克氏原螯虾的繁殖生物学及养殖相关病害的研究
摘要
克氏原螯虾肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养丰富,近年来已成为我国尤其是长江中下游地区重要的淡水养殖物种。克氏原螯虾生命力强,对水质要求不高,适合于湖泊、池塘、江河、水田等环境条件下的养殖,加上其食性杂、生长快、抗病力强、养殖方法灵活等特点,使得克氏原螯虾的养殖有可能成为继河蟹之后的又一大养殖产业。但目前用于养殖的克氏原螯虾苗种来源主要依赖天然的野生苗种,与克氏原螯虾繁殖相关的生物学及病害的研究较少,成为制约大面积的人工养殖的瓶颈。本文在包括不同遮蔽物对克氏原螯虾受精卵孵化与幼虾存活的影响、人工洞穴、雌性螯虾丰满度、营养度、成熟度三项系数周年动态及性腺发育数学模型和卵巢周年发育变化及产卵量在内的克氏原螯虾人工繁养殖相关生物学和白斑综合症杆状病毒(WSSV)在养殖克氏原螯虾中的暴发流行在内的养殖病害两个方面进行了较为详尽的研究,以期为克氏原螯虾的人工繁养殖提供理论和技术上指导。
通过对不同遮蔽物对克氏原螯虾受精卵孵化和幼虾存活的影响研究发现:采用茶树枝和棕榈皮作为遮蔽物,受精卵的孵化率显著高于枯树叶、稻草、和泥巴为遮蔽物的孵化率,分别达84.75%和81.08%。以稻草为遮蔽物的受精卵孵化率最低,为6.32%。在不同遮蔽物条件下,平均坏卵量与受精卵的孵化率呈显著负相关。在不同遮蔽物条件下,幼虾存活率具有显著差异。以茶树枝和棕榈皮为遮蔽物的幼虾存活率极显著地高于以稻草、枯树叶、泥巴为遮蔽物的幼虾存活率。其中不设遮蔽物的水泥池中,克氏原螯虾幼虾的存活率最低。在所收获的幼虾个体中,以棕榈皮为遮蔽物的幼虾平均个体重量显著高于以茶树枝、泥巴为遮蔽物的幼虾。说明设置适当的遮蔽物可有效的提高克氏原螯虾受精卵的孵化率和幼虾存活率。有人工洞穴时,螯虾的存活率提高了79.7%;螯虾更适应穴长较长的、避光、透气的人工洞穴。
通过对克氏原螯虾卵巢周年发育变化的研究,发现克氏原螯虾卵巢每年只有一个发育盛期,出现在9月份,且能维持4个月时间,以后逐步退化,证明克氏原螯虾每年只产卵一次,个体间产卵时间会有一定的差异。
结合流行病学调查、人工回感实验及PCR检测对虾白斑综合症杆状病毒(WSSV),利用建立的特异性引物PCR方法,在江苏省内邵伯湖、白马湖、盱眙、禄口等多处养殖克氏原螯虾体内均检测到WSSV,且扩散至鳃、心肌、神经、肝胰脏、肠道、肌肉等多处组织,PCR条带明亮;未检测到另两种常见对虾病毒:对虾桃拉病毒(TSV)和对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)。本研究将人们对对虾白斑综合症杆状病毒(WSSV)的注意力引入到养殖克氏原螯虾领域,详细报道了人工养殖克氏原螯虾大规模感染WSSV的情况,并建立了可靠的检测方法,为发展克氏原螯虾的健康养殖,控制WSSV病毒的暴发流行提供了理论依据和参考。
Procambarus clarkia was an important aquculture species of China especially in the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River because of its delicious and nutrition, its easy breeding and high price made Procambarus clarkia's breeding becme a large aquaculture industry. But the dependment of wildness seedling restrict the development of Procambarus clarkia breeding。The experiment of Procambarus clarkia's artificial propagation, breeding and diseases research included influence of veil to hatching of Procambarus clarkia germ cell and survival of juvenile, study of artificial caves, foot-incake rating, constructing the model of sex gland growth and year dynamic of plim degree, nutrition degree and mature degree, nember of spawn, toxicity of decis and research on the WSSV prevalence。
Effects of 6 different shelter were investigated for 150 days, the hatching rate of the fertilized eggs under the tea branches and the palm fiber was significantly higher than that of the dried leaves, the mud and the straw for the shelter, up to 84.75% and 81.08%, respectively. Hatching rate of fertilized eggs with the straw as the shelter was the lowest and the hatching rate is 6.32%.The survival rate of juveniles under the shelter conditions was significantly different. The juvenile survival rate with the tea branches and palm fiber as the shelter was significantly higher than that of the straw, the dried leaves and the mud for the shelter. The survival rate of juvenile red swamp crayfish in the no shelter tank was the lowest In the harvest juvenile red swamp crayfish, the juvenile average individual weight in palm fiber for the shelter was significantly larger than that of the tea branches shelter and the mud shelter.
The research of anniversary change on Procambarus clarkia's ovary indicate that the growth peak of ovary on Semptember contained 4 month once a year, and then degenerated graduatelly.
By the means of histopathology, experimental infection and PCR, WSSV (white spot syndrome virus) was determined the cause of disease. WSSV was one kind of virus, which did not enwrapped, but diffused vastly, and with severe infections. Shrimps, trained with WSSV, perished in short order. What's more, there was no efficient medication nowadays. It also showed that there was no TSV and IHHNV infection in crayfish. The PCR, based on the specific primers, already had been applied in WSSV detection of crayfish. The outcomes of this paper firstly induced the WSSV attention to culture crayfish. What's more, a credible detection procedure had been established, all of which provided academic reference for the development of healthy crayfish culture and WSSV controlling.
Following the transmission electron micrograph, PCR detection was also carried out. It was opened out that all the samples from the city of Xuyi, Lukou, Baima Lake, and Shaobo Lake were detected WSSV positively. Moreover, in different tissues of gill, heart, liver, muscle, and intestine, the virus was all detected.
Also the experiment infection was performed. All the experiment infected crayfish displayed the same symptom as the sick crayfish on the culture farm. Moreover, the transmission electron micrograph and PCR detection validated the results. A comprehensive view was made that the WSSV infected the cultured crayfish, and caused the high mortality. WSSV was the cause of this severe disease.
The main Crustacea disease detection procedures are composed of pathology, biology, immunology, molecule hybridizing and PCR. PCR, with the character of high specialization and less time consuming, was the first recommended choice of OIE and also exhibited good performance in the WSSV detection.
It was found that, during experiment infection, the WSSV virus liquor stayed active in 4°C, while invalided in room temperature (29～31°C), which expressed that this virus invalided easily in environment. It was most likely that the virus accomplished convention and diffusion through feeding stuff.
通过对不同遮蔽物对克氏原螯虾受精卵孵化和幼虾存活的影响研究发现:采用茶树枝和棕榈皮作为遮蔽物,受精卵的孵化率显著高于枯树叶、稻草、和泥巴为遮蔽物的孵化率,分别达84.75%和81.08%。以稻草为遮蔽物的受精卵孵化率最低,为6.32%。在不同遮蔽物条件下,平均坏卵量与受精卵的孵化率呈显著负相关。在不同遮蔽物条件下,幼虾存活率具有显著差异。以茶树枝和棕榈皮为遮蔽物的幼虾存活率极显著地高于以稻草、枯树叶、泥巴为遮蔽物的幼虾存活率。其中不设遮蔽物的水泥池中,克氏原螯虾幼虾的存活率最低。在所收获的幼虾个体中,以棕榈皮为遮蔽物的幼虾平均个体重量显著高于以茶树枝、泥巴为遮蔽物的幼虾。说明设置适当的遮蔽物可有效的提高克氏原螯虾受精卵的孵化率和幼虾存活率。有人工洞穴时,螯虾的存活率提高了79.7%;螯虾更适应穴长较长的、避光、透气的人工洞穴。
通过对克氏原螯虾卵巢周年发育变化的研究,发现克氏原螯虾卵巢每年只有一个发育盛期,出现在9月份,且能维持4个月时间,以后逐步退化,证明克氏原螯虾每年只产卵一次,个体间产卵时间会有一定的差异。
结合流行病学调查、人工回感实验及PCR检测对虾白斑综合症杆状病毒(WSSV),利用建立的特异性引物PCR方法,在江苏省内邵伯湖、白马湖、盱眙、禄口等多处养殖克氏原螯虾体内均检测到WSSV,且扩散至鳃、心肌、神经、肝胰脏、肠道、肌肉等多处组织,PCR条带明亮;未检测到另两种常见对虾病毒:对虾桃拉病毒(TSV)和对虾传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(IHHNV)。本研究将人们对对虾白斑综合症杆状病毒(WSSV)的注意力引入到养殖克氏原螯虾领域,详细报道了人工养殖克氏原螯虾大规模感染WSSV的情况,并建立了可靠的检测方法,为发展克氏原螯虾的健康养殖,控制WSSV病毒的暴发流行提供了理论依据和参考。
Procambarus clarkia was an important aquculture species of China especially in the middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River because of its delicious and nutrition, its easy breeding and high price made Procambarus clarkia's breeding becme a large aquaculture industry. But the dependment of wildness seedling restrict the development of Procambarus clarkia breeding。The experiment of Procambarus clarkia's artificial propagation, breeding and diseases research included influence of veil to hatching of Procambarus clarkia germ cell and survival of juvenile, study of artificial caves, foot-incake rating, constructing the model of sex gland growth and year dynamic of plim degree, nutrition degree and mature degree, nember of spawn, toxicity of decis and research on the WSSV prevalence。
Effects of 6 different shelter were investigated for 150 days, the hatching rate of the fertilized eggs under the tea branches and the palm fiber was significantly higher than that of the dried leaves, the mud and the straw for the shelter, up to 84.75% and 81.08%, respectively. Hatching rate of fertilized eggs with the straw as the shelter was the lowest and the hatching rate is 6.32%.The survival rate of juveniles under the shelter conditions was significantly different. The juvenile survival rate with the tea branches and palm fiber as the shelter was significantly higher than that of the straw, the dried leaves and the mud for the shelter. The survival rate of juvenile red swamp crayfish in the no shelter tank was the lowest In the harvest juvenile red swamp crayfish, the juvenile average individual weight in palm fiber for the shelter was significantly larger than that of the tea branches shelter and the mud shelter.
The research of anniversary change on Procambarus clarkia's ovary indicate that the growth peak of ovary on Semptember contained 4 month once a year, and then degenerated graduatelly.
By the means of histopathology, experimental infection and PCR, WSSV (white spot syndrome virus) was determined the cause of disease. WSSV was one kind of virus, which did not enwrapped, but diffused vastly, and with severe infections. Shrimps, trained with WSSV, perished in short order. What's more, there was no efficient medication nowadays. It also showed that there was no TSV and IHHNV infection in crayfish. The PCR, based on the specific primers, already had been applied in WSSV detection of crayfish. The outcomes of this paper firstly induced the WSSV attention to culture crayfish. What's more, a credible detection procedure had been established, all of which provided academic reference for the development of healthy crayfish culture and WSSV controlling.
Following the transmission electron micrograph, PCR detection was also carried out. It was opened out that all the samples from the city of Xuyi, Lukou, Baima Lake, and Shaobo Lake were detected WSSV positively. Moreover, in different tissues of gill, heart, liver, muscle, and intestine, the virus was all detected.
Also the experiment infection was performed. All the experiment infected crayfish displayed the same symptom as the sick crayfish on the culture farm. Moreover, the transmission electron micrograph and PCR detection validated the results. A comprehensive view was made that the WSSV infected the cultured crayfish, and caused the high mortality. WSSV was the cause of this severe disease.
The main Crustacea disease detection procedures are composed of pathology, biology, immunology, molecule hybridizing and PCR. PCR, with the character of high specialization and less time consuming, was the first recommended choice of OIE and also exhibited good performance in the WSSV detection.
It was found that, during experiment infection, the WSSV virus liquor stayed active in 4°C, while invalided in room temperature (29～31°C), which expressed that this virus invalided easily in environment. It was most likely that the virus accomplished convention and diffusion through feeding stuff.
引文
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