乡镇企业发展规模经济与培育竞争优势研究
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摘要
改革开放以来,我国乡镇企业保持了持续快速的发展,在发展农村经济、壮大工业经济、扩大出口创汇、增强综合国力方面发挥了不可替代的作用。但从20世纪90年代中期以来,随着外部约束条件的增强,尤其是市场经济体制的完善,市场供求格局的转变和中国加入WTO等一系列重大事件影响,乡镇企业在法律法规、宏观政策和市场竞争面前表现出明显的不适应性,竞争优势弱化和经济效益滑坡成为困扰乡镇企业持续发展的难题。这种状况是其基本矛盾多年积淀,经营理念陈旧保守,企业核心能力低下等的客观反映。它不可能仅仅依靠产权问题来解决。其中,产业组织优化和规模经济问题,对于目前乡镇企业的发展,更具有理论研究价值和现实实践意义。
     论文运用产业组织方法、博弈论理论、统计学方法、战略管理等基本理论,遵循定性分析与定量研究相结合、宏观政策和微观规制研究相结合、框架分析与重点研究相结合、一般理论与个案研究相结合等基本原则,按照战略管理的一般过程,以提高乡镇企业竞争力为核心,以规模经济和产业组织为重点,着重探讨了乡镇企业发展过程中的五个主要问题:
     规模经济和产业组织优化的目标是提高竞争力和获取竞争优势。在对竞争战略理论和核心能力理论归纳总结的基础上,指出了两种理论的贡献、片面性及其内在联系,提出了核心能力+规模经济的竞争策略;简要回顾了乡镇企业的发展历程,分析了乡镇企业面临的国内外竞争环境和优劣势,在对竞争战略及发展趋势把握的基础上,建立了乡镇企业发展战略框架体系。
     理论分析是实施规模经济战略的依据。论文强调了规模报酬的普遍性及其重要性,分析了规模报酬和规模经济的区别和联系,在前人研究成果的基础上,进一步界定了规模经济的内涵和外延,系统探讨了规模经济的实现,组织层次,数量表征及其系统特征;在企业最佳规模确定上,比较了不同学派的观点,明确了实现最佳规模的基本条件,认为企业最佳规模的形成是市场选择、企业自组织和企业博弈的结果;探讨了规模经济在知识经济时代的实现形式和途径上的重大变化。
     产业组织状况和经济效益分析是战略实施的出发点。文章从苏南模式和温州模式的演变谈起,指出规模化和集中化是乡镇企业发展的基本趋势。接着,分析乡镇企业产业结构和产业组织发育状况;在对统计资料合理调整的基础上,采用统计学和计量经济学方法,对乡镇企业增长因素进行合理的分解,肯定了规模经济对于乡镇企业发展的巨大贡献;依据产业经济学方法,对乡镇企业行业规模经济状况进行实证分析;论文还比较了乡镇企业行业规模有效性以及与国有企业的差异。
     科学决策和有效实施是规模经济战略的核心。论文研究了乡镇企业规模经济战略遵循的基本原则,行业选择,投资决策等,并以格兰仕规模经济战略为例,分析了规模经济战略成功的基本条件。然后着重探讨了两个问题,一是融资问题。分析乡镇企业传统的融资方式及其对发展的束缚,论述乡镇企业如何实现融资方式创新,认为资产运营是乡镇企业实现规模经济的捷径;其二是组织创新问题。论文强调中间组织对乡镇企业规模经济实现的作用,然后以乡镇企业集团为研究重点,在考察其理论起源、经济效应及运行效果的基础上,分析企业集团的组建政策、产业结构、地域特征、组织结构、治理特征以及规模经济效果,提出乡镇企业集团健康发展需要的外部环境条件。
     效果评价问题是实施战略控制确保实现目标的基本保证。首先给出一个战略控制的一般过程,分析了乡镇企业规模经营过程中可能面临的风险因素,着重从微观角度建立规模经济战略效果评价指标体系,并以家电行业上市公司为例,检验企业规模经济效果差异及乡镇企业的地位,提出在新形势下家电行业提升核心能力、开拓国际市场和农村市场等发展对策。
     论文得到了卢风君教授主持的国家自然科学基金课题《乡镇企业集团财务风险机理及保障体系研究(批准号79870062)》资助,并秉承师兄李玉刚在战略管理研究方面的思路,加强了企业战略管理方面的针对性研究和实证研究,可供企业经营者、职能管理和科研人员研究决策参考。
By middle stage of 90s of 20 century,TVE(township and village enterprise) kept fast development and played an outstanding role in developing rural economies,increasing farmers' income.settling rural employment, developing manufacturing industry,expanding commodities export and enhancing our integrated national power.But in recent years,with the change of outside sitution.especially market economies system' maturation.market supply and demand status's turnabout,China's entrance to WTO,etc.,TVEs sustainable development is facing serious embarrassment.This state is a objective reflection of poor management and weak core competence.lt can't be solved by property rights' reform,Thereinto,industrial organization and scale economies has important significance in theory and practice from inside and outside status.The thesis discuss five main problems concerned:
    The aim of developing Scale economies and optimizing industrial organization's is to advance TVEs core competence and competition ad vantage. Based on summarizing competition strategy theory and core competence theory.the thesis indicate that theirs comtributions,unilateralism and relations between them,and put forward competition strategy on core competence and scale economies.afterwards,the thesis looks back briefly TVEs development process.and analyze its competition environment,comparative advantage and adverse position.then builds TVEs competitive strategy framework based on classical strategies and theirs evolutive trend.
    Theoretic analyses is fundamental to carry out scale economies strategy.The thesis insists on scale economies' universal and importance,and points out differences and links between scale returns and scale economiesjBased on concerned research fruits,the thesis ulteriorly rectify connation and extention of scale economies.and discusses systemically its origination,effect,utilization,survey and key factors.After commenting on a few different school points, The thesis finds out best scale's correct locaton.and thinks that enterprise's best scale results in market's choice,auto-organizing and playing games among enterprises.In the end,the thesis studies forms and approaches of scale economies actualization during knowledge economies times.
    Industrial organization status and scale economies state is a start to implement strategy. Beginning with analyzing Sunan mode and Wenzhou mode's evolution,the thesis points out that scale-up and conglomeration is a basic tendency of TVEs developmentFollowing that,industrial structure and industrial organization are inquisited,and TVEs' increase decomposed and scale returns state judged based on reasonably adjusted statistics data and econometrics method.Using industry economics method,the thesis demonstrate industrial scale economies status.In the end,TVEs industrial scale validity is evaluated,and scale economies's discrepancy between TVE and SOB is compared.
    Scientific decision-making and effectively execution is key to scale economy strategy.firstly.the thesis analyze basic principles,industry choice.investment decision-making to TVEs.By taking Glanzes as an examples,the thesis discuss basic factors to its success.then two questions are studied, one is financing problem.traditional financing ways restrict TVEs fast development.In order to achieve scale economies,financing innovation must be advanced.thereinto.assets-operating is a short cut to gain scale economies.the other is organization innovation.the thesis principally analyze TVEs establishment policy.industry structure, distribution,properity rights and administration,scale and scope economies,and bring forward underpinning terms to its well development.
    Effect appraise is a guarantee to execute strategy control and reach strategy aim.the thesis firstly gives a general process of strategy control.then analyzes TVEs probable risk factors encountered,and sets up a appraise index system of scale economy strategy. By seting home electricity appliances industry as an example,the thesis compares and remarks 15 enterprises scale economies.Finally counter
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