基于BSC的企业智力资本计量与报告研究
|
摘要
知识经济时代,智力资本的价值日益凸显,成为企业竞争的重要战略资源。采取有效地方法计量企业的智力资本,并在智力资本计量的基础上探究智力资本报告的模式和方法,不仅能够提高企业开发管理智力资本的能力,改善企业内部经营管理,促进智力资本管理理论在企业实践中的推广,还能帮助企业外部利益相关者了解企业智力资本价值和智力资本发展状况。
本文首先详细梳理了国内外有关企业智力资本计量和报告的研究现状,阐析了与智力资本计量与报告有关的理论,并对其进行了分析与评述,说明了BSC计量模式的适用性。然后,基于BSC理论,采用PSR法从学习与成长、内部流程、顾客等三个非财务维度构建了企业智力资本计量模型。为了验证智力资本计量模型的可靠性,文章引入了M-B智力资本总量指标作为被解释变量,同时,以2009年沪深两市IT行业的106家上市公司为研究对象,使用因子分析法提取了3个维度的综合因子和三个维度下的9个公共因子,并将其分别定义为两个实证研究模型的解释变量,构建了智力资本计量的实证分析模型。本研究对实证分析模型进行了多元线性回归分析,分析结果表明3个综合因子和9个公共因子对智力资本综合价值有很高的解释能力,从而验证了基于BSC的企业智力资本计量模型的有效性。
计量智力资本是报告智力资本的基础,本文最后在智力资本计量的实证研究结果的基础上,提出了将企业智力资本报告作为独立报告的模式和“六要素”智力资本报告设计方法,研究了智力资本对外报告、对内报告、报告的障碍,并对企业智力资本报告提出了建议。
In the age of knowledge-based economy,intellectual captital's value in enterprises is increasingly siginificant,and it has become an important strategic resource. Adopting effective approach to value intellectual capital and exploring the model and method of intellectual capital report on the basis of the measurement of intellectual capital can not only give rise to enhanced company's ability to develop and manage intellectual capital,improve corporate internal organazation, promote the theory of intellectual capital in business practice, but also help the external stakeholders to have an understanding of the value of intellectual capital and the status of intellectual capital.
Firstly, this paper reviews the research stratus on corporate intellectual capital measurement and the reporting from domestic and foreign scholars in detail,interprets the theories related to the measurement and reporting of intellectual capital and carries out some analysis to prove the applicability of BSC measurement model. Then, based on the BSC theory, it estabilishs intellectual capital measurement model in three non-financial dimensions, that are learn and grow, internal operations and customers dimension, by adopting PSR approach. In order to verify the realiability of the intellectual capital measurement model, two intellectual capital empirical research models are constucted with the aggregate of intellectual capital M-B as the explanatory variable and 3 comprehensive factors and 9 common factors extracted from the result of factor analysis as the explanatory variables by selecting the data of 106 IT companies listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges as research samples in 2009. What'more, the paper implements multiple regression analysis based on the empirical research model and the relevant results shows the 3 comprehensive factors and 9 common factors can explain the comprehensive value of intellectual capital, which verifiies the effectiveness of intellectual capital measurement model on the basis of BSC model.
Valuing intellectual capital is the basis of reporting intellectual capital. At the end, this paper proposes the method of independent intellectual capital reporting and the "six elements" intellectual capital report design on the basis of empirical studyies of intellectual capital measurement, researches the obstacles to the external and internal intellectual capital report, then gives some advice on intellectual capital report for companies.
本文首先详细梳理了国内外有关企业智力资本计量和报告的研究现状,阐析了与智力资本计量与报告有关的理论,并对其进行了分析与评述,说明了BSC计量模式的适用性。然后,基于BSC理论,采用PSR法从学习与成长、内部流程、顾客等三个非财务维度构建了企业智力资本计量模型。为了验证智力资本计量模型的可靠性,文章引入了M-B智力资本总量指标作为被解释变量,同时,以2009年沪深两市IT行业的106家上市公司为研究对象,使用因子分析法提取了3个维度的综合因子和三个维度下的9个公共因子,并将其分别定义为两个实证研究模型的解释变量,构建了智力资本计量的实证分析模型。本研究对实证分析模型进行了多元线性回归分析,分析结果表明3个综合因子和9个公共因子对智力资本综合价值有很高的解释能力,从而验证了基于BSC的企业智力资本计量模型的有效性。
计量智力资本是报告智力资本的基础,本文最后在智力资本计量的实证研究结果的基础上,提出了将企业智力资本报告作为独立报告的模式和“六要素”智力资本报告设计方法,研究了智力资本对外报告、对内报告、报告的障碍,并对企业智力资本报告提出了建议。
In the age of knowledge-based economy,intellectual captital's value in enterprises is increasingly siginificant,and it has become an important strategic resource. Adopting effective approach to value intellectual capital and exploring the model and method of intellectual capital report on the basis of the measurement of intellectual capital can not only give rise to enhanced company's ability to develop and manage intellectual capital,improve corporate internal organazation, promote the theory of intellectual capital in business practice, but also help the external stakeholders to have an understanding of the value of intellectual capital and the status of intellectual capital.
Firstly, this paper reviews the research stratus on corporate intellectual capital measurement and the reporting from domestic and foreign scholars in detail,interprets the theories related to the measurement and reporting of intellectual capital and carries out some analysis to prove the applicability of BSC measurement model. Then, based on the BSC theory, it estabilishs intellectual capital measurement model in three non-financial dimensions, that are learn and grow, internal operations and customers dimension, by adopting PSR approach. In order to verify the realiability of the intellectual capital measurement model, two intellectual capital empirical research models are constucted with the aggregate of intellectual capital M-B as the explanatory variable and 3 comprehensive factors and 9 common factors extracted from the result of factor analysis as the explanatory variables by selecting the data of 106 IT companies listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges as research samples in 2009. What'more, the paper implements multiple regression analysis based on the empirical research model and the relevant results shows the 3 comprehensive factors and 9 common factors can explain the comprehensive value of intellectual capital, which verifiies the effectiveness of intellectual capital measurement model on the basis of BSC model.
Valuing intellectual capital is the basis of reporting intellectual capital. At the end, this paper proposes the method of independent intellectual capital reporting and the "six elements" intellectual capital report design on the basis of empirical studyies of intellectual capital measurement, researches the obstacles to the external and internal intellectual capital report, then gives some advice on intellectual capital report for companies.
引文
[1]芮明杰,郭玉林,孙琳著.智力资本收益分配论[M].北京：经济管理出版社,2006
[2]Hubert,Saint-Onge. Tacit knowledge:The key to the strategic alignment of intellectual capital[J]. Strategy & Leadership,1996,24(2)
[3]Edinsson and Malone.M. Intellectual capital:Realizing Your Company's True Value by Finding Its Hidden Brainpower[M]. New York:Harper Collins,1997
[4]Roos.J..Roos,G.,Dragonetti,N.C.,Edvinsson,L-Intellectual Capital:Navigating in The New Business Land scope[M]. New York:New York University Press,1998
[5]Mouritsen J. Intellectual Capital and the Capital MarketThe Circulability of Intellectual Capital[J]. Auditing&Accountability Jurnal,2003b,16(1)
[6]巴鲁,列弗.无形资产：管理、计量和呈报[M].北京：中国劳动社会保障出版社,2003
[7]金峻岭.智力资本测度及其对企业绩效影响研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2005
[8]翁君弈.企业组织资本理论：组织激励与协调的博弈分析[M].北京：经济科学出版社,1999
[9][美]托马斯·A·斯图尔特.“软”资产—从知识到智力资本[M].中信出版社,辽宁教育出版社,2003.
[10]Leif Edvinsson.Developing Intellectual Capital at Scandia[J]. Long Range Planning,1997,3(30).
[11]Brooking A. Intellectual capital:core assets for the third millennium enterprise [M]. London,United Kingdom:Thomson Business Press,1996
[12]Ulrich,D.Intellectual capital= Competence x Commitment[J]. Sloan Management Review, Winter,1998
[13]Alexanders, and Bontis. N. Meta-review of knowledge management and IC literature:Citation impact and research productivity rankings[J]. Knowledge and Process Management,2004,11 (3)
[14]Roland. B, and Goran, R. The importance of intellectual capital reporting: Evidence and implications[J]. Journal of Intellectual Capital,2007,8(1)
[15]苏伟伦.企业智慧资本管理[M].北京：经济日报出版社,2002
[16]闫化海,赵武.智力资本及其理论解释[J].管理科学,2004(10)
[17]芮明杰,郭玉林.智力资本激励的制度安排[J].中国工业经济,2001(9)
[18]张小红,李思经.智力资本概念的界定与探讨[J].工业技术经济,2007(12)
[19]余绪缨.半个世纪以来管理会计形成与发展的历史回顾及其新世纪发展的展望[J].财会通讯,2001(1)
[20]谭劲松,王朝曦,谭燕.试论智力资本会计[J].会计研究,2001(10)
[21]刘立军.现代企业智力资本研究[D].首都经贸大学硕士论文,2005
[22]柏丹,李智博.智力资本评估方法述评[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005(2)
[23]梁莱歆,官小春.智力资本计量方法综述—兼论高科技企业智力资本的计量[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2004(4)
[24]王勇,许庆瑞.智力资本及其测度研究[J].研究与发展管理,2002(4)
[25]刘涛,李嘉明.论管理会计中智力资本的价值量化评估[J].重庆大学学报,2002(6)
[26]袁艺,袁一骏.智力资本测量模型评述[J].外国经济与管理,2002(8).
[27]Bontis Nick. Assessing Knowledge Assets:a Review of the Models Used to Measure Intellectual Capital[J]. International Journal of Management Reviews, 2001(8)
[28]Bontis, N., Dragonetti, N. C., Jacobsen, K. and Ross, G. The Knowledge Toolbox Review of the Tools Available to Measure and Manage Intangible Resources [J]. European Management Journal,1999(17)
[29]Husenman,R.C.and Goodman,J.R. Leading with knowledge:the nature of competition in the 21st ntry[J]. Sage,London,1999(1)
[30]Bontis,N.Dragonetti,N.C.,Jacobsen,K.,and.Roos,G. The knowledge toolbox:a review of the tools available to measure and manage intangible resources[J]. European Management Journal,1999,17(4)
[31]Kaplan,R.S.,and Norton,D.P.. The balanced Scorecard-measures that drive performance [J]. Harvard Business Review,1992,70(1):71-79
[32]郑怀青.企业绩效评价[J].财会研究,2006(1)
[33]Lev,b.(2000).Intangible?Management,Measurement and Reporing? available from http://www.stern.nyu.edu/
[34]陈文标.平衡计分卡与智力资本的耦合关系[J].科技进步与对策,2005(10)
[35]曾洁琼.企业智力资本报告现状与前瞻[J].湖北经济学院学报,2006(10)
[36]曾洁琼.我国企业智力资本计量和报告研究[D].华中科技大学博士学位论文,2006
[37]Edvinsson,L.. Development intellectual capital at Skandia[J]. Long Range Planning,1997,30(3)
[38]曾洁琼,陈君宁.智力资本报告和财务报告的结合：智力会计计分卡[J].财会月刊,2006(12)
[39]李平,刘希宋.国外企业智力资本报告模式分析及启示[J].研究与发展管理,2006(3)
[40]谭劲松,王朝曦,谭燕.试论智力资本会计[J].会计研究,2001(10)
[41]徐程兴,柯大刚.关于智力资本价值计量方法的探讨[J].南开管理评论,2003(6)
[42]张炳发,万威武.知识资本评估研究评述[J].科学学研究,2001(19)
[43]Ordonez de Pablos,P.. A guideline for building the intellectual capital statement:the 3R model[J]. International journal of learning and international journal of learning and intellectual capital,2004,1(1)
[44]金加林,吴育华.智力资本度量方法的比较与评价[J].科学管理研究,2004(6)
[45]J.Barney. Strategic Factor Markets:Expectations[J]. Luck,1986,32(10)
[46]J.Barney. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage[J]. Journal of Management,1991,17(1):99-120
[47]孔照烈.我国上市公司智力资本与企业绩效的关系研究[D].江苏大学硕士学位论文,2006
[48]罗伯特·卡普兰,大卫·诺顿.平衡计分卡[M].广州：广东经济出版社,2004
[49]李霞.基于平衡计分卡的公司绩效评价研究[D].山东大学硕士学位论文,2006
[50]Robert.S.Kaplan and David.P.Norton. The strategy Focused Organization:How Balanced Scorecard Companies thrive in the New Business Environment[J]. Harvard Business School Press,2000:31-35
[51]Rober.S.Kaplan and David.P.Norton. Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System[J]. Harvard Business School Publishing,1996:238
[52]Rober.S.Kaplan and David.P.Norton. The Balanced Scorecard Measures that Drive Performance [J]. Harvard Business Review,1992:179-182
[53]李霞.基于平衡计分卡的公司绩效评价研究[D].山东大学硕士学位论文,2006
[54]王俊籽.代理成本理论与我国上市公司股利政策的优化[J].山东社会科 学,2008(3)
[55]Garen IE. Executive compensation and Principal-agent theory[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1994(10)
[56]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2004
[57]Hammer et al.. Towards Sustainable Europe:A Friend of the Earth[M]. Europe Campaign,1995
[58]周林飞,许士国,孙万方.基于压力-状态-反应模型的扎龙湿地健康水循环评价研究[J].水科学进展,2008(2)
[59]齐振宏,俞宏伟.我国循环经济发展的PSR模型诠释[J].生态经济,2009(3)
[60]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京：科学出版社,2003
[61]卢纹岱.SPSS FOR WINDOWS从入门到精通[M].北京：电子工业出版社,1997
[62]楼润平,薛声家.人力资源与竞争优势：一个改进的VRIO框架[J].科技进步与对策,2010(9)
[63]冉秋红,屈志凤.智力资本会计：现状与发展[J].财会通讯,2004(16)
[64]官小春.高科技企业智力资本会计问题研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2003
[65]邢悦.智力资本会计的研究[D].上海财经大学硕士论文,2005
[66]曾洁琼,陈君宁.企业智力资本报告研究[J].管理科学,2006(19)
[67]饶淑华.智力资本驱动因索及信息披露研究[D].复旦大学博士学位论文,2005
[68]董必荣.企业对外智力资本报告研究[J].会计研究,2009(11)
[69]张丹.我国企业智力资本报告建立的现实基础[J].会计研究,2008(1)
[70]徐程兴.企业智力资本报告的探讨[J].中国工业经济,2003(8)
[71]董必荣,路国平.智力资本报告与传统报告的差异分析[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2009(2)
[72]冉秋红.智力资本管理会计研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2007
[2]Hubert,Saint-Onge. Tacit knowledge:The key to the strategic alignment of intellectual capital[J]. Strategy & Leadership,1996,24(2)
[3]Edinsson and Malone.M. Intellectual capital:Realizing Your Company's True Value by Finding Its Hidden Brainpower[M]. New York:Harper Collins,1997
[4]Roos.J..Roos,G.,Dragonetti,N.C.,Edvinsson,L-Intellectual Capital:Navigating in The New Business Land scope[M]. New York:New York University Press,1998
[5]Mouritsen J. Intellectual Capital and the Capital MarketThe Circulability of Intellectual Capital[J]. Auditing&Accountability Jurnal,2003b,16(1)
[6]巴鲁,列弗.无形资产：管理、计量和呈报[M].北京：中国劳动社会保障出版社,2003
[7]金峻岭.智力资本测度及其对企业绩效影响研究[D].浙江大学硕士学位论文,2005
[8]翁君弈.企业组织资本理论：组织激励与协调的博弈分析[M].北京：经济科学出版社,1999
[9][美]托马斯·A·斯图尔特.“软”资产—从知识到智力资本[M].中信出版社,辽宁教育出版社,2003.
[10]Leif Edvinsson.Developing Intellectual Capital at Scandia[J]. Long Range Planning,1997,3(30).
[11]Brooking A. Intellectual capital:core assets for the third millennium enterprise [M]. London,United Kingdom:Thomson Business Press,1996
[12]Ulrich,D.Intellectual capital= Competence x Commitment[J]. Sloan Management Review, Winter,1998
[13]Alexanders, and Bontis. N. Meta-review of knowledge management and IC literature:Citation impact and research productivity rankings[J]. Knowledge and Process Management,2004,11 (3)
[14]Roland. B, and Goran, R. The importance of intellectual capital reporting: Evidence and implications[J]. Journal of Intellectual Capital,2007,8(1)
[15]苏伟伦.企业智慧资本管理[M].北京：经济日报出版社,2002
[16]闫化海,赵武.智力资本及其理论解释[J].管理科学,2004(10)
[17]芮明杰,郭玉林.智力资本激励的制度安排[J].中国工业经济,2001(9)
[18]张小红,李思经.智力资本概念的界定与探讨[J].工业技术经济,2007(12)
[19]余绪缨.半个世纪以来管理会计形成与发展的历史回顾及其新世纪发展的展望[J].财会通讯,2001(1)
[20]谭劲松,王朝曦,谭燕.试论智力资本会计[J].会计研究,2001(10)
[21]刘立军.现代企业智力资本研究[D].首都经贸大学硕士论文,2005
[22]柏丹,李智博.智力资本评估方法述评[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2005(2)
[23]梁莱歆,官小春.智力资本计量方法综述—兼论高科技企业智力资本的计量[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2004(4)
[24]王勇,许庆瑞.智力资本及其测度研究[J].研究与发展管理,2002(4)
[25]刘涛,李嘉明.论管理会计中智力资本的价值量化评估[J].重庆大学学报,2002(6)
[26]袁艺,袁一骏.智力资本测量模型评述[J].外国经济与管理,2002(8).
[27]Bontis Nick. Assessing Knowledge Assets:a Review of the Models Used to Measure Intellectual Capital[J]. International Journal of Management Reviews, 2001(8)
[28]Bontis, N., Dragonetti, N. C., Jacobsen, K. and Ross, G. The Knowledge Toolbox Review of the Tools Available to Measure and Manage Intangible Resources [J]. European Management Journal,1999(17)
[29]Husenman,R.C.and Goodman,J.R. Leading with knowledge:the nature of competition in the 21st ntry[J]. Sage,London,1999(1)
[30]Bontis,N.Dragonetti,N.C.,Jacobsen,K.,and.Roos,G. The knowledge toolbox:a review of the tools available to measure and manage intangible resources[J]. European Management Journal,1999,17(4)
[31]Kaplan,R.S.,and Norton,D.P.. The balanced Scorecard-measures that drive performance [J]. Harvard Business Review,1992,70(1):71-79
[32]郑怀青.企业绩效评价[J].财会研究,2006(1)
[33]Lev,b.(2000).Intangible?Management,Measurement and Reporing? available from http://www.stern.nyu.edu/
[34]陈文标.平衡计分卡与智力资本的耦合关系[J].科技进步与对策,2005(10)
[35]曾洁琼.企业智力资本报告现状与前瞻[J].湖北经济学院学报,2006(10)
[36]曾洁琼.我国企业智力资本计量和报告研究[D].华中科技大学博士学位论文,2006
[37]Edvinsson,L.. Development intellectual capital at Skandia[J]. Long Range Planning,1997,30(3)
[38]曾洁琼,陈君宁.智力资本报告和财务报告的结合：智力会计计分卡[J].财会月刊,2006(12)
[39]李平,刘希宋.国外企业智力资本报告模式分析及启示[J].研究与发展管理,2006(3)
[40]谭劲松,王朝曦,谭燕.试论智力资本会计[J].会计研究,2001(10)
[41]徐程兴,柯大刚.关于智力资本价值计量方法的探讨[J].南开管理评论,2003(6)
[42]张炳发,万威武.知识资本评估研究评述[J].科学学研究,2001(19)
[43]Ordonez de Pablos,P.. A guideline for building the intellectual capital statement:the 3R model[J]. International journal of learning and international journal of learning and intellectual capital,2004,1(1)
[44]金加林,吴育华.智力资本度量方法的比较与评价[J].科学管理研究,2004(6)
[45]J.Barney. Strategic Factor Markets:Expectations[J]. Luck,1986,32(10)
[46]J.Barney. Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage[J]. Journal of Management,1991,17(1):99-120
[47]孔照烈.我国上市公司智力资本与企业绩效的关系研究[D].江苏大学硕士学位论文,2006
[48]罗伯特·卡普兰,大卫·诺顿.平衡计分卡[M].广州：广东经济出版社,2004
[49]李霞.基于平衡计分卡的公司绩效评价研究[D].山东大学硕士学位论文,2006
[50]Robert.S.Kaplan and David.P.Norton. The strategy Focused Organization:How Balanced Scorecard Companies thrive in the New Business Environment[J]. Harvard Business School Press,2000:31-35
[51]Rober.S.Kaplan and David.P.Norton. Using the Balanced Scorecard as a Strategic Management System[J]. Harvard Business School Publishing,1996:238
[52]Rober.S.Kaplan and David.P.Norton. The Balanced Scorecard Measures that Drive Performance [J]. Harvard Business Review,1992:179-182
[53]李霞.基于平衡计分卡的公司绩效评价研究[D].山东大学硕士学位论文,2006
[54]王俊籽.代理成本理论与我国上市公司股利政策的优化[J].山东社会科 学,2008(3)
[55]Garen IE. Executive compensation and Principal-agent theory[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1994(10)
[56]张维迎.博弈论与信息经济学[M].上海：上海人民出版社,2004
[57]Hammer et al.. Towards Sustainable Europe:A Friend of the Earth[M]. Europe Campaign,1995
[58]周林飞,许士国,孙万方.基于压力-状态-反应模型的扎龙湿地健康水循环评价研究[J].水科学进展,2008(2)
[59]齐振宏,俞宏伟.我国循环经济发展的PSR模型诠释[J].生态经济,2009(3)
[60]吴明隆.SPSS统计应用实务[M].北京：科学出版社,2003
[61]卢纹岱.SPSS FOR WINDOWS从入门到精通[M].北京：电子工业出版社,1997
[62]楼润平,薛声家.人力资源与竞争优势：一个改进的VRIO框架[J].科技进步与对策,2010(9)
[63]冉秋红,屈志凤.智力资本会计：现状与发展[J].财会通讯,2004(16)
[64]官小春.高科技企业智力资本会计问题研究[D].中南大学硕士学位论文,2003
[65]邢悦.智力资本会计的研究[D].上海财经大学硕士论文,2005
[66]曾洁琼,陈君宁.企业智力资本报告研究[J].管理科学,2006(19)
[67]饶淑华.智力资本驱动因索及信息披露研究[D].复旦大学博士学位论文,2005
[68]董必荣.企业对外智力资本报告研究[J].会计研究,2009(11)
[69]张丹.我国企业智力资本报告建立的现实基础[J].会计研究,2008(1)
[70]徐程兴.企业智力资本报告的探讨[J].中国工业经济,2003(8)
[71]董必荣,路国平.智力资本报告与传统报告的差异分析[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2009(2)
[72]冉秋红.智力资本管理会计研究[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2007