打击跨国人口贩运的国际法律制度研究
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摘要
本文从跨国人口贩运的概念、性质和发展趋势等基本问题入手，通过对打击跨国人口贩运的多边、区域、双边和单边法律制度进行分析，阐明它们的作用和特点，揭示存在的问题，进而剖析整个国际法律制度的成就和缺陷，并对如何完善和发展提出建议。
本文由引言和正文两大部分构成。正文共分为六章。
第一章是人口贩运概述。从人口贩运入手，比较分析跨国人口贩运的概念、性质和其他相关问题，阐释跨国人口贩运的历史和严峻的现状。通过分析，归纳出跨国人口贩运在全球化背景下的发展趋势和特点，继而说明导致该犯罪产生和发展的原因和条件。本章最后说明了该犯罪的危害性，证明对其进行全面国际法律控制实属必要，从而为后文的论证打下基础。
第二章是打击跨国人口贩运的多边法律制度。主要论述联合国打击跨国人口贩运的条约和各机构采取的行动，以及其他重要国际组织打击跨国人口贩运的行动，本章分析了联合国主导的多边法律制度取得的成果，进而指出这一多边法律制度存在国际法规范失衡、执行机制强制力不足、联合国相关机构行动不确定因素过多，国际组织实践也存在矛盾和片面性等问题，表明深入研究跨国人口贩运，弥合各国的差异，共同应对该犯罪的重要性。
第三章是打击跨国人口贩运的区域法律制度——以欧洲为例。通过分析欧洲联盟以刑事司法合作为目标构建的区域立法和司法机制，以及欧洲委员会以保护受害者为核心思想的人权条约体系和强力执行机制，阐明两个区域组织在打击跨国人口贩运方面的各自的功能与优势。与此同时，说明欧洲联盟的制度过于倾向维护联盟安全而非受害者保护与复原，造成欧洲联盟无法全面处理人口贩运现象之后的深层原因；而欧洲委员会的法律制度虽然为受害者提供了最详细、最广泛的保护规定，但却受制与缔约方的模糊态度，前景不明。本章认为，整体而言，欧洲的区域法律制度虽然规定最为成熟具体，但各方面的矛盾也非常突出：为获得更多缔约国而设的断开条款会损害条约的潜在效力，区域规定也凸显欧洲对人口贩运的本质理解偏差，法律规范也存在内部冲突，成员国的消极态度亦会削弱法律制度的作用。最后，建议这两大机构应加强合作，协力构建打击跨国人口贩运的区域联合机制。
第四章是打击跨国人口贩运的双边法律机制——选择性实例分析。考虑到各国在跨国人口贩运中的不同地位，本章选择了美国与加拿大、美国与墨西哥、意大利与阿尔巴尼亚、意大利和波兰的双边合作为实例，分别代表目的地国之间、目的地国与来源地国之间、区域机制下目的地国与来源地国之间的双边合作。实证分析表明，现阶段各国的双边合作虽已取得一定成果，但整体仍处于起步阶段，合作程度层次不齐，效果不够理想。巩固合作基础，加深合作层次，扩大合作范围和方式并促进联合执法行动的开展是改善现状的可行之道。
第五章是中国打击跨国人口贩运的法律制度。从中国对打击跨国人口贩运的需要出发，论述分析中国的单边法律应对机制。指出中国现行的立法过于分散且与条约义务严重不符，存在诸多漏洞而且尚未形成体系；中国的执法缺乏稳定的长效机制，而且执法目的存在偏差，重挡不重治，对于打击跨国人口贩运背后的有组织犯罪集团无法产生实质影响，实际上会使执法机构和受害者陷入恶性循环。因此，必须对中国的立法和执法作出改进，通过制定专门立法、修改现有国内法规范、消除产生该犯罪的诱因，以及建立长效执法机制、以消除有组织犯罪集团为执法目标。
第六章是结论，指出打击跨国人口贩运的国际法律制度面临的问题并作出建议。以前文对多边、区域、双边和单边法律制度的分析为基础，本章指出整个国际法律制度的构建基础并不稳固，规定和执行又存在失衡和功利化的弊病，执行机制则效力不足，在实践中尚未产生明显效果。而且，整个国际法律制度都体现出一种深层次的矛盾——即打击犯罪的全球治理的需要与国际法的不成体系的现实间的矛盾。本章继而认为，对国际法律制度的完善首先需要修改国际立法以确立统一标准，其次要加强实施机制，当然还要促进广范围、深层次的国际合作，并在条件允许的情况下，寻求国际司法的途径，最后建议加强对该问题的研究，指出弥合各国各地区在打击跨国人口贩运方面的差异，对各方面进行全面考虑的情况下才有可能实现对该犯罪的控制。
Starting from the concept and character of transnational human trafficking, byanalyzing the multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral legal system for combatingthis crime, evaluating their functions and features, also shortcomings, at last thisdissertation makes conclusions and offers proposals for setting the problems of the wholeinternational legal system for combating transnational human trafficking.
This dissertation is instructed with preamble and text. There into the text iscomposed of six chapters.
Chapter one is the overview of transnational human trafficking. Starting from theconcept and nature of this crime introduces its history and severe current situation. Byanalyzing, this chapter concludes that transnational human trafficking has become anorganized crime, it is internationally operated, much more intelligent than before, and hasa variety of approaches. Then explains that the the internal cause of this crime is theexploitation demand of cheap labor, its objective condition is the gap between differentcountries, external driving force is the economic globalization and the subjective factor isthe desire for economic benefits. The last part of this chapter explains the harm of thiscrime, and so build the basis for further argument.
Chapter two is focus on the multilateral legal system of combating humantrafficking. By analyzing the provisions and implementations of UN anti-traffickingtreaties, exploring the initiatives and actions of UN agencies and other importantorganizations, this chapter discusses the achievements of the UN-led multilateral legalsystem and also its shortcomings, such as the provisions of these treaties are unbalanced,the enforcement mechanism is lack of force, the actions taken by relevant agencies are ofuncertainty and the practice of international organizations has contradictions and aone-sidedness problem. At last, this chapter points out the necessity of further exploringof this crime, bridge the differences between countries, and also the importance ofbuilding up a joint respond mechanism.
Chapter three is about the regional legal system combating human trafficking,taking European as an example. The focus is the legislative and judicial mechanisms forjudicial cooperation of the EU, and the human rights treaty system with strongenforcement mechanisms for victims protection of the European Commission. Thischapter clarifies the respective functions and advantages of these two regional organizations in the fight against transnational human trafficking, and noted that the EU'ssystem is too inclined to maintain alliance security rather than victim protection andrecovery, thus it can not fully deal with the underlying causes of human trafficking;.TheEuropean Commission's system provide victims with the most detailed and extensiveprotection, but its effect is restricted by the parties, the future development of it is ofuncertainty. Overall, the European regional legal system provides mature and specificprovisions, but its contradiction is also very prominent. The disconnection clause wouldundermine the potential of the treaty, certain provisions also highlights that theunderstanding of trafficking is already deviated from its nature, the legal norms haveinternal conflicts, and the negative attitude of member states will also weaken the role ofregional system. Finally, this chapter recommended that these two bodies to strengthencooperation and together build a regional joint mechanism to combat transnationalhuman trafficking.
Chapter four discusses the bilateral legal mechanisms for combating humantrafficking: selective case study. Taking into account the different status of countriesinvolved in this crime, this chapter select the cooperation of the U.S. and Canada, the U.S.and Mexico, Italy and Albania, Italy and Poland as instances, representing thecooperation between the countries of destination, the cooperation between the country ofdestination and the country of origin, and, the cooperation between the country ofdestination and the country of origin under multilateral and regional mechanisms. Thecase study shows that at this time, bilateral cooperations between countries has alreadyachieved some results, but overall is still at the initial stage. Consolidate the basis forbilateral cooperation, deepen its level, expand its scope and modalities and promote jointenforcement actions are feasible ways to improve bilateral cooperation.
Chapter five discusses the unilateral legal response mechanism of China to fighthuman trafficking. Firstly, it pointed out that the current legislation is too fragmented andseriously inconsistent with treaty obligations, there are also many loopholes and couldnot constitute a legal system. China is in lack of stable long-term mechanism, and has acognitive error in law enforcement purposes, its focus is on blocking out illegalimmigrants and not fight against criminal groups, thus can not make any substantial blowto these traffickers.In fact, this enforcement mechanism will bring the agencies andvictims into a vicious cycle. Therefore, China's legislative and law enforcement must beimproved. Through the development of specific legislation, by modifying the provisions of the existing domestic law, taking measures to eliminate the incentives of the crime,and building up long-term enforcement mechanisms focus on organized criminal groups.
Chapter six is the conclusion, it explains the problems faced by the internationallegal regime to combat transnational human trafficking and make recommendations.Based on analysis of the multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral legal system, thischapter represents that the basis for international legal regime is not accurate enough, theprovisions and implementation of the has imbalances is of utilitarian, the enforcementmechanism is not effective enough in practice. Moreover, the whole international legalsystem reflects a deep-rooted contradiction-the needs of global governance to fightagainst this crime, and the fragmentation reality of international law. For makingimprovement for the international legal system against transnational human trafficking,the most significant need is to modify the international legislation and set up uniformstandards, and then strengthening the implementation mechanism, promoting a widerange of in-depth international cooperation is also an important method, and undercertain conditions, seeking for international judicial mechanism. At last, this chapterrecommend the further study of the problem, pointing out that the elimination oftransnational human trafficking could only be possible if the differences betweencountries and regions are fully narrowed, and all aspects of this crime are taking intoaccount.
本文由引言和正文两大部分构成。正文共分为六章。
第一章是人口贩运概述。从人口贩运入手，比较分析跨国人口贩运的概念、性质和其他相关问题，阐释跨国人口贩运的历史和严峻的现状。通过分析，归纳出跨国人口贩运在全球化背景下的发展趋势和特点，继而说明导致该犯罪产生和发展的原因和条件。本章最后说明了该犯罪的危害性，证明对其进行全面国际法律控制实属必要，从而为后文的论证打下基础。
第二章是打击跨国人口贩运的多边法律制度。主要论述联合国打击跨国人口贩运的条约和各机构采取的行动，以及其他重要国际组织打击跨国人口贩运的行动，本章分析了联合国主导的多边法律制度取得的成果，进而指出这一多边法律制度存在国际法规范失衡、执行机制强制力不足、联合国相关机构行动不确定因素过多，国际组织实践也存在矛盾和片面性等问题，表明深入研究跨国人口贩运，弥合各国的差异，共同应对该犯罪的重要性。
第三章是打击跨国人口贩运的区域法律制度——以欧洲为例。通过分析欧洲联盟以刑事司法合作为目标构建的区域立法和司法机制，以及欧洲委员会以保护受害者为核心思想的人权条约体系和强力执行机制，阐明两个区域组织在打击跨国人口贩运方面的各自的功能与优势。与此同时，说明欧洲联盟的制度过于倾向维护联盟安全而非受害者保护与复原，造成欧洲联盟无法全面处理人口贩运现象之后的深层原因；而欧洲委员会的法律制度虽然为受害者提供了最详细、最广泛的保护规定，但却受制与缔约方的模糊态度，前景不明。本章认为，整体而言，欧洲的区域法律制度虽然规定最为成熟具体，但各方面的矛盾也非常突出：为获得更多缔约国而设的断开条款会损害条约的潜在效力，区域规定也凸显欧洲对人口贩运的本质理解偏差，法律规范也存在内部冲突，成员国的消极态度亦会削弱法律制度的作用。最后，建议这两大机构应加强合作，协力构建打击跨国人口贩运的区域联合机制。
第四章是打击跨国人口贩运的双边法律机制——选择性实例分析。考虑到各国在跨国人口贩运中的不同地位，本章选择了美国与加拿大、美国与墨西哥、意大利与阿尔巴尼亚、意大利和波兰的双边合作为实例，分别代表目的地国之间、目的地国与来源地国之间、区域机制下目的地国与来源地国之间的双边合作。实证分析表明，现阶段各国的双边合作虽已取得一定成果，但整体仍处于起步阶段，合作程度层次不齐，效果不够理想。巩固合作基础，加深合作层次，扩大合作范围和方式并促进联合执法行动的开展是改善现状的可行之道。
第五章是中国打击跨国人口贩运的法律制度。从中国对打击跨国人口贩运的需要出发，论述分析中国的单边法律应对机制。指出中国现行的立法过于分散且与条约义务严重不符，存在诸多漏洞而且尚未形成体系；中国的执法缺乏稳定的长效机制，而且执法目的存在偏差，重挡不重治，对于打击跨国人口贩运背后的有组织犯罪集团无法产生实质影响，实际上会使执法机构和受害者陷入恶性循环。因此，必须对中国的立法和执法作出改进，通过制定专门立法、修改现有国内法规范、消除产生该犯罪的诱因，以及建立长效执法机制、以消除有组织犯罪集团为执法目标。
第六章是结论，指出打击跨国人口贩运的国际法律制度面临的问题并作出建议。以前文对多边、区域、双边和单边法律制度的分析为基础，本章指出整个国际法律制度的构建基础并不稳固，规定和执行又存在失衡和功利化的弊病，执行机制则效力不足，在实践中尚未产生明显效果。而且，整个国际法律制度都体现出一种深层次的矛盾——即打击犯罪的全球治理的需要与国际法的不成体系的现实间的矛盾。本章继而认为，对国际法律制度的完善首先需要修改国际立法以确立统一标准，其次要加强实施机制，当然还要促进广范围、深层次的国际合作，并在条件允许的情况下，寻求国际司法的途径，最后建议加强对该问题的研究，指出弥合各国各地区在打击跨国人口贩运方面的差异，对各方面进行全面考虑的情况下才有可能实现对该犯罪的控制。
Starting from the concept and character of transnational human trafficking, byanalyzing the multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral legal system for combatingthis crime, evaluating their functions and features, also shortcomings, at last thisdissertation makes conclusions and offers proposals for setting the problems of the wholeinternational legal system for combating transnational human trafficking.
This dissertation is instructed with preamble and text. There into the text iscomposed of six chapters.
Chapter one is the overview of transnational human trafficking. Starting from theconcept and nature of this crime introduces its history and severe current situation. Byanalyzing, this chapter concludes that transnational human trafficking has become anorganized crime, it is internationally operated, much more intelligent than before, and hasa variety of approaches. Then explains that the the internal cause of this crime is theexploitation demand of cheap labor, its objective condition is the gap between differentcountries, external driving force is the economic globalization and the subjective factor isthe desire for economic benefits. The last part of this chapter explains the harm of thiscrime, and so build the basis for further argument.
Chapter two is focus on the multilateral legal system of combating humantrafficking. By analyzing the provisions and implementations of UN anti-traffickingtreaties, exploring the initiatives and actions of UN agencies and other importantorganizations, this chapter discusses the achievements of the UN-led multilateral legalsystem and also its shortcomings, such as the provisions of these treaties are unbalanced,the enforcement mechanism is lack of force, the actions taken by relevant agencies are ofuncertainty and the practice of international organizations has contradictions and aone-sidedness problem. At last, this chapter points out the necessity of further exploringof this crime, bridge the differences between countries, and also the importance ofbuilding up a joint respond mechanism.
Chapter three is about the regional legal system combating human trafficking,taking European as an example. The focus is the legislative and judicial mechanisms forjudicial cooperation of the EU, and the human rights treaty system with strongenforcement mechanisms for victims protection of the European Commission. Thischapter clarifies the respective functions and advantages of these two regional organizations in the fight against transnational human trafficking, and noted that the EU'ssystem is too inclined to maintain alliance security rather than victim protection andrecovery, thus it can not fully deal with the underlying causes of human trafficking;.TheEuropean Commission's system provide victims with the most detailed and extensiveprotection, but its effect is restricted by the parties, the future development of it is ofuncertainty. Overall, the European regional legal system provides mature and specificprovisions, but its contradiction is also very prominent. The disconnection clause wouldundermine the potential of the treaty, certain provisions also highlights that theunderstanding of trafficking is already deviated from its nature, the legal norms haveinternal conflicts, and the negative attitude of member states will also weaken the role ofregional system. Finally, this chapter recommended that these two bodies to strengthencooperation and together build a regional joint mechanism to combat transnationalhuman trafficking.
Chapter four discusses the bilateral legal mechanisms for combating humantrafficking: selective case study. Taking into account the different status of countriesinvolved in this crime, this chapter select the cooperation of the U.S. and Canada, the U.S.and Mexico, Italy and Albania, Italy and Poland as instances, representing thecooperation between the countries of destination, the cooperation between the country ofdestination and the country of origin, and, the cooperation between the country ofdestination and the country of origin under multilateral and regional mechanisms. Thecase study shows that at this time, bilateral cooperations between countries has alreadyachieved some results, but overall is still at the initial stage. Consolidate the basis forbilateral cooperation, deepen its level, expand its scope and modalities and promote jointenforcement actions are feasible ways to improve bilateral cooperation.
Chapter five discusses the unilateral legal response mechanism of China to fighthuman trafficking. Firstly, it pointed out that the current legislation is too fragmented andseriously inconsistent with treaty obligations, there are also many loopholes and couldnot constitute a legal system. China is in lack of stable long-term mechanism, and has acognitive error in law enforcement purposes, its focus is on blocking out illegalimmigrants and not fight against criminal groups, thus can not make any substantial blowto these traffickers.In fact, this enforcement mechanism will bring the agencies andvictims into a vicious cycle. Therefore, China's legislative and law enforcement must beimproved. Through the development of specific legislation, by modifying the provisions of the existing domestic law, taking measures to eliminate the incentives of the crime,and building up long-term enforcement mechanisms focus on organized criminal groups.
Chapter six is the conclusion, it explains the problems faced by the internationallegal regime to combat transnational human trafficking and make recommendations.Based on analysis of the multilateral, regional, bilateral and unilateral legal system, thischapter represents that the basis for international legal regime is not accurate enough, theprovisions and implementation of the has imbalances is of utilitarian, the enforcementmechanism is not effective enough in practice. Moreover, the whole international legalsystem reflects a deep-rooted contradiction-the needs of global governance to fightagainst this crime, and the fragmentation reality of international law. For makingimprovement for the international legal system against transnational human trafficking,the most significant need is to modify the international legislation and set up uniformstandards, and then strengthening the implementation mechanism, promoting a widerange of in-depth international cooperation is also an important method, and undercertain conditions, seeking for international judicial mechanism. At last, this chapterrecommend the further study of the problem, pointing out that the elimination oftransnational human trafficking could only be possible if the differences betweencountries and regions are fully narrowed, and all aspects of this crime are taking intoaccount.
引文
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⑦INTERPOL.INTERPOL's Trafficking in Human Beings Fact Sheet, COM/FS/2009-12/THB-02[R].Lyon:INTERPOL,2009:1.
①United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in persons[R]. New York: UnitedNations,2008:154.
②国家中心局是是国际警务合作的常设协调中心。它们设在各缔约国国内，负责各缔约国间、缔约国与国际刑警组织间刑事警察联系、合作、协调和事务安排。见:赵秉志.国际刑法与司法协助[M]北京：法律出版社，1994:251.
①INTERPOL.MIND/FIND providing law enforcement with instant worldwide access to
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②INTERPOL.INTERPOL connects all Cricket World Cup host countries to global border protection network-Caribbean region is first in the world[EB/OL].: Press Releases,2012-5-4:http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2007/PR200702.asp.
③Walter Enders. Who adopts MIND/FIND in INTERPOL’s fight against international crime and terrorism?[J].Public Choice,2011,149:2.
⑤罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、葡萄牙和美国采用了两种技术，见: Walter Enders. Who adopts MIND/FIND inINTERPOL’s fight against international crime and terrorism?[J]. Public Choice,2011,149:6.
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④INTERPOL. Remarks by INTERPOL Secretary General Ronald K. Noble[EB/OL].: Speeches,2012-5-4:http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/speeches/SGvico20071005.asp.
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②The INTERPOL Working Group on Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation. Manual for Investigators[R].Lyon: INTERPOL,2002:5-6.
③Ibid,4，转引自高玉泉.人口贩运的国际规范初探[A].见：王海南，何耀琛等.法律哲理与制度——国际私法[M].台北：元照出版社，2006:361.
④The INTERPOL Working Group on Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation. Manual for Investigators[R].Lyon: INTERPOL,2002:16-17.
⑤高玉泉.人口贩运的国际规范初探[A].见：王海南，何耀琛等.法律哲理与制度——国际私法[M].台北：元照出版社，2006:360.
⑥INTERPOL.INTERPOL's Trafficking in Human Beings Fact Sheet, COM/FS/2009-12/THB-02[R].Lyon:INTERPOL,2009:2.Cote d'ivoire[EB/OL].: NEWS,2012-5-4:http://www.interpol.int/Public/News/2009/CotedIvoire20090803.asp.
③INTERPOL. Burika Faso police rescue more than100child trafficking victims during INTERPOL-supportedoperation[EB/OL].: Press Releases,2012-5-4:http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2010/PR090.asp.
④INTERPOL. Gabon police rescue140victims of child trafficking and labour in INTERPOL co-ordinatedoperation[EB/OL].: Press Releases,2012-5-4:http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2010/PR109.asp.
⑤INTERPOL.INTERPOL's Trafficking in Human Beings Fact Sheet, COM/FS/2009-12/THB-02[R].Lyon:INTERPOL,2009:2.
①ICAT. An analytical review:10years on from the adoption of the UN Trafficking in Persons Protocol[R]. TheConference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and itsProtocols,2010:10.
②李贵雪.欧盟人口贩运问题与对策[A].见：台湾中央警察大学.第一届“国境安全与人口移动学术研讨会”论文[C].2007：98.
①Kalen Fredette. Revisiting the UN Protocol on Human Trafficking: Striking Balances for More EffectiveLegislation[J]. Cardozo J. Int'l&Comp. L.,2009,17:120.
②Anne Gallagher, Anne Gallagher. Human Rights and the New UN Protocols on Trafficking and MigrantSmuggling: A Preliminary Analysis[J]. Hum. Rts. Q.,2001,23:992.
③Janie Chuang.Beyond a Snapshot: Preventing Human Trafficking in the Global Economy[J]. D. J. Global LegalStud.,2006,13:149.
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①Tom Obokata. Trafficking of Human Beings from a Human Rights Perspective: Towards a Holistic Approach
[M]. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2006:116.
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②Meng-Hsuan Chou. The European Union and the Fight against Human Trafficking: Comprehensive orContradicting?[J]. St Antony's International Review,2008,4:80.
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②Meng-Hsuan Chou. The European Union and the Fight against Human Trafficking: Comprehensive orContradicting?[J]. St Antony's International Review,2008,4:76-77.
③Rosa Raffaelli.The European Approach to the Protection of Trafficking Victims: The Council of EuropeConvention, the EU Directive, and the Italian Experience[J]. German L.J.,2009,10:210.
②Council Framework Decision on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings, and protecting victimsrepealing Framework Decision2002/629/JHA, COM(2009)136final. Brussels,2009-3-25.
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④Directive2011/36/EU, Article2(3).
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⑥Joint Action of16December1996Adopted by the Council on the Basis of Article K.3of the Treaty onEuropean Union. Extending the Mandate Given to the Europol Drugs Unit, OJ L342,31.12.1996:4.
①Council Decision of28February2002. Setting up Eurojust with a View to Reinforcing the Fight against SeriousCrimes, OJ L63,2002-6-3.
②Conny Rijken. Challenges to Criminal Justice Co-operation in Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in theEuropean Union[J]. ERA Forum,2005,6:270.
③United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in persons[R]. New York: UnitedNations,2008:166.
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⑤Council Decision2008/976/JHA of16December2008on the European Judicial Network.
⑥United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in persons[R]. New York: UnitedNations,2008:167.
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②Established by Council Decision of28February2002setting up Eurojust with a view to reinforcing the fightagainst serious crime,2002/187/JHA, OJ L063/1,2002-3-6.
③Council Framework Decision of13June2002on the European arrest warrant and the surrender proceduresbetween Member States (2002/584/JHA), OJ L190/1, July18,2002.
④Tom Obokata. Trafficking of Human Beings from a Human Rights Perspective: Towards a Holistic Approach[M]. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2006:101.
①Meng-Hsuan Chou. The European Union and the Fight against Human Trafficking: Comprehensive orContradicting?[J]. St Antony's International Review,2008,4:76.
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②Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETS No.197.para..12–22.
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⑤Anne Gallagher. Recent Legal Developments in the Field of Human Trafficking: A Critical Review of the2005European Convention and Related Instruments[J]. European Journal of Migration&Law,2006,8:187-188.
⑥Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:32,34
①Suzanne Egan. Protecting the Victims of Trafficking: Problems and Prospects[J]. E.H.R.L.R1,2008,1:111,114.
②Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:27.
①刁仁国.人口贩运受害者保护法制之研究──以《欧委会采取行动打击跨国人口贩运公约》为中心[A].见：台湾中央警察大学.2009年防制人口贩运国际研讨会[C].2009:277.
②Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:45.
①公约的解释报告表明，安全的住宿对受害者尤为重要，并指出受保护的避难所对被贩运人口特别合适，见Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:48.
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④Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:61.
②Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Reportrt, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:77.
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②Rosa Raffaelli.The European Approach to the Protection of Trafficking Victims: The Council of EuropeConvention, the EU Directive, and the Italian Experience[J]. German L.J.,2009,10:205.
①Rosa Raffaelli.The European Approach to the Protection of Trafficking Victims: The Council of EuropeConvention, the EU Directive, and the Italian Experience[J]. German L.J.,2009,10:212.
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③Anke Sembacher. The Council of Europe Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human Beings[J]. Tul. J.Int'l&Comp. L.,2006,14:453.
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③Helga Konrad. The OSCE and the Struggle Against Human Trafficking: The Argument for a Comprehensive,Multi-Pronged Approach[J]. INTERCULTURAL HUM. RTS. L. REV.,2006,79(1):88.
①Mohamed Mattar. Human Security or State Security? The Overriding Threat in Trafficking in Persons[J].INTERCULTURAL HUM. RTS. L. REV.,2006,79(1):249.
②Ibid,252.
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②国家中心局是是国际警务合作的常设协调中心。它们设在各缔约国国内，负责各缔约国间、缔约国与国际刑警组织间刑事警察联系、合作、协调和事务安排。见:赵秉志.国际刑法与司法协助[M]北京：法律出版社，1994:251.
①INTERPOL.MIND/FIND providing law enforcement with instant worldwide access to
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②INTERPOL.INTERPOL connects all Cricket World Cup host countries to global border protection network-Caribbean region is first in the world[EB/OL].: Press Releases,2012-5-4:http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2007/PR200702.asp.
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⑤罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、葡萄牙和美国采用了两种技术，见: Walter Enders. Who adopts MIND/FIND inINTERPOL’s fight against international crime and terrorism?[J]. Public Choice,2011,149:6.
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②The INTERPOL Working Group on Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation. Manual for Investigators[R].Lyon: INTERPOL,2002:5-6.
③Ibid,4，转引自高玉泉.人口贩运的国际规范初探[A].见：王海南，何耀琛等.法律哲理与制度——国际私法[M].台北：元照出版社，2006:361.
④The INTERPOL Working Group on Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation. Manual for Investigators[R].Lyon: INTERPOL,2002:16-17.
⑤高玉泉.人口贩运的国际规范初探[A].见：王海南，何耀琛等.法律哲理与制度——国际私法[M].台北：元照出版社，2006:360.
⑥INTERPOL.INTERPOL's Trafficking in Human Beings Fact Sheet, COM/FS/2009-12/THB-02[R].Lyon:INTERPOL,2009:2.Cote d'ivoire[EB/OL].: NEWS,2012-5-4:http://www.interpol.int/Public/News/2009/CotedIvoire20090803.asp.
③INTERPOL. Burika Faso police rescue more than100child trafficking victims during INTERPOL-supportedoperation[EB/OL].: Press Releases,2012-5-4:http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2010/PR090.asp.
④INTERPOL. Gabon police rescue140victims of child trafficking and labour in INTERPOL co-ordinatedoperation[EB/OL].: Press Releases,2012-5-4:http://www.interpol.int/Public/ICPO/PressReleases/PR2010/PR109.asp.
⑤INTERPOL.INTERPOL's Trafficking in Human Beings Fact Sheet, COM/FS/2009-12/THB-02[R].Lyon:INTERPOL,2009:2.
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②李贵雪.欧盟人口贩运问题与对策[A].见：台湾中央警察大学.第一届“国境安全与人口移动学术研讨会”论文[C].2007：98.
①Kalen Fredette. Revisiting the UN Protocol on Human Trafficking: Striking Balances for More EffectiveLegislation[J]. Cardozo J. Int'l&Comp. L.,2009,17:120.
②Anne Gallagher, Anne Gallagher. Human Rights and the New UN Protocols on Trafficking and MigrantSmuggling: A Preliminary Analysis[J]. Hum. Rts. Q.,2001,23:992.
③Janie Chuang.Beyond a Snapshot: Preventing Human Trafficking in the Global Economy[J]. D. J. Global LegalStud.,2006,13:149.
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②Meng-Hsuan Chou. The European Union and the Fight against Human Trafficking: Comprehensive orContradicting?[J]. St Antony's International Review,2008,4:77.
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⑤Anne Gallagher. Triply Exploited: Female Victims of Trafficking Networks-Strategies for Pursuing Protectionand Legal Status in Countries of Destination,19GEO. IMMIGR. L.J.,2004,19:99.
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①Human Rights Watch. Commentary on the European Commission Proposal for a Council Directive “on theshort-term residence permit issued to victims of action to facilitate illegal immigration or trafficking in humanbeings who cooperate with the competent authorities”.2002:4.
②Anne Gallagher. Recent Legal Developments in the Field of Human Trafficking: A Critical Review of the2005European Convention and Related Instruments[J]. European Journal of Migration&Law,2006,8:170.
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①European Commission. Research Based on Case Studies of Victims of Traffcking in Human Beings in3E.U.Member States, I.E. Belgium, Italy and the Netherlands. Brussels: European Commission, DG Justice and HomeAffairs, Hippocrates programme, project number JAI/2001/HIP/023,2001.
②Meng-Hsuan Chou. The European Union and the Fight against Human Trafficking: Comprehensive orContradicting?[J]. St Antony's International Review,2008,4:80.
①Rosa Raffaelli.The European Approach to the Protection of Trafficking Victims: The Council of EuropeConvention, the EU Directive, and the Italian Experience[J]. German L.J.,2009,10:209.
②Meng-Hsuan Chou. The European Union and the Fight against Human Trafficking: Comprehensive orContradicting?[J]. St Antony's International Review,2008,4:76-77.
③Rosa Raffaelli.The European Approach to the Protection of Trafficking Victims: The Council of EuropeConvention, the EU Directive, and the Italian Experience[J]. German L.J.,2009,10:210.
②Council Framework Decision on preventing and combating trafficking in human beings, and protecting victimsrepealing Framework Decision2002/629/JHA, COM(2009)136final. Brussels,2009-3-25.
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④Directive2011/36/EU, Article2(3).
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③柯庆忠.国际刑警组织与欧洲刑警组织[J].刑事双月刊,2005,(2):16-17.
④Reichel Philip. Handbook of Transnational Crime and Justice[M]. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Ltd,2005:295-296.
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⑥Joint Action of16December1996Adopted by the Council on the Basis of Article K.3of the Treaty onEuropean Union. Extending the Mandate Given to the Europol Drugs Unit, OJ L342,31.12.1996:4.
①Council Decision of28February2002. Setting up Eurojust with a View to Reinforcing the Fight against SeriousCrimes, OJ L63,2002-6-3.
②Conny Rijken. Challenges to Criminal Justice Co-operation in Combating Trafficking in Human Beings in theEuropean Union[J]. ERA Forum,2005,6:270.
③United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in persons[R]. New York: UnitedNations,2008:166.
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⑤Council Decision2008/976/JHA of16December2008on the European Judicial Network.
⑥United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in persons[R]. New York: UnitedNations,2008:167.
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①Council Decision of6April2009establishing the European Police Office,2009/371/JHA. OJ L121/37,2009-5-15.
②Established by Council Decision of28February2002setting up Eurojust with a view to reinforcing the fightagainst serious crime,2002/187/JHA, OJ L063/1,2002-3-6.
③Council Framework Decision of13June2002on the European arrest warrant and the surrender proceduresbetween Member States (2002/584/JHA), OJ L190/1, July18,2002.
④Tom Obokata. Trafficking of Human Beings from a Human Rights Perspective: Towards a Holistic Approach[M]. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,2006:101.
①Meng-Hsuan Chou. The European Union and the Fight against Human Trafficking: Comprehensive orContradicting?[J]. St Antony's International Review,2008,4:76.
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②Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETS No.197.para..12–22.
③Task Force on Trafficking in Human Beings.Trafficking in Human Beings: Criminal Law Reform inSouth-eastern Europe: Final project report[R]. LARA Project,2004:3.
⑤Council of Europe. Action against trafficking in human beings, Overview: The Campaign: Human beings-notfor sale[EB/OL].: Campaign,2012-5-4:http://www.coe.int/t/dg2/trafficking/campaign/Docs/Overview/default_en.asp.
⑤Anne Gallagher. Recent Legal Developments in the Field of Human Trafficking: A Critical Review of the2005European Convention and Related Instruments[J]. European Journal of Migration&Law,2006,8:187-188.
⑥Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:32,34
①Suzanne Egan. Protecting the Victims of Trafficking: Problems and Prospects[J]. E.H.R.L.R1,2008,1:111,114.
②Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:27.
①刁仁国.人口贩运受害者保护法制之研究──以《欧委会采取行动打击跨国人口贩运公约》为中心[A].见：台湾中央警察大学.2009年防制人口贩运国际研讨会[C].2009:277.
②Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:45.
①公约的解释报告表明，安全的住宿对受害者尤为重要，并指出受保护的避难所对被贩运人口特别合适，见Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:48.
①Fedrico Lenzerini. International Legal Instruments on Human Trafficking and A Victim-Oriented Approach:Which Gaps are to be Filled?[J]. Intercultural Hum. Rts. L. Rev.,2009,4:223.
②Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:58.
④Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Report, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:61.
②Council of Europe. Convention Against Trafficking in Human Beings and its Explanatory Reportrt, CETSNo.197[R]. Warsaw: Council of Europe,2005:77.
⑤Anne T. Gallagher. The International Law of Human Trafficking [M]. New York: Cambridge University Press,2010:475.
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②Ibid,252.
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[19] UNHCR, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking:Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to the Economic andSocial Council (United Nations E/2002/68/Add.1)(May20,2002)http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/caf3deb2b05d4f35c1256bf30051a003/$FILE/N0240168.pdf
[20] UNICEF Guidelines for Protection of the Rights of Children Victims of Trafficking inSoutheastern Europe (May2003)http://www.seerights.org/data/reports/Reports/UNICEF_Guidelines_Trafficking_Final_May03.doc
[1] Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking: http://www.castla.org/
[2] Coalition Against Trafficking in Women: http://www.catwinternational.org/
[3] European Commission, Fight against Trafficking Human Beings:http://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/index.action
[4] Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women: http://www.gaatw.net/
[5] Human Rights Watch, Campaign against the Trafficking of Women and Girls:http://hrw.org/about/projects/traffcamp/intro.html
[6] Global Rights, Partners for Justice Online: Initiative Against Trafficking in Persons:http://www.hrlawgroup.org/initiatives/trafficking_persons
[7] International Organization for Migration: http://www.iom.int/
[8] Migration Policy Institute: http://www.migrationpolicy.org/
[9] Networking Against Trafficking in Women and Girls:http://www.qweb.kvinnoforum.se/
[10] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Special Rapporteur onthe Commission on Human Rights on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and ChildPornography: http://www.unhchr.ch/children/rapporteur.htm
[11] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Special Rapporteur onTrafficking in Persons, Especially in Women and Children:http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/trafficking/
[12] The Protection Project: http://www.protectionproject.org/
[13] UN.GIFT: http://www.ungift.org/ungift/index.html
[14] UNODC on human trafficking and migrant smuggling：http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/index.html