基于GPRS的多要素自动气象站的设计与实现
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摘要
我国是世界上气象灾害种类最多、活动最频繁、危害最严重的国家之一,气象灾害造成的损失约占各种自然灾害损失的70%以上。各种气象灾害影响粮食生产,甚至能够直接影响我国经济社会和生态环境的可持续发展。为了增强对全球气候变化和极端气候事件的监测能力,提高对气候变化的定量描述和预估水平,迫切需要开展性能好、精度高、长期稳定运行的气象监测站对气候系统进行长期连续观测。
目前,我国的有线遥测自动气象站越来越多的应用到气象部门。但在条件艰苦的高山、沙漠、海岛等不适宜有人值守的地区,就需要大量采用自动采集、无线传输(GPRS、卫星通信)的自动气象站。随着无线通信技术的快速发展,尤其近年来GPRS技术、3G技术的广泛应用,使气象数据无线传输成为了可能。本课题就选择了以GPRS无线通信技术传输无人职守地区的自动气象站采集的气象数据。
本文设计了一个基于GPRS的六要素自动气象站,并实现了气象要素采集的自动化和网络化。文中首先分析了气压、温度、风向、风速、湿度、降雨等要素传感器的性能和特点,介绍了拟开发采集器的工作原理和各类气象数据采样以及算法；详细介绍了气压、温度、风向、风速、湿度、降雨等信号的电路连接；最后介绍了自动气象站软件系统及气象数据的传输和组网。
该课题从实际工作出发,结合气象部门的实际条件,分析各种气象传感器采集气象要素的原理,并通过设计的数据采集器进行数据采集和计算处理,同时利用GPRS无线传输方式将气象数据传输到数据处理中心。根据中国气象局的统一要求,以标准格式显示气象信息、处理气象数据,从而达到了自动气象站气象信息采集、传输和显示的自动化。由于该课题能够解决条件艰苦的无人值守地区气象数据采集、传输问题,为条件艰苦的高影响天气区解决了以往没有气象资料的实际困难,因此本课题具有很好的实用性。
China is one of the countries which have the most meteorological disasters、frequent activities and severe endanger in the world. Various meteorological disasters affected grain production, even directly impacted the sustainable development of China's economic and ecological environment. In order to enhancing the monitoring capacity of global climate change and extreme weather events, improving the level of the quantitative description and forecast to climate change, we urgently need a meteorological station which has good performance, high precision, long-term stable operation in continuously observation.
At present, China's cable telemetry automatic weather station was more and more applied to the meteorological department. However, in harsh conditions of the mountains, deserts, islands and other areas not suitable for someone on duty, we need a large number of automatic collection, wireless transmission (GPRS, satellite communications) and automatic weather station. With the rapid development of wireless communications technology, particularly in recent years, the extensive application of GPRS technology and 3G technology made wireless transmission of weather data to be possible. This subject selected the meteorological data collected by the automatic weather station in unattended parts through GPRS wireless communication technology transfer.
We designed an automatic weather stations of six elements based on GPRS, and achieved automation and networking in meteorological factors collection. Firstly, this paper analyzed the performance and features of the elements sensor about pressure, temperature, wind direction, wind speed, humidity, rain, and introduced the working principle of the proposed developing collector and a variety of meteorological data sampling as well as the algorithm. Next, the signal flow about pressure, temperature, wind direction, wind speed, humidity and rainfall has been described in detail. Finally, it introduced the software system of automatic weather station, the benefits of GPRS data communication, the transmission and networking of meteorological data.
Proceeding from the actual work, combined with the actual meteorological conditions, we analyzed the principle of a variety of meteorological sensors capturing meteorological elements, and through the data acquisition devices for collection and calculation, taking advantage of GPRS wireless transmission transported meteorological data to processing center. According to the uniform requirements of China Meteorological Administration, the meteorological information and processing of meteorological data was showed by standard format, so as to achieve an automation for automatic weather station meteorological information collection, transmission and display. Because the subject can solve the meteorological data collection, transmission problems in unmanned areas with difficult conditions, the practical difficulties of lacking meteorological data in high-impact weather areas, so this issue has a good practicability.
目前,我国的有线遥测自动气象站越来越多的应用到气象部门。但在条件艰苦的高山、沙漠、海岛等不适宜有人值守的地区,就需要大量采用自动采集、无线传输(GPRS、卫星通信)的自动气象站。随着无线通信技术的快速发展,尤其近年来GPRS技术、3G技术的广泛应用,使气象数据无线传输成为了可能。本课题就选择了以GPRS无线通信技术传输无人职守地区的自动气象站采集的气象数据。
本文设计了一个基于GPRS的六要素自动气象站,并实现了气象要素采集的自动化和网络化。文中首先分析了气压、温度、风向、风速、湿度、降雨等要素传感器的性能和特点,介绍了拟开发采集器的工作原理和各类气象数据采样以及算法；详细介绍了气压、温度、风向、风速、湿度、降雨等信号的电路连接；最后介绍了自动气象站软件系统及气象数据的传输和组网。
该课题从实际工作出发,结合气象部门的实际条件,分析各种气象传感器采集气象要素的原理,并通过设计的数据采集器进行数据采集和计算处理,同时利用GPRS无线传输方式将气象数据传输到数据处理中心。根据中国气象局的统一要求,以标准格式显示气象信息、处理气象数据,从而达到了自动气象站气象信息采集、传输和显示的自动化。由于该课题能够解决条件艰苦的无人值守地区气象数据采集、传输问题,为条件艰苦的高影响天气区解决了以往没有气象资料的实际困难,因此本课题具有很好的实用性。
China is one of the countries which have the most meteorological disasters、frequent activities and severe endanger in the world. Various meteorological disasters affected grain production, even directly impacted the sustainable development of China's economic and ecological environment. In order to enhancing the monitoring capacity of global climate change and extreme weather events, improving the level of the quantitative description and forecast to climate change, we urgently need a meteorological station which has good performance, high precision, long-term stable operation in continuously observation.
At present, China's cable telemetry automatic weather station was more and more applied to the meteorological department. However, in harsh conditions of the mountains, deserts, islands and other areas not suitable for someone on duty, we need a large number of automatic collection, wireless transmission (GPRS, satellite communications) and automatic weather station. With the rapid development of wireless communications technology, particularly in recent years, the extensive application of GPRS technology and 3G technology made wireless transmission of weather data to be possible. This subject selected the meteorological data collected by the automatic weather station in unattended parts through GPRS wireless communication technology transfer.
We designed an automatic weather stations of six elements based on GPRS, and achieved automation and networking in meteorological factors collection. Firstly, this paper analyzed the performance and features of the elements sensor about pressure, temperature, wind direction, wind speed, humidity, rain, and introduced the working principle of the proposed developing collector and a variety of meteorological data sampling as well as the algorithm. Next, the signal flow about pressure, temperature, wind direction, wind speed, humidity and rainfall has been described in detail. Finally, it introduced the software system of automatic weather station, the benefits of GPRS data communication, the transmission and networking of meteorological data.
Proceeding from the actual work, combined with the actual meteorological conditions, we analyzed the principle of a variety of meteorological sensors capturing meteorological elements, and through the data acquisition devices for collection and calculation, taking advantage of GPRS wireless transmission transported meteorological data to processing center. According to the uniform requirements of China Meteorological Administration, the meteorological information and processing of meteorological data was showed by standard format, so as to achieve an automation for automatic weather station meteorological information collection, transmission and display. Because the subject can solve the meteorological data collection, transmission problems in unmanned areas with difficult conditions, the practical difficulties of lacking meteorological data in high-impact weather areas, so this issue has a good practicability.
引文
[1]S.J.Meyer, K.G.Hubbard,王荣华.美国和加拿大的非联邦自动气象站(网).气象科技.1993(1)：1-3页
[2]侯宏森.谈谈日本的地区气象观测系统.气象.1979(4)：1-4页
[3]FrankW.GallagherⅢ.ASOS的下一代传感器.气象科技.1990(3)：1-3页
[4]曾雅靖, 杨召琼, 余海军,黄文生.MILOS 520自动站数据采集和处理系统介绍.广东气象.2004(4)：1-3页
[5]徐宁军,陈战平,冯智伟.GPRS业务在自动气象站网数传输中的应用.[J]气象科技.2006,34(1)：2-6页
[6]中国气象局.地面气象观测规范.气象出版社.2003：98-103页
[7]李家瑞.气象传感器教程.气象出版社.1993：40-48页
[8]牛永奎,冷芳.传感器及应用.清华大学出版社.2007:32-39页
[9]Vaisala Oyj.Vaisala公司产品说明和手册.2000：2-8页
[10]国家技术监督局计量司.1990年国际温标宣贯手册.中国计量出版社.1990:11-20页
[11]陈德辉.CAMS大气数值预报模式系统研究.气象出版社.2004：3-10页
[12]Jones E.B.Jones's Instrument Technology.Fourth edition. Butterworths Heinemann.1992, Volume 2:9-13P
[13]刘少强.新型精密铂电阻测温方法[J].传感器技术.1999,18(2)：40-42页
[14]张耀芳,张纬敏,王金钊,高淑东.地温观测方法.气象出版社.1994：2-7页
[15]Bindon. A critical review of tables and charts used in psychrometry.1965, Volume 1:3-15P.
[16]Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Meteorological Tables. Sixth edition. 1951, Volume 40:340-344P
[17]Wexler.A. (ed.). Humidity and Moisture.1965, Volumes 1 and 3:33-42页
[18]World Meteorological Organization. Technical Regulations.1988, Volume Ⅰ:48-55P
[19]Liu, H. and Darkow, G. Wind effect on measured atmospheric pressure. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology.1989, Volume 6:23-28P
[20]Miksad, R. An omni-derictional static pressure probe. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.1976, Volume 15:12-19P
[21]World Meteorological Organiaztion. Guide on Meteorological Observation and Information Distribution Systems at Aerodromes.1990:731-735P
[22]World Meteorological Organization. Manual on the Global Observing System.1981, Volumes Ⅰ and Ⅱ：544-549P
[23]United States Weather Bureau. Manual of Barometry (WBAN). First edition. 1963, Volume 1:29-37P
[24]胡玉峰.自动气象站原理与测量方法.气象出版社.2004：45-52页
[25]World Meteorological Organization. The Measurement of Gustiness at Routine Wind Stations.1987:333-338P
[26]Wieringa, J. Evaluation and design of wind vanes. Journal of Applied Meteorology.1967:1114-1122P
[27]MacCready, P. B. Mean wind speed measurements in turbulence Journal of Applied Meteorology.1966:219-225P.
[28]李麟,李效东.气象仪器与观测方法指南.WMO手册中文版.第六版
[29]张霭琛.现代气象观测.北京大学出版社.2000：87-92页
[30]漫谈分布式自动气象站.中国气象学会2006年年会论文集.2006：2-5页
[31]岳立成.总线制分布式气象要素分布时自动采集.气象水文海洋仪器.2005(3)：11-16页
[32]王永林.气象研究与应用.2009：30(2)：21-25页
[33]林晔.大气探测学教程.气象出版社.1993：78-82页
[34]李黄.自动气象站实用手册.气象出版社.2007：196-198页
[35]中国华云技术开发公司.自动气象站地面测报业务系统.2002年
[36]World Meteorological Organization.Manual on the Global Observing System.1981,Volume 1:542-545P
[37]World Meteorological Organization.Manual on the Global Data-processing System.1992:484-487P
[38]Xiuzhen Cheng. Wireless Algorithms Systems and Applications.湖北辞书出版社.2007：24-29页
[39]韩斌杰GPRS原理及其网络优化.机械工业出版社.2003：12-24页
[40]中国气象局.自动气象站操作手册.2004：198-203页
[41]中国气象局监测网络司.气象信息网络传输业务手册.气象出版社.2006：17-18页
[2]侯宏森.谈谈日本的地区气象观测系统.气象.1979(4)：1-4页
[3]FrankW.GallagherⅢ.ASOS的下一代传感器.气象科技.1990(3)：1-3页
[4]曾雅靖, 杨召琼, 余海军,黄文生.MILOS 520自动站数据采集和处理系统介绍.广东气象.2004(4)：1-3页
[5]徐宁军,陈战平,冯智伟.GPRS业务在自动气象站网数传输中的应用.[J]气象科技.2006,34(1)：2-6页
[6]中国气象局.地面气象观测规范.气象出版社.2003：98-103页
[7]李家瑞.气象传感器教程.气象出版社.1993：40-48页
[8]牛永奎,冷芳.传感器及应用.清华大学出版社.2007:32-39页
[9]Vaisala Oyj.Vaisala公司产品说明和手册.2000：2-8页
[10]国家技术监督局计量司.1990年国际温标宣贯手册.中国计量出版社.1990:11-20页
[11]陈德辉.CAMS大气数值预报模式系统研究.气象出版社.2004：3-10页
[12]Jones E.B.Jones's Instrument Technology.Fourth edition. Butterworths Heinemann.1992, Volume 2:9-13P
[13]刘少强.新型精密铂电阻测温方法[J].传感器技术.1999,18(2)：40-42页
[14]张耀芳,张纬敏,王金钊,高淑东.地温观测方法.气象出版社.1994：2-7页
[15]Bindon. A critical review of tables and charts used in psychrometry.1965, Volume 1:3-15P.
[16]Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Meteorological Tables. Sixth edition. 1951, Volume 40:340-344P
[17]Wexler.A. (ed.). Humidity and Moisture.1965, Volumes 1 and 3:33-42页
[18]World Meteorological Organization. Technical Regulations.1988, Volume Ⅰ:48-55P
[19]Liu, H. and Darkow, G. Wind effect on measured atmospheric pressure. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology.1989, Volume 6:23-28P
[20]Miksad, R. An omni-derictional static pressure probe. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan.1976, Volume 15:12-19P
[21]World Meteorological Organiaztion. Guide on Meteorological Observation and Information Distribution Systems at Aerodromes.1990:731-735P
[22]World Meteorological Organization. Manual on the Global Observing System.1981, Volumes Ⅰ and Ⅱ：544-549P
[23]United States Weather Bureau. Manual of Barometry (WBAN). First edition. 1963, Volume 1:29-37P
[24]胡玉峰.自动气象站原理与测量方法.气象出版社.2004：45-52页
[25]World Meteorological Organization. The Measurement of Gustiness at Routine Wind Stations.1987:333-338P
[26]Wieringa, J. Evaluation and design of wind vanes. Journal of Applied Meteorology.1967:1114-1122P
[27]MacCready, P. B. Mean wind speed measurements in turbulence Journal of Applied Meteorology.1966:219-225P.
[28]李麟,李效东.气象仪器与观测方法指南.WMO手册中文版.第六版
[29]张霭琛.现代气象观测.北京大学出版社.2000：87-92页
[30]漫谈分布式自动气象站.中国气象学会2006年年会论文集.2006：2-5页
[31]岳立成.总线制分布式气象要素分布时自动采集.气象水文海洋仪器.2005(3)：11-16页
[32]王永林.气象研究与应用.2009：30(2)：21-25页
[33]林晔.大气探测学教程.气象出版社.1993：78-82页
[34]李黄.自动气象站实用手册.气象出版社.2007：196-198页
[35]中国华云技术开发公司.自动气象站地面测报业务系统.2002年
[36]World Meteorological Organization.Manual on the Global Observing System.1981,Volume 1:542-545P
[37]World Meteorological Organization.Manual on the Global Data-processing System.1992:484-487P
[38]Xiuzhen Cheng. Wireless Algorithms Systems and Applications.湖北辞书出版社.2007：24-29页
[39]韩斌杰GPRS原理及其网络优化.机械工业出版社.2003：12-24页
[40]中国气象局.自动气象站操作手册.2004：198-203页
[41]中国气象局监测网络司.气象信息网络传输业务手册.气象出版社.2006：17-18页