raymond W. Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern San Francisco,1869-1915.University of Washington,2002, p.273.
④王旭：《美国城市发展模式---从城市化到大都市区化》，清华大学出版社，2006,第247页。
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.10.
②Catherine Cocks, Doing the Town---The Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States,1850-1915, University ofCalifornia Press2001. pp.7-8.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau,“The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976”,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, pp.viii-ix.
②Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau,“The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976”,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.2.
③Edited by Dennis R. Judd and Susan S. Fainstein, The Tourist City, Yale University Press,2000. pp.5-6.
①Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.68,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
②Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.69,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
①Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.158, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
②Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.165, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
①Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.168, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
②Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), pp.163-164, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
③Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.539, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
①Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.538, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
②Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity in Monterey, California,Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993,pp.18-19.
③Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), pp.163-164, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
④Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.162, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
①Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.169, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
②[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川，曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第38页。
③Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of aState.p.69, University of California Press,2000.
④Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), p.164, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
①Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.70.
②Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. pp.71-72.
①Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.,University of California Press,2000. p.73.
②Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.77.
③Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. pp.78-79.
④Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.79.
①Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.79.
②Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.80.
③Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.81.
①Carolyn Peter, California Welcomes the World: International Expositions,1894-1940and the Selling of a State.University of California Press,2000. p.81.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985. p.467.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985. p.467.
①Marguerite S. Shaffer,"See America First": Re-Envisioning Nation and Region through Western Tourism, ThePacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and the American West (Nov.,1996), p.571,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640296(2009年11月16日下载)
①Blaine P. Lamb,“Highways and Waterways: Two Episodes in California’s Transportation History”, CaliforniaHistory, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.12, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177553(:2010年1月14日下载)
②Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.5, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549
(:2010年1月14日下载)
③Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.6, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549
(:2010年1月14日下载)
①Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.6, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549
(:2010年1月14日下载)
②Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.7, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(:2010年1月14日下载)
③Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.9, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549(:2010年1月14日下载)
④朱世达：《关于美国中产阶级的演变与思考》，《美国研究》,1994年第4期,第43页。
①马小宁：《旅游业与城市经济----以迈阿密为例》，厦门大学博士学位论文，2007年8月，第2页。
②Richard Butler&Geoffrey Wall,“Introduction: Themes in Research on the Evolution of Tourism”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12. p.288,1985.
③Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau,“The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976”,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976,p.viii.
④王旭：《美国西海岸大城市研究》，长春：东北师范大学出版社1994年版，第250-251页。
⑤王旭：《美国西海岸大城市研究》，长春：东北师范大学出版社1994年版，第238页。
①Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Face of Tourism,1880-1930”, California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: A Century of California National Parks
(Summer,1990), pp.162-163, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421(2009年11月18日下载)
②Christopher M Law, Urban Tourism: The Visitor Economy and Growth of large Cities, Second Edition, p.6,London: Continuum,2002.
③Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.526, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
①President Economic Report,1978;http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/ERP/1978/ERP1957_Chapter1.pdf
②Manpower Report of the President, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1963, pp.5,22.
③President Economic Report,1957;http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/ERP/1957/ERP1957_Chapter2.pdf
①President Economic Report,1978;http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/docs/publications/ERP/1978/ERP1957_Chapter1.pdf
②孙群郎：《郊区化对美国社会的影响》，《美国研究》，1999年第3期，第51页。
③王旭：《美国“阳光带”城市的崛起述评》，《世界经济》，1990年第12期，第33页。
①梁茂信：《都市化时代——20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，长春：东北师范大学出版社2002年版，第94-96页。
②王旭：《美国城市发展模式---从城市化到大都市化》，清华大学出版社，2006年2月，第275页。
③Dan Walters,“The New California”, California History, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California
(Winter,1989/1990), p.224. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158540Accessed:13/01/201008:57
④西雅图:《勃兴重观》，商业周刊,1942-6–20,(26)。
⑤梁茂信：《都市化时代——20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，长春：东北师范大学出版社2002年版，第94-96页。
⑥Dan Walters,“The New California”, California History, Vol.68, No.4, Envisioning California
(Winter,1989/1990), p.224.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A. Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985, p.479.
②Clare Gunn, Tourism Planning: Basics, Concepts, Cases, New York10001,2002, p.3.
③[美]卡洛普，刘绪贻，李世洞,秦珊等译：《美国社会发展趋势》，北京：商务印书馆，1997年，第110-118页。
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A. Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985, p.479.
②刘绪贻，李存训：《罗斯福时代》，人民出版社2002年版，第91-96页。
③Ullman. Edward L.“Amenities as a Factor in Regional Growth”, The Geographical Review44(2): pp.19-132.
①付成双：《从环境史的角度重新审视美国西部开发》，《史学月刊》，2009年第2期,第118页。
②黄贤全,杜洋:《美国的西部开发与环境保护》,西南师范大学学报,2001年9月,第27卷,第5期,第142页。
③整理自滕海键博士论文：《美国环境政策研究（1970s-1990s）》，南开大学，2007年3月，第88-89页。
④黄贤全,杜洋:《美国的西部开发与环境保护》,西南师范大学学报,2001年9月,第27卷,第5期,第142页。
⑤滕海键博士论文：《美国环境政策研究（1970s-1990s）》，南开大学，2007年3月，第88-89页。
⑥吴楚材：《国外森林旅游的发展历程》，中国绿色时报，2010年3月23日，摘自中国林业新闻网。
⑦[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川，曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第158-159页。
①[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川，曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第158-159页。
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.474,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
③Jerritt James Frank, Marketing the Mountains: an Environmental History of Tourism in Rocky MountainNational Park, History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of therequirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, p.xi.
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.474,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.474.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川曾萍等译：《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社2006，第158-159页。
②美国开垦改造局官方网站：http://www.usbr.gov/native/(2009年11月18日下载)
③美国开垦改造局官方网站：http://www.usbr.gov/history/2011newbriefhistoryv1.pdf(2009年11月18日下载)
④Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.475.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①John Ott, Landscapes of Consumption: Auto Tourism and Visual Culture in California,1920-1940, Universityof California Press,2000. pp.59-60.
②John Ott, Landscapes of Consumption: Auto Tourism and Visual Culture in California,1920-1940, Universityof California Press,2000. p.59.
③Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.121985. p.478.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.15.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985. p.478.
①栾爽，李乾贵：《美国政府航空运输业法律规制的历史考察》，中国行政管理，2011年第10期，第100页。
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
③栾爽，李乾贵：《美国政府航空运输业法律规制的历史考察》，中国行政管理，2011年第10期，第100页。
④黄贤全，杜洋：《美国的西部开发与环境保护》,西南师范大学学报,2001年9月,第27卷,第5期,第141页。
⑤Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
①[英]史蒂芬.威廉姆斯著，杜靖川，曾萍等译，《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》，云南大学出版社，2006，第71页。
②Travel Weekly, May3,1984,p.63.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial timesto1970, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1975,p.707.
④Richard J. Orsi,“Railroads in the History of California and the Far West: An Introduction”, California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.2. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158549
(:2010年1月14日下载)
①Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(2009年11月16日下载)
②Alfred Runte,“Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”, California History, Vol.70, No.1,Railroads in California and the Far West (Spring,1991), p.75. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553(:2009年11月16日下载)
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial timesto1970, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1975,p.716.
②Travel Weekly, May3,1984, p.63.
③Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
④Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial timesto1970, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1975,p.716.
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.476,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial timesto1970, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1975,p.707.
④John Ott, Landscapes of Consumption: Auto Tourism and Visual Culture in California,1920-1940. Universityof California Press,2000. pp.51-52.
⑤John Ott, Landscapes of Consumption: Auto Tourism and Visual Culture in California,1920-1940. Universityof California Press,2000. pp.51-52.
⑥[美]埃里克.方纳著,王希译：《给我自由---一部美国的历史》,北京：商务印书馆，2010，第1206页。
①[美]埃里克.方纳著,王希译：《给我自由---一部美国的历史》,北京：商务印书馆，2010，第1210页。
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
③黄贤全,杜洋：《美国的西部开发与环境保护》，西南师范大学学报，2001年9月，第27卷，第5期，第141页。
①Travel Weekly, May3,1983, p.63.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.471.
③Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.473.
④Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.487.
①Hal K. Rothman,“Stumbling toward the Millennium: Tourism, the Postindustrial World, and theTransformation of the American West”, California History, Vol.77, No.3(Fall,1998), p.145.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462489(2009年10月24日)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.481.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
③邓银颖：《19世纪末20世纪初美国旅游业的兴起》[硕士论文]，东北师范大学，2012年5月，第18页。
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.481.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.465,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①John Ott, Landscapes of Consumption: Auto Tourism and Visual Culture in California,1920-1940. Universityof California Press,2000. pp.62-63.
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.467,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
③Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.546., http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载
④Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.467.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.547., http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.472.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.469.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.470.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
③Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.472.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
④Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.471.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.472.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②M. Gottdiener, Claudia C. Collins&David R. Dickens, Las Vegas---The Social Production of an All-AmericanCity, Blackwell publishers,1999, pp.9-11.
③Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.474.,http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), p.176. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
①Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), pp.179-180, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”,Annals of tourism research, Vol.12,1985. p.479.
③Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), p.174, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
④袁镜才：《美国海滨城市圣迭戈》，域外写真，第33页。
①Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), p.175. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
②Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), p.176. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
③Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review, Vol.68,Orange Empires (May,1999), p.177. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
①Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review, Vol.68,Orange Empires (May,1999), p.178. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
②Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.417.
①Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.421.
②Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.423.
③Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.424.
①Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.425.
②Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.428.
③Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research,Vol.13,1986. p.429.
①Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.430.
②Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.430.
③Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A RegionalTourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986. p.418.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A. Lollar,“The consequences of forty years of tourism growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12, p.468,1985.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A. Lollar,“The consequences of forty years of tourism growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12, p.486,1985.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985. p.479.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985. p.480.
②王旭：《美国城市发展模式——从城市到大都市区》，北京:清华大学出版社,2006年2月,第247页。
③Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985. p.481.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of tourismresearch, Vol.12,1985. p.482.
②C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada, Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, pp.11-12.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.12.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1963, p.206.
③1950-1962年的数据来自于U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of theUnited States, Washington D.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1963, p.206.
④U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States, WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1977, p.232.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States,WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1977, p.241.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.10.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.16.
④U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.13.
⑤表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R.Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen,Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder,Colorado:University of Colorado,1971, pp.7-10.
⑥表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R. Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen, Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado,1971, pp.15-18.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.10.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States,WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1963, p.10.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States,WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1963, pp.782-783.
③C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.4.
④C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.2.
①C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.4.
②表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R.Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen,Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder,Colorado:University of Colorado,1971, pp.7-10.
①C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.3.
②C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.3.
①表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R. Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen, Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado,1971, pp.15-18.
②C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada, Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, pp.11-12.
①C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada, Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.3.
②C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada, Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.2.
③C.R.Goeldner, Gerald L. Allen and Karen Dicke, Travel Trends in the United States and Canada, Boulder: theUniversity of Colorado,1971, p.4.
④表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R. Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen, Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado,1971, p.40.
①表格中的增长率为笔者自己统计所得，数据来源参见C.R. Geoldner, Gerald L. Allen, Karen Dick, TravelTrends in the U.S. and Canada, Boulder, Colorado: University of Colorado,1971, pp.42-43.
②State of California Department of Economic and Business Development, Office of Tourism, The EconomicImpact of Travel on California Counties1982, U.S. Travel Data Center, Executive Summary, p.1,1984.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.12.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.31.
③Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.25.
④Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.20.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.21.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.21.
③Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.21.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.19.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.19.
③Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.24.
④U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.5.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, pp.7-8.
②U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.11.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.83.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, pp.33-34.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.35.
④梁茂信：《都市化时代—20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，东北师范大学出版社，2002年4月，第98页。
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.37.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967,pp.46-47,49.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967,pp.46-47,49.
④U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States,WashingtonD.C.:U.S.Government Printing Office,1978, pp.17,19-21.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.65.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967,pp.46-47,49.
③Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.2.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.1.
②Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), p.550. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
①Hal K. Rothman,“Selling the Meaning of Place: Entrepreneurship, Tourism, and Community Transformation inthe Twentieth-Century American West”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West (Nov.,1996), pp.553-554. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640295(2009年11月18日下载)
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.112.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.117.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, pp.118.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.60.
①在二战后，南加州的旅游促销方法发生转变。以前的旅游促销主要是针对那些冬季寒冷的北方州，而在
50年代开始，广告促销活动也扩展到南方那些天气闷热、潮湿的州。这类活动也取得了较大的成功。参见Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,VoumeII, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.2.
②Shulman Research, Number and Charactertistics of Travelers to Caliornia in1986: A Report Prepared for theCalifornia Department of Commerce, Sacramento, CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.15.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.59.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.60.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.61.
③Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976,p.5.
④Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.34.
⑤Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.5.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.63.
②Shulman Research, Number and Charactertistics of Travelers to Caliornia in1986: A Report Prepared for theCalifornia Department of Commerce,Sacramento,CA: Department of Commerce,1988,p.19.
③梁茂信：《都市化时代—20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题》，东北师范大学出版社，2002年4月，第106-108页。
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.43.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.43.
①Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity in Monterey, California,Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993, p.8.
②Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity in Monterey, California,Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993, p.11.
③Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity in Monterey, California,Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993, pp.12-13.
④Nathan Dianiel Gonzales, Visit Yesterday, Today: Ethno-Tourism and Southern California,1884-1955, ADissertation Submitted in Partial Satisfaction of the Requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History,University of California-Riverside,2006, p.4.
①Nathan Dianiel Gonzales, Visit Yesterday, Today: Ethno-Tourism and Southern California,1884-1955, ADissertation Submitted in Partial Satisfaction of the Requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History,University of California-Riverside,2006,p.15.更多的详细论述参见16-19页。
②California Heritage Task Force, A Report to the Legislature and the People of California, Sacramento, CA:August1984(unpublished report),p.6.
③U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, pp.20-21.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.4.
②Shulman Research, Number and Charactertistics of Travelers to Caliornia in1986: A Report Prepared for theCalifornia Department of Commerce, Sacramento, CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.17.
①Robert C. Schmitt “Travel, Tourism and Migration”; Demography, Vol.5, No.1(1968), pp.308-309.http://www.jstor.org/stable/2060210/,(2009年10月24日下载)
②Shulman Research, Number and Charactertistics of Travelers to Caliornia in1986: A Report Prepared for theCalifornia Department of Commerce,Sacramento,CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.31.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.xi.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.3.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.2.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals oftourism research, Vol.12,1985, p.477.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, California Travel and Tourism by the Numbers,Prepared for the office of tourism, Department of Commerce, December,1985, p.12.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.5.
②Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.7.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.2.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.75.
③U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.75.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.77.
②关于引文参见U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California TourismIndustry-Trends and Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S.Department of Commerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, p.77.
③在报告中，“travel”是被界定为：从居住地旅行到至少100英里以上的地方，它既可以是在美国之内，也可以是在从美国到国外，并且在异地自费居住一个晚上以上。【旅行支出】“travel expenditure”是在旅行中用货币交换服务和商品的行为，按照这种界定，即使是旅行者尚未出门就发生支出（例如，购买飞机票和旅行途中使用的必要物品），也可以算作是旅行支出。Dean Runyan Associates,Regional Economic Impactsof California Travel1985and1986: A Report Prepared for the California Department of Commerce,Sacramento,CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.17.
④Dean Runyan Associates,Regional Economic Impacts of California Travel1985and1986: A Report Preparedfor the California Department of Commerce,Sacramento,CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.2.
①California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.3.
①Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976, p.1.
②Los Angeles, Community Analysis Bureau, The Economic Development of Southern California,1920-1976,Voume II, The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California, City of Los Angeles, Office of the Mayor,1976,p.xi.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, California Travel and Tourism by the Numbers,Prepared for the office of tourism, Department of Commerce, December,1985, p.9.
②U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, California Travel and Tourism by the Numbers,Prepared for the office of tourism, Department of Commerce, December,1985, p.10.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, California Travel and Tourism by the Numbers,Prepared for the office of tourism, Department of Commerce, December,1985, p.11.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.11.
③U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.4.
①Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), pp.69-70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
②Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.71.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
①Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation, Entertainment, and theArts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75, No.1, Archives in California (Spring,1996), p.71.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561(2009年11月18日下载)
②California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994.Executive Summary. p.26.
③California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.27.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.5.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, pp.7-8.
②California Heritage Preservation Commission, The Preservation, Organization and Display of California’sHistoric Documents: Report to the California State Legislature, Sacramento, CA: May30.1975, pp.3,5-6,7-8.
③California Heritage Task Force, A Report to the Legislature and the People of California, Sacramento, CA:August1984(unpublished report), p.6.
①U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.30.
②U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, pp.20-21.
③California Heritage Preservation Commission, The Preservation, Organization and Display of California’sHistoric Documents: Report to the California State Legislature, Sacramento, CA: May30.1975, pp.3,5-6,7-8.
①California Heritage Task Force, A Report to the Legislature and the People of California, Sacramento, CA:August1984(unpublished report), p.6.
②U.S. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Preservation Policy Research, Measuring Historical PreservationImpact on Tourism:A Study of California and Other States, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricalPreservation in the United States,1984, p.13.
③California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,,1994.p20; U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, California Travel and Tourism by theNumbers, Prepared for the office of tourism, Department of Commerce, December,1985, p.4.
④Regional Economic Impacts of California Travel1986-1988, Prepared by Dean Runyan Associates for theCalifornia Department of Commerce, February1990, George Deukmejian, Governor, p.11
①田喜洲：《论美国旅游生态环境保护的措施》，《生态经济》（学术版），2007年第2期，第316页。
①Paul Lorah and Rob Southwick,“Environmental Protection, Population Change, and Economic Development inthe Rural Western United States”, Population and Environment, Vol.24, No.3(Jan.,2003), p.265.http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503837,(2010年3月16日下载)
②Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952, p.463.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Power, T.M.(editor),“Economic Well-Being and Environmental Protection in the Pacific Northwest”. Universityof Montana: Economics Department.1995. p.212.
②Paul Lorah and Rob Southwick,“Environmental Protection, Population Change, and Economic Development inthe Rural Western United States”, Population and Environment, Vol.24,No.3,(Jan.2003), p.259. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503837(2010-03-16下载)
①Paul Lorah and Rob Southwick,“Environmental Protection, Population Change, and Economic Development inthe Rural Western United States”, Population and Environment, Vol.24, No.3(Jan.,2003), pp.
256-264,http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503837,(2010年3月16日下载)
②David L. Barkley,“The Economics of Change in Rural America”, American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics,Vol.77,No.5(Dec.1995), p.1253. http://www.jstor.org/stable1243357(2010-03-12下载)
③Paul Lorah and Rob Southwick,“Environmental Protection, Population Change, and Economic Development inthe Rural Western United States”, Population and Environment, Vol.24, No.3(Jan.,2003), p.255.http://www.jstor.org/stable/27503837,(2010年3月16日下载)
④Bryan H. Farrel and Dean Runyan,“Ecology and Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research,Vol.18,1990, p.34.
①Bryan H. Farrel and Dean Runyan,“Ecology and Torism”, Annals of Torism Research,Vol.18,1990,p.27.
②Frieda Knobloch,“Creating the Cowboy State: Culture and Underdevelopment in Wyoming since1867” TheWestern Historical Quarterly, Vol.32, No.2(Summer,2001), pp.201-221.; http://www.jstor.org/stable/3650773
(2010年3月17日下载)
①Frieda Knobloch,“Creating the Cowboy State: Culture and Underdevelopment in Wyoming since1867” TheWestern Historical Quarterly, Vol.32, No.2(Summer,2001), pp.201-221., http://www.jstor.org/stable/3650773
(2010年3月17日下载)
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.13.
①Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.10.
②Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.11.
③Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means, California Tourist Trade: A Report of the Assembly InterimCommittee on Ways and Means1962, Sacramento, CA: January7,1963, p.15.
①Dean Runyan Associates,Regional Economic Impacts of California Travel1985and1986: A Report Preparedfor the California Department of Commerce,Sacramento, CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.2.
②Dean Runyan Associates,Regional Economic Impacts of California Travel1985and1986: A Report Preparedfor the California Department of Commerce,Sacramento, CA: Department of Commerce,1988, p.4.
①U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration, California Tourism Industry-Trendsand Investment Opportunities, Prepared for the Economic Development Administration, U.S. Department ofCommerce, and California Office of Tourism and Visitor Office. Washington D.C., November,1967, pp.77-81.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals of TourismResearch, Vol.12,1985, p.475.
①Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985, p.476.
②Carlton S. Van Doren, Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985, p.474.
①Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review, Vol.68,Orange Empires (May,1999), p.188. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
②Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The Pacific History Review,Vol.68, Orange Empires (May,1999), p.189. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,(2009年10月24日下载)
③在50年代，汽车已经成为美国人旅游活动中的重要工具。特别是美国人在前往邻国加拿大和墨西哥旅游的时候，越来越多的人也是自驾旅游的。1950年，有大约600多万游客乘坐200万辆旅游车驶进加拿大，旅游花销250万美元，占美国国际旅游花销的40%。在去加拿大的游客中，前往蒙特利尔和魁北克的人最多，其乘坐的旅游团队车达150万辆，而不列颠哥伦比亚仅为25万辆；大量加拿大人也移居南部的美加边境，在美国宽阔的公路网上畅游。1950年大概有2.5万人驾车游览了阿拉斯加，还有几千人乘船或飞机前往阿拉斯加；墨西哥也吸引了大量美国游客，1950年达40万，其中有一半人是驾车沿着通往墨西哥城的主干高速路前往的。Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.
42, No.3,1952,p465. http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
①Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42, No.3,1952,p.464.http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100(2009年11月18日下载)
②California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,Executive Summary,1994, p.11.
③California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.20.
①California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.25.
②California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994.Executive Summary.
③California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.25.
④California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994.Preface.
⑤California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994.Preface.
①California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994.preface.
②California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working for California,1994,p.19.
[1] National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States, Preservation Policy ResearchMeasuring Historic Preservation’s impact on Tourism: A Study of California and other States,edited by Paula Huntley and Hisashi B. Sugaya, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for HistoricPreservation in the United States,1984
[2] National Trust for Historic Preservation in the United States, Preservation Policy ResearchMeasuring Historic Preservation’s impact on States: A Study of California’s Historic andCultural Resources, edited by J. Laurence Mintler, Preservation Policy Research Series: No.PPR-COL, Order No.5049, Sacramento, CA: National Trust for Historic Preservation in theUnited States,1984
[3] California Heritage Task Force, A Report to the Legislature and People of CaliforniaSacramento, August1984.
[4] California Heritage Preservation Commission, The Preservation, Organization and Displayof California’s Historic Documents: Sixth Report to the California State Legislature,Sacramento, Senate of the State of California, May,1975.
[5] California Heritage Preservation Commission, The Preservation, Organization and Displayof California’s Historic Documents: First Report to the California State Legislature,Sacramento, Senate of the State of California, January,1965.
[6] California Development of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, Regional EconomicImpacts of California Travel: Description of the California Regional Travel Model,1985and1986, Travel Impact Estimates, and Suggested Procedures for Additional Travel DataCollection, Sacramento CA,1988
[7] California Development of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, Number andCharacteristics of Travelers to California in1986, Sacramento CA:1988
[8] California Development of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, Number andCharacteristics of Travelers to California in1987, Sacramento CA:1988
[9] California Development of Commerce, Office of Economic Research&Office of Tourism,The Economic Impact of Domestic Travelers on California Counties1980-1985, U.S. TravelData Center, Executive Summary,1987.
[10] State of California Department of Economic and Business Development, Office of Tourism,The Economic Impact of Travel on California Counties1982, U.S. Travel Data Center,Executive Summary,1984.
[11] California Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, Regional EconomicImpacts of California Travel1986-1988, Portland OR,1990.
[12] California Department of Commerce, Office of Tourism,, The Economic Impact of Travel onCalifornia Counties1983, including a breakdown of expenditures by purpose of travel,lodging type, industry and out of state versus resident visitors, U.S. Travel Data Centre,Executive Summary,1985.
[13] California Trade and Commerce Agency, California Travel Impacts by County1992-1995,.Sacramento, California&Portland, Oregon, Executive Summary1997.
[14] Department of Commerce, Office of Economic Research, Office of Tourism, CaliforniaTravel&Tourism by the Numbers, Sacramento, California,1985.
[15] California, An Economic Profile,1990.
[16] California Trade and Commerce, Division of Tourism, Travel and Hospitality: Working forCalifornia, Executive Summary,1994.
[17] California Trade and Commerce Agency, Division of Tourism, California Travel, ItsEconomic Impact1998,1999.
[18] California Trade and Commerce Agency, Division of Tourism, California Travel, ItsEconomic Impact1995,1997.
[19] Community Analysis Bureau, Brenda Pickens, The Economic Development of SouthernCalifornia,1920-1976. Volume II. The Growth of the Tourist Industry in Southern California:City of Los Angeles,1976.
[20] United States General Accounting Office, Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Waterand Power, Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, U.S. Senate, Water Transfers:More Efficient Water Use Possible, If Possible Are Addressed. GAO/RCED-94-35,1994.
[21] Economic Development Administration: Technical, Assistance, Project, U. S. Department ofCommerce, California Tourism Industry---Trends and Investment Opportunities, EconomicsResearch Associates: Los Angeles, Washington, D. C.1967.
[22] California Legislature, Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means--1962, California’sTourist Trade, Assembly of the stated of California,1963.
[23] California Legislature, Senate Select Committee on Tourism and Aviation, Public Hearing onCreating the California Council on Tourism, City Hall, Palm Springs, California,1990.
[24] California Legislature, Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means: Class Room,Museum of Science and Industry Exposition Park, Los Angeles, Edited Transcript of Hearingof the Subcommittee on Economic Development, California,1963.
[25] U.S. Congress, Senate, National Tourism Policy Study: Hearing Before the Subcommittee onForeign Commerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce, Ninety Fourth Congress,Second Session, Serial No.91-73, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1978.
[26] U.S. Congress, House of Representatives,1984Summer Olympics: Hearing Before theSubcommittee on Commerce, Transportation and Tourism of the Committee of Energy andcommerce, Ninety Eight Congress, First Session, Serial No.98-62,Washington D.C.: U.S.Government Printing Office,1984.
[27] California Legislature, Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means: Bridge Bay resort,Redding, California,1962, Edited Transcript of Hearing of the Subcommittee on TouristTrade, California,1962.
[28] California Legislature, Assembly Interim Committee on ways and Means, Town, CountyHotel, San Diego, September11,1962, Edited Transcript of Hearing of theSubcommittee on Tourist Trade. California,1962.
[29] California Assembly Interim Committee on Ways and Means,“A Report of the AssemblyInterims Committee on Ways and Means-1962”,California’s Tourist Trade,Vol.21,No.6.
[30] Planning, Acquisition, and Local Service Division, The Impact on Local Economics ofSpending by Visitors to California State Parks, California State Parks, Sacramento, CA,1995.
[31] Economic Development Services Ebasco Environmental CRC Systems Meta-Link, ExecutiveSummary, Feasibility Study for a Traveler Information System Using Safety Roadside RestAres,1989.
[32] California Legislature, Senate Select Committee on Tourism and Aviation, Senate Energy andPublic Utilities Committee, California Commission on Aviation and Airports, The State of AirTravel in California: Reassessing Deregulation and Its Fallout, Sacramento California, LosAngeles International Airport,1990.
[33] California Legislature, Senate Select Committee on Tourism and Aviation, Hearing on TheImpact of Natural Disasters on California’s Tourism Industry, San Francisco, California,1990.
[34] U.S. Senate, Visitor Facilitation at U. S. Points of Entry: Hearing Before the Subcommitteeon Foreign Commerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce, Science, andTransportation, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session,, Washington D.C.: U.S.Government Printing Office,1990.
[35] U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, National Transportation Safety BoardAuthorization, Fiscal Year1982: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Commerce,Transportation and Tourism of the Committee on Energy and commerce, Ninety-SeventhCongress, First Session, Serial No.97-45, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice,1981.
[36] Committee on Commerce, A Conceptual Basis for the National Tourism Policy Study,Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1976.
[37] U.S. Senate, National Tourism Policy Study Final Report: Hearing Before the Subcommitteeon Merchant Marine and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce,Science, andTransportation, Ninety-Fifth Congress, Second Session Serial No.95-67,, Washington D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office,1978.
[38] U.S. Senate, National Tourism Policy Study: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on ForeignCommerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce, Ninety-Forth Congress, SecondSession Serial No.94-73, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1976.
[39] U.S. Senate, National Tourism Policy Study: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on ForeignCommerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce, Ninety-Fourth Congress, SecondSession Serial No.94-98,, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1976.
[40] U.S. Senate, National Tourism Policy Study: Hearings Before the Committee onCommerce,Science, and Transportation, Ninety-Fifth Congress, Second Session SerialNo.95-128, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1978.
[41] U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, National Tourism Programs and Policies: HearingBefore the Subcommittee on Commerce, Transportation and Tourism of the Committee onEnergy and commerce, Ninety-Seventh Congress, First Session, Serial No.97-46, WashingtonD.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1981.
[42] U.S. Senate, Federal Policy on Tourism: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on ForeignCommerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce,Science, and Transportation, OneHundred and First Congress, First Session, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice,1989.
[43] U.S. Senate, Tourism and Outdoor Recreation: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on ForeignCommerce and Tourism of the Committee on Commerc, Science, and Transportation, OneHundred First Congress, First Session, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government PrintingOffice,1989.
[44] U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Tourism Policy and Export Promotion Act:Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Transportation and Hazardous Materials of theCommittee on Energy and commerce, One Hundred First Congress, Second Session,SerialNo.101--151,Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1990.
[45] U.S. Senate, Allocation of Energy Sources to the Travel and Tourism Industry: HearingBefore the Subcommittee on Merchant Marine and Tourism of the Committee on Commerce,Science, and Transportation, Ninety-Sixth Congress, First Session, Serial No.96-22,,Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1979.
[46] Comptroller of the Unites States, Zafer Construction Company; Kolin Construction, Tourism,Industry and Trading Co. Inc. File: B-295903; B-295903.2, Washington, D.C.:United StatesGovernment Accountability Office,2005.
[47] Highlights of GAO-08-855, A Report to Congressional Requesters, Post-GovernmentEmployment Restrictions and Foreign Agent Registration: Additional Action Needed toEnhance Implementation of Requirements, Washington, D.C.:United States GovernmentAccountability Office,2008.
[48] Highlights of GAO-04-82, a report to the Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary,House of Representatives, Overstay Tracking: A Key Component of Homeland Security and ALayered Defense, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Accountability Office,2004.
[49] Manpower Report of the President, Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,1963,pp.5,22
[50] Report of the General Comptroller of the Unites States, Unites States Travel ServiceContractual Relationship with Discover America Travel Organizations, Washington,D.C.:United States General Accounting Office,1977.
[51] United States General Accounting Office, Estimates of Job Generation in the Travel andTourism Industry, GAO/PAD-83-54, Washington, D.C.:United States General AccountingOffice,1983.
[52] U.S. General Accounting Office Before The Subcommittee On Investigations And OversightHouse Committee On Public Works And Transportation, Discriminatory And UnfairPractices And Unreasonable User Charges In International Aviation, Washington,D.C.:United States General Accounting Office,1981.
[53] United States General Accounting Office, Testimony Before the Committee on Environmentand Public Works, United States Senate, National Highway System: Refinement WouldStrengthen the System, Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office,1994.
[54] United States Senate, Information on the Forest Service’s Efforts to Control the Spread of theWestern Spruce Budworm in the Carson National Forest（GAO/RCED-86-8）, Washington,D.C.:United States General Accounting Office,1985.
[55] Report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Water and Power, Committee on Energy andNatural Resources, U.S. Senate, Water Transfers More Efficient Water Use Possible, IfProblems Are Addressed, Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office,1994.
[56] U.S. General Accounting Office Efforts to Improve Reception of Foreign Visitors at U. S.Airport, Washington, D.C.: United States General Accounting Office,1991.
[57] U.S. General Accounting Office, Foreign Visitors Facilitation, United States GeneralAccounting Office, Washington, DC,1990.
[58] Report to the Secretary of Commerce, Funding Constrains Require A New Approach toSupport Tourism Information for Foreign Visitors, Washington, D.C.: United States GeneralAccounting Office,1982.
[59] U.S. General Accounting Office, Process for Admitting Additional Countries into the VisaWaiver Program, Washington, D.C.: United States Government Accountability Office,2006.
[1] Abbott, Carl., The New Urban America: Growth and Politics in the Sunbelt Cities,ChapelHill: University of North Carolina Press,1987.
[2] Aitchison, Cara et al,Leisure and Tourism Landscapes: Social and Cultural GeographiesLondon; New York: Routledge,2000.
[3] Allwinkle, S. J. and Speed, C, Tourism and Cultural Cities: A Sustainable Perspective. In M.Robinson and P. Callaghan（eds） Tourism and Culture. Sunderland: Business EducationPublishers.1996.
[4] Anderton, Frances, Las Vegas: the Success of Excess, London: Ellipsis London: Koln:Konemann,1997.
[5] Aramberri, Julio, Tourism Development: Issues for A Vulnerable Industry, Clevedon:Channel View Publications,c2005.
[6] Baade, R.A and Sanderson, A.R, The Employment Effect of Teams and Sports Facilities. InR.G. Noll and A.Zimbalist （eds）, Sports, Jobs and Taxes: The Economic Impact of SportsTeams and Stadiums, Washing, DC: Brookings Institution Press,1997.
[7] Baade, R.A. Stadddiums, Professional Sports and City Economies: An Analysis of UnitedStates Experience. In J. Bale and O. Moen（eds） The Stadium and the City. Keele: KeeleUniversity press.1995.
[8] Baranowski, Shelley, Being Elsewhere: Tourism, Consumer Culture, and Identity in ModernEurope and North America, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, c2001.
[9] Barfield,Claude E. Industry, Services, and Agriculture: the United States Faces a UnitedEurope, Washington, D.C.: AEI Press: Lanham, Md.: Distributed by University Press ofAmerica,1992.
[10] Barron, Stephanie, Reading California: Art, Image, and Identity,1900-2000, Los Angeles:Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Berkeley: University of California Press, c2000.
[11] Baud-Bovy, M.（Manuel）, Tourism and Recreation Development, London: The ArchitecturalPress; Boston: CBI Pub. CO.1977.
[12] Berkowitz, B. L, Economic Policy Really Works: Baltimore, Maryland. In R.D. Bingham andJ.P. Blair （eds） Urban Economics Development. Beverly Hills: Sage,1984.
[13] Bremer, Thomas S.,Blessed with Tourists: the Borderlands of Religion and Tourism in SanAntonio,Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, c2004.
[14] Briggs, Susan,. Successful Web Marketing for the Tourism and Leisure Sectors, London:Kogan Page,2001.
[15] Browne, Blaine T., Modern American Lives: Individuals and Issues in American HistorySince1945, Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, c2008.
[16] C.R. Goelder, Gerald L. Allen, Karen Dicke, Travel trends in the United States and Canada,Boulder Colorado：University of Colorado,1971.
[17] Cater,Paul A. Another Part of the Twenties. New York: Columbia University Press,1977.
[18] Cater,Paul A. The Twenties in America. New York: Crowell,1968.
[19] Chadwick, P.A.Concepts, Definitions and Measures Used in Travel Research. In J.R.B.Ritchie and C.R.Goeldner（eds）, Travel, Tourism and Hospitality Research. New York: JohnWiley.1987.
[20] Chauhan, Ravee, Heritage and Cultural Tourism, New Delhi: Vista International PublishingHouse,2006.
[21] Chawla, Romila, Heritage Tourism and Development, New Delhi: Sonali Publications,2004.
[22] Chen, Kuan-Chou, The Development of a System Dynamics Simulation Model of NationalPark Regions for Educational US, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI.1996.
[23] Chen, Sz-Reng, Modeling Spatial and Temporal Variations in Tourism-Related Employmentin Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI.1988.
[24] Christopher M. Law, Urban Tourism （Second Edition）: The Visitor Economy and theGrowth of Large Cities, London. New York: Continuum,2002.
[25] Chudacoff, Howard p., The Evolution of American Urban Society, Prentice Hall,1981.
[26] Cocks, Catherine, Doing the Town: the Rise of Urban Tourism in the United States,1850-1915, Berkeley: University of California Press, c2001.
[27] Cohen, Michael A. Et al eds., Preparing for the Urban Future: Global Pressures and LocalForces the Woodrow Wilson Centre Press,1996.
[28] Craig-Smith, Stephen J. ed. Recreation and Tourism as a Catalyst for Urban WaterfrontRedevelopment: An International Survey, Westport, Conn.: Praeger.1995.
[29] Crouch, Geoffrey I, Consumer Psychology of Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure. Volume3,Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Publishing. c2004.
[30] David M. Wrobel&Patrick T. Long, Seeing and Being Seen: Tourism in the American West.Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas,2001.
[31] Dean MacCannel, The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, New York,1976.
[32] Donaldson, Gary, Modern America: A Documentary History of the Nation Since1945Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, c2007.
[33] Economic Research Associates,Community Economic Impact of the Olympic Games in LosAngeles. Los Angeles: Economic Research Associates,1984.
[34] Elliott-White, Martin, Tourism&Development: Routledge Perspectives on development.Routledge,2004.
[35] Ewen, Stuart and Elizabeth Ewen, Channels of Desire: Mass Images and the shaping ofAmerican Consciousness. New York: McGraw-Hill,1982.
[36] Fainstein,S.S.,Gordon,I.and Harloe, M, Divided Cities: New York and London in theContemporary World. Oxford: Blackwell,1992.
[37] Fogelson, Robert, The Fragmented Metropolis: Los Angeles,1850-1930, New York,1967.
[38] Foglesong, R.Walt, Disney World and Orlando: Deregulation as a Strategy for Tourism. InD.R.Judd and S.S.Fainstein,（eds） The Tourist City. New Haven, CT: Yale UniversityPress.1999.
[39] Foy, Jessica H and Thomas J. Schlereth, eds. American Home life,1880-1930: A socialHistory of Spaces and Services. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press,1992.
[40] Frechtling, D.C., Assessing the Impacts of Travel and Tourism-Introduction to Travel ImpactEstimation. In J.R.B.Ritchie and C.R. Goeldner（eds） Travel, Tourism and HospitalityResearch. New York: John Wiley.1987.
[41] Frieden,B. and Sagalyn,L.B, Downtown Inc: Hoe America Rebuilds its Cities. Cambridge,MA: MIT Press.1989.
[42] Getz,D, Event Management and Event Tourism. New York: Cognizant CommunicationCorporation.1997.
[43] Getz,D, Festival, Special Events and tourism. New York: Van Nostrand.1991.
[44] Giaoutzi, Maria, Tourism and Regional Development: New Pathways, Aldershot, England;Burlington, VT: Ashgate, c2006.
[45] Gilbert, D.C, Conceptua lIssues in the Meaning of Tourism. In C.P. Cooper（ed.）Progress inTourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, vol.2. London:Belhaven.1990.
[46] Girard, Luigi Fusco, Cultural Tourism and Sustainable Local Development, Farnham, Surney:Ashgate, c2008..
[47] Glaser, J.R., USA Museums in Context. In Scottish Museums Council （ed.） The AmericanMuseum Experience: In Search of Excellence. London: HMSO.1986.
[48] Godde, Pamela, ed. Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions, Bethesda, Md.:Congressional Information Service, Inc..2001.
[49] Goldberg, Ronald Allen, America in the Twenties. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse UniversityPress,2003.
[50] Goswami, Ramakant, Tourism in World Development, New Delhi: Cyber Tech Publications,2006.
[51] Gottdiener,M, The Theming of Americ:; Dreams, Visions and Commercial Spaces.Boulder,CO: Westview Press.1997.
[52] Gottdiener,M.,Collins, C.C. and Dickens, D.R, Las Vegas: The Social Reproduction of anAll-American City. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.1999.
[53] Grabler, Klaus, International City Tourism: Analysis and Strategy, London: Washington:Pinter,1997.
[54] Hal K. Rothman, Devil’s Bargains: Tourism in the Twentieth-Century American West,Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas,1998.
[55] Hall, Derek R, Rural Tourism and Sustainable Business, Clevedon: Buffalo: Channel ViewPublications, c2005.
[56] Haug, Charles James, Urban Development and Tourism: Nice, a case study,1750-1914,Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI.1977.
[57] Hinch, Thomas, Sport Tourism Development, Clevedon: Buffalo: Channel View Publications,c2004.
[58] Holtorf, Cornelius, From Stonehenge to Las Vegas: Archaeology as Popular Culture,WalnutCreek, CA: Altamira Press, c2005.
[59] Hsieh, Wen Chin, Chinese Tourists in Las Vegas: Flow and the Evaluation of An InterculturalGap, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI.1997.
[60] Hughes,H.L, The Elusive Cultural Tourist. In M. Robinson et al.（eds）Reflections onInternational Tourism: Expressions of Culture and Meaning in Tourism. Sunderland:Business Education Publishers.2000.
[61] Hula, R.C, The Two Baltimores. In D. Judd and M.Parkinson （eds）Leadership and UrbanRegeneration: Cities in North America and Europe. Beverly Hills: Sage.1990.
[62] Inskeep, Edward, National and Regional Tourism Planning: Methodologies and CaseStudies., London: New York: Routledge,1994.
[63] Ioannides, Dimitri, The Economic Geography of the Tourist IndustryL:a Supply-SideAnalysis, London: New York: Routledge,1998.
[64] Jeanne Beekhuis&Co, Expenditure and Characteristics of Visitors to the Inner Harbor andRelated Downtown Sites in Baltimore.. Washington, DC: Jeanne Beekhuis&Co.1988.
[65] Jennings, Gayle, Water-Based Tourism, Sport, Leisure, and Recreation Experiences, Oxford:New York: Elsevier, c2007.
[66] Johnston, Wayne, Baltimore’s Mansion: a Memoir, New York: Doubleday, c1999.
[67] Judd, D. R.. and Fainstein, S.S.（eds）, The Tourist Cities. New Haven; CT: Yale UniversityPress. c1999.
[68] Kay, P, Creeping Privatization: the Pros and Cons of Tourism for Public Art Museums andBlockbuster Exhibitions. In M. Robinson,N. Evans and P. Callaghan （eds） Tourism andCulture: Culture as a Tourist Product. Sunderland: Business Education Publishers.1996.
[69] Keyser, Heidi, Tourism Development, Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa,2002.
[70] Kolb, Bonita M, Tourism Marketing for Cities and Towns: Using Branding and Events toAttract Tourists, Amsterdam: Boston: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann, c2006.
[71] Koster, E.H, Science Culture and Cultural Tourism. In M. Robinson,N. Evans and P.Callaghan （eds） Tourism and Culture: Culture as a Tourist Product, Sunderland: BusinessEducation publishers.1996.
[72] Kotler,P., Haider, D.H. and Rein, I. Marketing Places: Attracting Investment and Tourism toCitied, States and Nations. New York: Free Press.1993.
[73] Kyvig, David E, Daily Life I the United States,1920-1939: Decades of Promise and Pain.Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press,2002.
[74] Lanza, Alessandro, The Economics of Tourism and Sustainable Development, Cheltenham,UK: Northhampton. MA: Edward Elgar, c2005.
[75] Law, C.M, Tourism As a Focus for Urban Regeneration. In S. Hardy, T. Hart and T. Shaw（eds） The Role of Tourism in the Urban and Regional Economy. London: Regional StudiesAssociation..1991.
[76] Law, C.M, Urban Tourism in the Unites States. Urban Tourism Project Working Paper, No.4,Salford: Department of Geography, University of Salford.1985.
[77] Law, Christopher M, Urban Tourism: Attracting Visitors to Large Cities, London: Continuum,2002.
[78] Marguerite Shaffer,See America First:Tourism and National Identity,1880-1940, WashingtonD. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press,2001
[79] Martha K. Norkunas, The Politics of Public Memory: Tourism, History and Ethnicity inMonterey California, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,1993.
[80] McKercher, Bob, Cultural Tourism: the Partnership between Tourism and Cultural HeritageManagement New York: Haworth Hospitality Press, c2002.
[81] Miller, Nathan, New World Coming: the1920s and the Making of Modern America. NewYork: Scribner,2003.
[82] Moehring, Eugene P, Las Vegas: A Centennial History, Reno: University of Nevada Press,c2005.
[83] Monkkonen, Eric H., America Become Urban: The Development of U.S. Cities&TownsBerkeley,1988.
[84] Murphy, Peter E., Quality Management in Urban Tourism, Chichester: New York: Wiley.c1997.
[85] Nash, Gerald D, World War II and the West: Reshaping the Economy, Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press, c1990.
[86] Nathan Daniel Gonzales,“Visit Yesterday, Today”: Ethno-Tourism and Southern California1884-1955,（University of California-Riverside）, Ann Arbor, M: ProQuest Information andLearning Company,2006.
[87] Newton, James Winship, The Travel Market and Its Effect upon the Employment Structure ofService Functions Within Select, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI.1977.
[88]Olson, Sherry H,Baltimore: the Building of An American City,Baltimore: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, c1980.
[89] Page, S. Urban Tourism. London: Routledge1995.
[90] Page, Stephen, Managing Urban tourism, Harlow: Prentice Hall.2002.
[91] Parker,R.E. Las Vegas: Casino Gambling and Local Culture. In D.R. Judd and S.S. Fainstein（eds） The Tourist City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.1999.
[92] Pender, Lesley. Marketing Management for Travel and Tourism, Cheltenham:StanleyThornes （Publishers） Ltd..1999.
[93] Puzo, Mario, Inside Las Vegas, New York: Grosset&Dunlap. c1977.
[94] Raj, Razaq, Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Festivals Management: An InternationalPerspective, Wallingford. UK: Cambridge, MA: CABI Pub.. c2007.
[95] Rath, Jan, Tourism, Ethnic Diversity and the City, New York: London: Routledge,2007
[96] Raymond W, Rast, Tourist Town: Tourism and the Emergence of Modern SanFrancisco,1869-1915. Ph.D University of Washington,2002.
[97] Rice, B.R, Atlanta: If Dixie were Atlanta. In R.M.Bernard and B.R. Rice （eds） SunbeltCities: Politics and Growth since World War II. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.1983.
[98] Richards, Greg, Cultural Tourism: Global and Local Perspectives, New York: HaworthHospitality Press, c2007.
[99] Richards, Greg, Tourism, Creativity and Development, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: NewYork. NY: Routledge, c2007.
[100] Rippendorf, J, The Holiday Makers: Understanding the Impact of Leisure and Travel.Oxford: Heinemann Professional Publishing.1987.
[101] Roger Daniels, Asian America—Chinese and Japanese in the United states since1850,Seattle and London:University of Washington Press,1995.
[102] Rosentraub, M.S. and Przybylski, M, Sports and Downtown Development: Indianapolis’sEffort to Go from Indian Noplace to Indiana Sports Place. In M.S. Rosentraub（ed.）MajorLeague Losters: The Real Cost of Sports and Who’s Paying for It. New York: BasicBooks.1997.
[103] Rosentraub, M.S, Stadiums and Urban Space. In R.G. Noll and A.Zimbalist （eds） SportsJobs and Taxes: The Economic Impact of Sports Teams and Stadiums. Washington, DC:Brookings Institution Press.1997.
[104] Schimmel, K. S, Growth Politics, Urban Development, and Sport Stadium Construction inthe United States: A Case Study. In J. Bale and X. Moen （eds） The Stadium and the City.Keele; Keele Univesity Press.1995.
[105] Schlesinger, Arthur M., The Rise of the City,1878-1898New York,1933.
[106] Scott Norris, Discovered Country: Tourism and Survival in the American West, Albuquerque,New Mexico: Stone Ladder Press,1994.
[107] Scott, Mel, The San Francisco Bay Area: A Metropolis in Perspective, Berkeley: Universityof California,1959.
[108] Selby, Martin, Understanding Urban Tourism: Image, Culture and Experience, London:New York: I.B. Tauris: In the U. S. and Canada, Distributed by Palgrame Macmillan,2004.
[109] Sharma, K. K, Tourism and Socio-Cultural Development, New Delhi: Sarup&Sons,2004.
[110] Sharrer, George Terry, Flour Milling and The Growth of Baltimore,1783-1830, Ann Arbor,Mich.: UMI.1976.
[111] Shavit, David, Bali and the Tourist Industry:A History,1906-1942,Jefferson, D.C.:McFarland&Co..2003.
[112] Sigala, Marianna, International Cultural Tourism:Management, Implications and Cases,Oxford: Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, c2005.
[113] Simich, Jerry L, The Peoples of Las Vegas: One City, Many Faces, Reno: University ofNevada Press, c2005.
[114] Smith, Melanie K, Cultural Tourism in A Changing World: Politics, Participation and（Re）presentation Clevedon: Buffalo, NY: Channel View Publications, c2006.
[115] Stanonis, Anthony J, Creating the Big Easy: New Orleans and the Emergence of ModernTourism,1918-1945, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, c2006.
[116] Steinberg, James B. et al ed., Urban America: Policy Choices for Los Angeles and theNation Santa Monica, CA: Rand,1992.
[117] Stevenson, Elizabeth. Babbitts and Bohemians, the American1920’s, New York:Macmillan,c1967.
[118] Streissguth, Thomas, The Roaring Twenties: An Eyewitness History. New York: Facts onFiles,2001.
[119] Teaford, Jon C., The Twentieth-Century American City: Problem, Promise and RealityBaltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,1986.
[120] Thompson, Hunter S, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, and other American Stories, NewYork: Modern Library,1996.
[121] Timothy Dallen J, Shopping Tourism, Retailing, and Leisure, Clevedon: Buffalo, NY:Channel View Publications, c2005.
[122] Tourism Canada, The US Travel Market Study,. Ottawa: Tourism Canada.1986.
[123] Tribe, John, The Economics of Recreation, Leisure and Tourism, Amsterdam:Boston:Elsevier,2005.
[124] Valene Smith, ed., Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism, Philadelphia,1977.
[125] Veal, Anthony James, Leisure and Tourism Policy and Planning,Wallingford, Oxon, UK:New York, NY: CABI Pub. c2002.
[126] Vetter, F, Big City Tourism. Berlin: Reimer Verlag.1985.
[127] Vladimir, Andrew, The Complete Travel Marketing Handbook:37Industry Experts ShareTheir Secrets, Lincolnwood, III, U.S.A.: NTC Business Books, c1988.
[128] Waitt, Gordon, Gay Tourism: Culture and Context,New York: Haworth Hospitality Press,c2006.
[129] Walder, Bibiana, Innovation and Product Development in Tourism: Creating SustainableCompetitive Advantage, Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag GmbH&Co.,2006
[130] Walle, Alf H, Cultural Tourism: A Strategic Focus, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.1998.
[131] Weiermair, Klaus, The Tourism and Leisure Industry: Shaping the Future, New York:Haworth Hospitality Press, c2004.
[132] White, Richard, Power and Place in the North American West,Seattle: Center for theStudy of the Pacific Northwest in Association with University of Washington Press, c1999.
[133] Williams, Christine, Service Quality in Leisure and Tourism, Wallingford, Oxon, UK:Cambridge, MA: CABI Pub. c2003.
[134] Williams, John A, Current Issues and Development in Hospitality and Tourism Satisfaction,Binghamton, NY, USA: Haworth Hospitality Press, c2003.
[135] Wilson, Joan Hoff, The Twenties: The Critical Issues. Boston: Little, Brown andcompany,1972.
[136] Wu, Wu-Chung, Strategy Formulation in the International Services Sector: FactorsInfluencing, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI,1990.
[137] Xu, Xiamei, Nature-Oriented Tourist Behavior Among Pleasure Travelers to NorthAmerica, Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI,2000.
[1]--------,“Reports: A Forum for Tourism and Leisure Research Issues”, Tourism Management,Vol.19, No.4,1998, pp387-391.
[2] Abraham Pizam,“The80’s: Its Impact on Travel and Tourism Marketing”, Annals of TourismResearch, Vol.4, No.5,1977,pp279-287.
[3] Alma Gottlieb,“Americans’ Vacations”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.9,1982,pp165-187.
[4] Bamberger, R. J. and Parham,D.W,“Leveraging Menity Infrastructure: Indianapolis’Economic Development Strategy”, Urban Land,Vol.43,No.11,1984,pp12-18.
[5] Bramwell, B and Rawding, L,“Tourism Marketing Organizations in Industrial Cities.Organizations, Objectives and Urban Governance”. Tourism Management, Vol.15,1994,pp425-434.
[6] Bramwell, B,“Planning for Tourism in An Industrial City”, Town and country planning,Vol.62（1\2）,1993,pp17-19.
[7] Brawn, B.M,“The Economic Contribution of Conventions: the Case of Orlando”. Journalof Travel Research, Vol.30,No.3,1992, pp32-37.
[8] C. S. Van Doren; Larry D. Grustke,“Spatial Analysis of the U. S. Lodging Industry1963-1977”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.9,1982,pp543-563.
[9] C.L.Jenkins,“Government Involvement in Tourism in Developing Countries”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.9,1982, pp499-521.
[10] Carlton S. Van Doren,Sam A.Lollar,“The Consequences of Forty Years of Tourism Growth”,Annals of tourism research, Vol.12,1985, pp467-489.
[11] Dale Fodness,“Measuring Tourist Motivation”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.21, No.3,1994,pp555-581.
[12] Gilbert, D.C,“Conceptual Issues in the Meaning of Tourism”. In C.P. Cooper（ed.）Progressin Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, vol.2. London: Belhaven,1990
[13] Giuli Liebman Parrinello,“Motivation and Anticipation in Post-Industrial Tourism”, Annalsof Tourism Research, Vol.20,1993,pp233-249.
[14] Graham Dann, Dennish Nash, Philip Pearce,“Methodology in Tourism Research”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.15,1988, pp387-391.
[15] Graham M. S. Dann,“The Psychology of Leisure Travel: Effective Marketing and Selling ofTravel Services” Annals of Tourism Research,1983, pp286-289.
[16] Higham, J,“Sport as An Avenue of Tourism Development: An Analysis of the Positive andNegative Impacts of Sports Tourism”. Current Issues in Tourism,Vol.22,1999,pp822-890.
[17] Hinch, T.D, Urban Tourism: Perspectives on Sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism,Vol.4,1996,pp95-109.
[18] Holcombe, B and Luongo, M,“Gay Tourism in the United States”, Annals of TourismResearch,Vol.23,1996,pp711-713.
[19] Honggen Xiao; Stephen L. J. Smith,“The Making of Tourism Research: Insights from aSocial Sciences Journal”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.33, No.2,2006, pp490-507.
[20] Hughes, C.G,“Conference Tourism: A Salesman’s Dream”, Tourism Management,Vol.9,1988, pp235-238.
[21] Hughes, C.G,“The Employment and Economic Benefits of Tourism Reappraised”. TourismManagement,Vol.3,1982,pp167-176.
[22] Hughes,H.L,“Olympic Tourism and Urban Regeneration”, Festival Management and EventTourism, Vol.1,1993,pp157-162.
[23] Ivanka Avelini Holjevac,“A Vision of Tourism and the Hotel Industry in the21stCentury”,Hospitality Management22,2008, pp129-134.
[24] J. E. Brougham; R. W. Butler,“A Segmentation Analysis of Resident Attitudes to the SocialImpact of Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.3, No.4,1981, pp569-590.
[25] Jamee Khadaboo, Boopen Seetanah,“Transportation Infrastructure and TourismDevelopment”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.34, No.4,2007, pp1021-1032.
[26] Jansen-Verbeke, M. and van Rekom, J,“Scanning Museum Visitors: Urban Tourismmarketing”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.23,1996, pp364-375.
[27] Jim Macbeth,“Towards an Ethics Platform for Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.32,No.4,2005, pp962-984.
[28] Jerritt James Frank, Marketing the Mountains: an Environmental History of Tourism in RockyMountain National Park, History and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas inpartial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, ppxi.
[29] John A. Jakle,“Tourism by Automobile in1932, the American West as Stereotype”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.3, No.4,1981,pp534-549.
[30] John J. Plgram,“Environmental Implications of Tourism Development”, Annals of TourismResearch, Vol.4,1980,pp554-583.
[31] John Towner, Geoffrey Wall,“History and Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.18,1991, pp71-84.
[32] Jorge E. Arana, Carmelo J. Leon,“The Impact of Terrorism on Tourism Demand” Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.35, No.2,2008, pp299-315.
[33] Judith Adler,“Youth on the Road: Reflections on the History of Tramping”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.12,1985,pp335-354.
[34] Kent, W.E,“Underground Atlanta: the Untimely Passing of A Major Tourist Attraction”,Journal of Travel Research, Vol.22,1984, pp2-7.
[35] Law, C.M,“Regenerating the City Centre Through Leisure and Tourism”. Built Environment,Vol.26,2000, pp117-129.
[36] Law, C.M,“Urban Tourism and Its Contribution to Urban Regeneration”. Urban Studies,Vol.29,1992, pp599-618.
[37] Levine, M.V,“Downtown Redevelopment as An Urban Growth Strategy: A Critical Appraisalof the Baltimore Renaissance”, Journal of urban Affairs, Vol.9,1987, pp103-123.
[38] McNulty, R,“Revitalizing Industrial Cities through Cultural Tourism”. International Journalof Environmental Studies, Vol.25,1985, pp225-228.
[39] Mullins, P,“Tourism Urbanization”. International Journal of Urban and regionalresearch,Vol.15,1991,pp326-342.
[40] Nelson H. H. Graburn,“Americans’ Vacations: Further Comments on Class and Lifestyle”,Annals of Tourism Research,1983, pp270-273.
[41] Nelson H. H. Graburn,“The Anthropology of Tourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.10,1983,pp9-33.
[42] Patrick C. Jobes,“Old Timer and New Mobile Lifestyle”, Annals of Tourism Research,Vol.11,1984,pp184-198.
[43] Paul Aspelin,“An Original American Vacation”, Annals of Tourism Research,,1978,pp175-178.
[44] Richard Butler&Geoffrey Wall,“Introduction: Themes in Research on the Evolution ofTourism”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.12.1985, pp287--293.
[45] Richard C. Prentice, Stephen F. Witt,“Holiday Parks: Current Issues and Trends”,Hospitality Management, Vol.10, No.3,1991, pp229-244.
[46] Rosentraub, M.S. and Nunn, S.R,“Suburban City Investment in Professional Sports”,American Behavioural Scientist, Vol.21,1978, pp393-414.
[47] Russell R. Currie,“A Pleasure-Tourism Behaviors Framework”, Annals of TourismResearch, Vol.24, No.4,1997,pp884-897.
[48] Tanja Mihalic,“Tourism Policy and Planning: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow”, Annals ofTourism Research, Vol.36, No.1,2009, pp157-158.
[49] Tighe, A.J,“Cultural Tourism in the USA”. Tourism Management, Vol.6,1985, pp234-251.
[50] Ullman. Edward L. Amenities as a Factor in Regional Growth.,The Geographical Review44（2）:1954,119-132.
[51] Valene L. Smith; Arlene Hetherington; Martha D.D. Brumbaugh,“California’s Highway89A Regional Tourism Model”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol.13,1986, pp415-433.
[52] Zukin, S. et al.,“From Coney Island to Las Vegas”, Urban Affairs Review, Vol.33,1998,pp627-654.
[1] Alfred Runte“,Promoting the Golden West: Advertising and the Railroad”,California History,Vol.70, No.1, Railroads in California and the Far West （Spring,1991）, pp.62-75,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25158553,（2009年11月16日下载）
[2] Anne F. Hyde,“From Stagecoach to Packard Twin Six: Yosemite and the Changing Faceof Tourism,1880-1930”,California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: ACentury of California National Parks （Summer,1990）, pp.154-169,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462421,（2009年11月18日下载）
[3]“CarCulture”:http://www.discoveramerica.com/ca/california/los-angeles-la-fodors-article-1.html（2009年11月1日下载）
[4] Clark Davis,“From Oasis to Metropolis: Southern California and the Changing Context ofAmerican Leisure”,The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.61, No.3（May,1992）, pp.357-386,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640592,（2009年11月18日下载）
[5] Clifford M. Zierer,“Tourism and Recreation in the West”, Geographical Review, Vol.42,No.3（Jul.,1952）, pp.462-481, http://www.jstor.org/stable/212100,（2009年11月18日下载）
[6] David Ward,“The Progressives and the Urban Question: British and AmericanResponses to the Inner City Slums1880-1920”, Source: Transactions of the Institute ofBritish Geographers, New Series, Vol.9, No.3（1984）,pp.312, Published by: BlackwellPublishing on behalf of The Royal Geographical Society （with the Institute ofBritishGeographers）Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/622235（2012年7月20日下载）
[7] Dean MacCannell,“The Ego Factor in Tourism”, The Journal of Consumer Research,Vol.29, No.1（Jun.,2002）, pp.146-151,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3131967,（2009年11月18日下载）
[8] Dydia DeLyser,“Ramona Memories: Fiction, Tourist Practices, and Placing the Past inSouthern California”,Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol.93, No.4（Dec.,2003）, pp.886-908, http://www.jstor.org/stable/1515360,（2009年10月24日下载）
[9] Ernest M. Fisher,“Housing Problems”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.48, No.1（Nov.,1933）, pp.146,Published by: Oxford University PressStable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1884799.（2012年7月20日下载）
[10] Hal K. Rothman,“Stumbling toward the Millennium: Tourism, the Postindustrial World,and the Transformation of the American West”, California History, Vol.77, No.3（Fall,1998）, P141-155, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462489,（2009年10月24日）
[11] Kerwin L. Klein,“Frontier Products: Tourism, Consumerism, and the SouthwesternPublic Lands,1890-1990”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.62, No.1（Feb.,1993）,pp.39-71,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640522,（2009年11月18日下载）
[12] Mansel G. Blackford “Historians Approach Tourism in the American West: A ReviewEssay”, The Business History Review, Vol.75, No.3（Autumn,2001）, P579-585,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3116387,（2009年11月18日下载）
[13] Marguerite S. Shaffer,“See America First: Re-Envisioning Nation and Region throughWestern Tourism”, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol.65, No.4, Tourism and theAmerican West （Nov.,1996）, pp.559-581http://www.jstor.org/stable/3640296（,2009年11月16日下载）
[14] Martin Padget,“Travels in the American Southwest”, Journal of the Southwest, Vol.46,No.2, Scholarship from the William P. Clements Center for Southwest Studies（Summer,2004）, pp.413-440, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40170295,（2009年11月18日下载）
[15] Maurice Roche,“Mega-Events and Micro-Modernization: On the Sociology of the NewUrban Tourism”, The British Journal of Sociology, Vol.43, No.4（Dec.,1992）, pp.563-600, http://www.jstor.org/stable/591340,（2009年10月24日下载）
[16] Penelope Canan and Michael Hennessy,“The Growth Machine, Tourism, and the Sellingof Culture”,Sociological Perspectives, Vol.32, No.2（Summer,1989）, pp.227-243,http://www.jstor.org/stable/1389099,（2009年11月18日下载）
[17] Peter J. Blodgett and Sara S. Hodson,“Worlds of Leisure, Worlds of Grace: Recreation,Entertainment, and the Arts in the California Experience”, California History, Vol.75,No.1, Archives in California （Spring,1996）, pp.68-83,http://www.jstor.org/stable/25177561,（2009年11月16日下载）
[18] Peter J. Blodgett,“Visiting "The Realm of Wonder": Yosemite and the Business ofTourism,1855-1916”,California History, Vol.69, No.2, Yosemite and Sequoia: ACentury of California National Parks （Summer,1990）, pp.118-133.http://www.jstor.org/stable/25462419,（2009年11月18日下载）
[19] Richard A. Walker Source,“California's Golden Road to Riches: Natural Resources andRegional Capitalism,1848-1940”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers,Vol.91, No.1（Mar.,2001）, pp.167-199. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3651196,（2009年10月24日下载）
[20] Robert C. Schmitt “Travel, Tourism and Migration”; Demography, Vol.5, No.1（1968）,pp.306-310. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2060210/,（2009年10月24日下载）
[21] Stephan M. Wilson and Gary W. Peterson,“Life Satisfaction among Young Adults fromRural Families” Source: Family Relations, Vol.37, No.1（Jan.,1988）, pp.84,Published by: National Council on Family Relations, Stable URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/584435.（2012年7月20日下载）
[22] Susan G. Davis,“Landscapes of Imagination: Tourism in South California”, The PacificHistoryReview,Vol.68,OrangeEmpires （May,1999）,pp.173-191,http://www.jstor.org/stable/3641983,（2009年10月24日下载）
[23] Thomas K. Hafen,“City of Saints, City of Sinners: The Development of Salt Lake Cityas a Tourist Attraction1869-1900”, The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol.28, No.3（Autumn,1997）, pp.343-377. http://www.jstor.org/stable/971025,（2009年11月16日下载）
[24] Thomas R. Cox “,Before the Casino: State Parks, and Nevada's Quest for Tourism”,TheWestern Historical Quarterly, Vol.24, No.3（Aug.,1993）, pp.333-350,http://www.jstor.org/stable/970754,（2009年11月18日下载）
[1]（英）史蒂芬·威廉姆斯；杜靖川曾萍等译，《旅游休闲（Tourism and Recreation）》新视野旅游译丛，昆明：云南大学出版社2006
[2]---------，《美国西部国家公园》，香港：今日世界出版社编译，1973
[3]［美］弗雷德里克·刘易斯·艾伦著，汪晓莉，袁玲丽译：《浮华时代――美国20世纪20年代简史》，上海：上海财经大学出版社，2008
[4]［美］卡尔·艾博特，：《大都市边疆-----当代美国西部城市》（王旭等译），北京，商务印书馆，1998
[5]［美］卡洛普.美国社会发展趋势.刘绪贻,李世洞,秦珊等译.北京:商务印书馆,1997.110～118.
[6]［美］乔尔·科特金，保罗·格拉博威兹（著）《加利福尼亚的崛起》，现代国际关系研究所选编，北京：时事出版社，1985
[7]［美］沃尔特·拉菲伯；理查德·波伦堡；南希·沃洛奇著，黄磷译：《美国世纪――一个超级大国的崛起与兴盛》，海口：海南出版社，2008
[8]陈宝森：《当代美国经济》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2003
[9]陈宝森：《美国经济与政府政策：从罗斯福到里根》，北京：世界知识出版社，1988
[10]匡林：《旅游业政府主导型发展战略研究》，北京：中国旅游出版社，2001
[11]梁茂信：《都市化时代----20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会发展问题》，长春:东北师范大学出版社，2002
[12]刘易斯·芒福特著,宋俊岭,倪文彦译《城发展史---起源,演变和前景》,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005年, P472
[13]罗明义：《国际旅游发展导论》，天津：南开大学出版社，2002
[14]马克·吐温著，刘文哲，张明林译：《苦行记》,重庆：西南师范大学出版社,1994，第192页
[15]彭顺生：《世界旅游发展史》，北京：中国旅游出版社，2006
[16]沈受君：《世界旅游概览》，北京：中国旅游出版社，1982
[17]王晨光：《旅游经济学》，北京：经济科学出版社，2004
[18]王旭：《美国西海岸大城市研究》，长春，东北师范大学出版社，1994
[19]王旭：《美国城市发展模式---从城市到大都市区》，北京：清华大学出版社，2006
[20]王永忠：《西方旅游史》，南京：东南大学出版社，2004
[21]魏小安：《旅游热点问题实说》，北京：中国旅游出版社，2001
[22]吴国清：《世界旅游地理》上海：上海人民出版社，2003
[23]徐明宏：《休闲城市》，南京：东南大学出版社，2004
[24]殷理田：《旅游产业发展论》，北京：人民出版社，2000
[25]张懿文：《美国人这样过生活》，北京：旅游教育出版社，2009
[26]邹树梅：《旅游史话》，天津：百花文艺出版社，2008
[1]杜江：《近年美国旅行社发展态势研究》，《旅游学刊》，1996年第4期
[2]付成双：《从环境史的角度重新审视美国西部开发》，《史学月刊》，2009年第2期
[3]黄虚峰：《新南方起源时期美国南部城市的发展和城市生活的变迁》《史学月刊》，2002年第7期
[4]惠宇明：《美国：旅游立法异彩纷呈》，《中国旅游报》，1995年1月21日第4版
[5]金卫东：《美国东部都市群旅游产业密集带的发展与启示》，《旅游学刊》，2004年第6期
[6]李宏：《欧美旅行社的一体化进程研究》，《旅游学刊》，1999年第6期
[7]梁茂春:《美国改善城市贫困社区居住环境的措施》，城市问题，2010年第8期
[8]梁茂信：《当代美国的人口流动及其区域性影响》，《世界历史》，1998年第6期
[9]刘赵平：《美国旅行社业最新发展态势研究—兼议对中国旅行社业的启迪》，《旅游学刊》，1999年第3期
[10]田喜洲，王渤：《试论美国旅游业》，《东南亚纵横》，2003年第10期
[11]田喜洲，《论美国旅游生态环境保护的措施》，《生态经济（学术版）》，2007年第2期
[12]石庆环：《20世纪美国中产阶级的结构变迁及其特征》，《辽宁大学学报》，2010年7月第4期
[13]王爱声：《美国环境法与可持续发展》，《法学杂志》，1998年第6期
[14]王大悟：《主题乐园长盛不衰十大要素论析—以美国迪斯尼世界为案例的实证研究》，《旅游学刊》，2007年第2期
[15]王晓德：《美国现代大众消费社会的形成及其全球影响》，《美国研究》，2007年第2期
[16]王旭：《拓宽美国城市史研究的成功尝试---评“都市化时代――20世纪美国人口流动与城市社会问题”》，《世界历史》2003年第4期
[17]王旭：《工业城市发展的周期及其阶段性特征――美国中西部与中国东北部比较》《历史研究》，1997年第6期，
[18]王莹：《中美风景区管理比较研究》，《旅游学刊》，1996年第6期
[19]吴必虎，蔡利平：《美国大学中的旅游研究---旅游研究向名牌大学的渗透》，《旅游学刊》，2001年第4期
[20]吴必虎，唐子颖，蔡利平：《美国大学中的旅游研究（二）---旅游及相关专业的教学体系》，《旅游学刊》，2002年第5期
[21]张广瑞：《简谈国际旅游城市应具备的条件》，《旅游学刊》，1994年第1期
[22]张延杰：《20世纪60年代美国环境保护意识的产生》，《东北师范大学学报》，2000年第4期
[23]赵炳时：《美国大城市形态发展现状与趋势》，《城市规划》，2002年第5期
[24]朱世达：《关于美国中产阶级的演变与思考》，《美国研究》,1994年第4期,
[1]马小宁，旅游业与城市经济----以迈阿密为例[D]:[博士学位论文].厦门大学，2007
[2]刘凤环，美国消费社会在1920年代的形成，[D]:[博士学位论文].南开大学，2007
[3]齐秀丽，冷战与美国的国际收支调节政策，[D]:[博士学位论文].东北师范大学，2008
[4]黄海，从政府主导到政府引导---日英两国旅游业发展过程中政府职能和作用的历史转变，
[D]：[硕士学位论文].西南师范大学历史文化与旅游学院，2002
[5]邓银颖，19世纪末20世纪初美国旅游业的兴起，[D]:[硕士学位论文].东北师范大学，2012