浅析科技馆中观众的事故行为
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摘要
随着科技馆的迅猛发展和参观人员的大量增加,科技馆在展示过程中所发生的事故日益增多,这种日益增多的事故给科技展览带来很大的负面影响,并制约着科技馆的发展步伐。观众的事故行为是促成科技馆事故发生的主要原因之一,因此,对于观众事故行为的研究是非常重要的。
在科技展览中观众的事故行为是复杂多样的,所造成事故的严重程度也各不相同,但是促成这些事故行为的原因是有规律可寻的。本文首先对观众的事故行为进行了分类,并总结出事故行为发生的两个主要因素:主观因素和客观因素。利用心理学中的归因理论对科技馆事故行为的内部原因和外部原因进行两方面的分析,总结出导致事故行为的外部原因主要包括展项的不合理设计和光、声音、温度等周围环境的影响;内部原因主要包括观众娱乐性的目的和动机导致的对事故行为的忽视、个别观众对展示的不满意态度、对展项科学理论的理解缺失以及观众生活工作等压力的释放等。在对外部原因和内部原因两方面分析的基础上,本文根据事故行为的具体外部原因和内部原因提出了相应的设计理念,通过对环境和展项的针对性设计来达到克服事故发生的外部原因和内部原因,从而减少事故发生的可能。本文引用了大量的具体案例对这些理念进行了分析。笔者也针对广州科学中心的光行有速展项进行了相应的防止事故行为发生的设计。
With the rapid development of science museum and large amounts of visitors, science museum is vulnerable to the accidents which bring negative effects to the science museum and restrain the progress of science museum. The main causes of accidents lies in the accident behavior of visitors. Therefore, it is important to research into the accident behavior of visitors.
The reasons resulting in the accidents are able to track in spite of the various accidents behaviors and different levels of severity of accidents. In first, this article classifies the accident behaviors and conclude two major reasons: subjective and objective. Based on the Attribution theory, it analyze the accident behaviors in the science museum from the outside and inner and conclude that the main external reasons lie in the unreasonable design of exhibits and effects of environments while the inner reasons lie in the intents of entertainment, ignorance of accident behaviors, dissatisfactory of exhibits, lack of science theory and the pressure of occupation. In the base of analyses from the outside and inner sides, this article brings forward relative theory on the external and inner reasons, the aim of the pertinent design of the environment and the exhibits is to avoid the reasons of outside and inner which result in the accidents occur, and then induce the probability of accidents. Analyze the theory through combining with practical projects. In addition, the author commits relative designs for the“speed of light”of Guangdong Science Center.
在科技展览中观众的事故行为是复杂多样的,所造成事故的严重程度也各不相同,但是促成这些事故行为的原因是有规律可寻的。本文首先对观众的事故行为进行了分类,并总结出事故行为发生的两个主要因素:主观因素和客观因素。利用心理学中的归因理论对科技馆事故行为的内部原因和外部原因进行两方面的分析,总结出导致事故行为的外部原因主要包括展项的不合理设计和光、声音、温度等周围环境的影响;内部原因主要包括观众娱乐性的目的和动机导致的对事故行为的忽视、个别观众对展示的不满意态度、对展项科学理论的理解缺失以及观众生活工作等压力的释放等。在对外部原因和内部原因两方面分析的基础上,本文根据事故行为的具体外部原因和内部原因提出了相应的设计理念,通过对环境和展项的针对性设计来达到克服事故发生的外部原因和内部原因,从而减少事故发生的可能。本文引用了大量的具体案例对这些理念进行了分析。笔者也针对广州科学中心的光行有速展项进行了相应的防止事故行为发生的设计。
With the rapid development of science museum and large amounts of visitors, science museum is vulnerable to the accidents which bring negative effects to the science museum and restrain the progress of science museum. The main causes of accidents lies in the accident behavior of visitors. Therefore, it is important to research into the accident behavior of visitors.
The reasons resulting in the accidents are able to track in spite of the various accidents behaviors and different levels of severity of accidents. In first, this article classifies the accident behaviors and conclude two major reasons: subjective and objective. Based on the Attribution theory, it analyze the accident behaviors in the science museum from the outside and inner and conclude that the main external reasons lie in the unreasonable design of exhibits and effects of environments while the inner reasons lie in the intents of entertainment, ignorance of accident behaviors, dissatisfactory of exhibits, lack of science theory and the pressure of occupation. In the base of analyses from the outside and inner sides, this article brings forward relative theory on the external and inner reasons, the aim of the pertinent design of the environment and the exhibits is to avoid the reasons of outside and inner which result in the accidents occur, and then induce the probability of accidents. Analyze the theory through combining with practical projects. In addition, the author commits relative designs for the“speed of light”of Guangdong Science Center.
引文
[1]朱幼文.中国科技技术馆.北京:中国科普报告,2002.
[2]孙叶.南京青少年科技中心昨发特大火灾.南京:南京晨报,2005.
[3]王娟.我国博物馆观众初步研究:[硕士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学图书馆,2005.
[4]金和天.博物馆观众心理与行为研究:[硕士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学图书馆,2005.
[5]曾曦.现代展示博览会中观众行为研究:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学图书馆,2004:22~27.
[6]吴江霖.社会心理学.广州:广东高等教育出版社,2000:130~138.
[7] [美]克特·W·巴克.社会心理学.蒋华上等译.天津:南开大学出版社,1984:130~139.
[8] [美]J·R·布洛克H·E·尤克尔.奇妙的视错觉——欣赏与应用.上海:世界图书出版公司,1992.
[9]丁玉兰郭钢沈文琪等.人机工程学.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1991.
[10]欧阳文昭廖可兵主编.安全人机工程学.北京:煤炭工业出版社,2003.
[11]陈慎任.设计形态语义学.北京:化学工业出版社,2005..
[12]朱虹罗红.浅谈现代化展厅影响光环境的因素.照明工程学报. 2005.
[13]马江彬.人机工程学及应用.北京:机械工业出版社,1993(12).
[14]潘守永.2004-2005年中国博物馆观众调查报告——“关于加强博物馆展示宣传和社会服务工作的调查研究”之“观众调查研究”报告.北京:中国博物馆,2005.2.
[15] [美]约翰·P·霍斯顿.动机心理学.辽宁:辽宁人民出版社,1990.
[16]梁宁建.当代认知心理学.上海:上海教育出版社,2005(7):86~88.
[17]时蓉华.社会心理学.上海:上海人民出版社,2002:338~343.
[18]廖红,王恒.观众满意度研究.上海:科技馆,2001.3.
[19]曹鸣岐.应用心理学.北京:经济科学出版社,2002:214~226
[20] [日]藤沢英昭等.色彩心理学.上海:科学技术文献出版社,1989.
[21]胡飞杨瑞.设计符号与产品语意——理论、方法及应用.北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 2003.
[22]彭立勋.美感心理研究.长沙:湖南人民出版社,1985.
[23] Hiesinger.K.,Marcus.G. Design Since 1945. London:Thame&Hudson,1983.
[24] Austin,J. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.
[25] Ayer,A. Logical Positivism. New York: Free Press, 1959.
[26] Can,R. Formal Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993.
[27]何晓佑,谢云峰.人性化设计.南京:江苏美术出版社,2001.
[28] [美]舒尔兹.心理学应用.广西人民出版社.1987.
[29] Dormer Peter. The Meaning of Modern Design. London:Thames and Hudson,1991.
[30] Cruse,D.A. Meaning in language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
[31] Baddeley,A.D. Human memory: Theory and practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 1990.
[32]周美玉.工业设计应用人类工程学.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2001.
[33]彭立勋.美感心理研究.长沙:湖南人民出版社,1985.
[34]毛小涵.上海科技馆建设.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.7.
[35]覃东.大博物馆.世界知识出版社,2004.
[36] Anderson,J.R. Rules of the mind. Hillsdate,NJ:Erlbaum.1993.
[37] Chomsky,C. The acquisition of syntax in children from 5 to 10. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press. 1969.
[38]李道增.环境行为学概论.北京:清华大学出版社,1999.3.
[39] [瑞士]J.皮亚杰B.英海尔德.上海:商务印书馆,1980.5.
[40]严扬王国胜.产品设计中的人机工程学. 1997.6.
[41] Donald A.Norman. Emotional Design:Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things. New York:Basic Books,2002.
[42]张明生.我国科技馆发展中的问题与对策.科技通报.15卷5期.
[43] Forgas,J.P. Interpersonal Behavior: The Psychology of Social Ieteraction. Pergamon Press. Pty Ltd. 1985.
[44] Houston,J.P. Motivation. NY:Macmillan publishing.1985.
[45]梁利.违章行为与心理因素分析.中国安全科学学报, 2006.8.
[46] Lize Sanders. Applying Interaction Design:Design for real people with real people. Innovation,2001,(3):64~67.
[47] Sears,D.O. Social Psychology. Preatice-Hall.1985
[48]赵恩乾.行为安全的致因分析及心理学探讨.石油化工安全技术,2006.4.
[49]梅传强.犯罪心理生成机制研究:[博士学位论文].西南政法大学图书馆,2004.4.
[50]吴玲达.多媒体人机交互技术.北京:国防科技大学出版社,1999.3.
[51] McConnell,J.V. Understanding Human Behavior. CBS College publishing. 1986
[52] Kroeber,A.L. Anthrepology. Chicago: Principia. 1923.
[2]孙叶.南京青少年科技中心昨发特大火灾.南京:南京晨报,2005.
[3]王娟.我国博物馆观众初步研究:[硕士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学图书馆,2005.
[4]金和天.博物馆观众心理与行为研究:[硕士学位论文].吉林:吉林大学图书馆,2005.
[5]曾曦.现代展示博览会中观众行为研究:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学图书馆,2004:22~27.
[6]吴江霖.社会心理学.广州:广东高等教育出版社,2000:130~138.
[7] [美]克特·W·巴克.社会心理学.蒋华上等译.天津:南开大学出版社,1984:130~139.
[8] [美]J·R·布洛克H·E·尤克尔.奇妙的视错觉——欣赏与应用.上海:世界图书出版公司,1992.
[9]丁玉兰郭钢沈文琪等.人机工程学.北京:北京理工大学出版社,1991.
[10]欧阳文昭廖可兵主编.安全人机工程学.北京:煤炭工业出版社,2003.
[11]陈慎任.设计形态语义学.北京:化学工业出版社,2005..
[12]朱虹罗红.浅谈现代化展厅影响光环境的因素.照明工程学报. 2005.
[13]马江彬.人机工程学及应用.北京:机械工业出版社,1993(12).
[14]潘守永.2004-2005年中国博物馆观众调查报告——“关于加强博物馆展示宣传和社会服务工作的调查研究”之“观众调查研究”报告.北京:中国博物馆,2005.2.
[15] [美]约翰·P·霍斯顿.动机心理学.辽宁:辽宁人民出版社,1990.
[16]梁宁建.当代认知心理学.上海:上海教育出版社,2005(7):86~88.
[17]时蓉华.社会心理学.上海:上海人民出版社,2002:338~343.
[18]廖红,王恒.观众满意度研究.上海:科技馆,2001.3.
[19]曹鸣岐.应用心理学.北京:经济科学出版社,2002:214~226
[20] [日]藤沢英昭等.色彩心理学.上海:科学技术文献出版社,1989.
[21]胡飞杨瑞.设计符号与产品语意——理论、方法及应用.北京:中国建筑工业出版社. 2003.
[22]彭立勋.美感心理研究.长沙:湖南人民出版社,1985.
[23] Hiesinger.K.,Marcus.G. Design Since 1945. London:Thame&Hudson,1983.
[24] Austin,J. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.
[25] Ayer,A. Logical Positivism. New York: Free Press, 1959.
[26] Can,R. Formal Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1993.
[27]何晓佑,谢云峰.人性化设计.南京:江苏美术出版社,2001.
[28] [美]舒尔兹.心理学应用.广西人民出版社.1987.
[29] Dormer Peter. The Meaning of Modern Design. London:Thames and Hudson,1991.
[30] Cruse,D.A. Meaning in language. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.
[31] Baddeley,A.D. Human memory: Theory and practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 1990.
[32]周美玉.工业设计应用人类工程学.北京:中国轻工业出版社,2001.
[33]彭立勋.美感心理研究.长沙:湖南人民出版社,1985.
[34]毛小涵.上海科技馆建设.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.7.
[35]覃东.大博物馆.世界知识出版社,2004.
[36] Anderson,J.R. Rules of the mind. Hillsdate,NJ:Erlbaum.1993.
[37] Chomsky,C. The acquisition of syntax in children from 5 to 10. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press. 1969.
[38]李道增.环境行为学概论.北京:清华大学出版社,1999.3.
[39] [瑞士]J.皮亚杰B.英海尔德.上海:商务印书馆,1980.5.
[40]严扬王国胜.产品设计中的人机工程学. 1997.6.
[41] Donald A.Norman. Emotional Design:Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things. New York:Basic Books,2002.
[42]张明生.我国科技馆发展中的问题与对策.科技通报.15卷5期.
[43] Forgas,J.P. Interpersonal Behavior: The Psychology of Social Ieteraction. Pergamon Press. Pty Ltd. 1985.
[44] Houston,J.P. Motivation. NY:Macmillan publishing.1985.
[45]梁利.违章行为与心理因素分析.中国安全科学学报, 2006.8.
[46] Lize Sanders. Applying Interaction Design:Design for real people with real people. Innovation,2001,(3):64~67.
[47] Sears,D.O. Social Psychology. Preatice-Hall.1985
[48]赵恩乾.行为安全的致因分析及心理学探讨.石油化工安全技术,2006.4.
[49]梅传强.犯罪心理生成机制研究:[博士学位论文].西南政法大学图书馆,2004.4.
[50]吴玲达.多媒体人机交互技术.北京:国防科技大学出版社,1999.3.
[51] McConnell,J.V. Understanding Human Behavior. CBS College publishing. 1986
[52] Kroeber,A.L. Anthrepology. Chicago: Principia. 1923.