西北非重点沉积盆地石油地质特征及投资潜力分析
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摘要
近年来,随着我国石油对外依存度的逐年上升,能源供应安全问题已经成为关系到经济发展的重要议题。非洲地区特别是西非被动大陆边缘和北非克拉通所发育的一些沉积盆地,其地质特征极为有利于油气的生成,而且这些地区的勘探开发程度相较中东地区等而言,程度很低,因此,西非和北非地区盆地油气的勘探开发对于保障我国油气的供应有着重要的意义。
本文选取了西非被动大陆边缘的尼日尔三角洲盆地、下刚果盆地和加蓬盆地,北非的三叠盆地和利比亚盆地,综合盆地油气地质状况及相关国家的资源开发程度、政治状况、管理及政策和基础设施情况等方面进行了分析。
西非被动大陆边缘盆地的构造演化,经历了前裂谷、同裂谷、过渡和漂移四个阶段,为油气藏的生成创造了良好的条件。通过对尼日尔三角洲盆地、下刚果盆地、加蓬盆地、三叠盆地、锡尔特盆地的构造演化和特征、地层、油气地质特征的分析,综合盆地的勘探开发程度,得出盆地地质状况方面的排序,尼日利亚的尼日尔三角洲盆地的地质状况优质,而加蓬盆地较差。通过对五国的石油储量及产量的分析,在石油资源的开发程度方面,利比亚和尼日利亚两国的勘探开发程度较低,阿尔及利亚开发程度高。在政治和法律政策环境方面,安哥拉凭借与中国良好的合作关系,具有明显的优势,尼日利亚的政治环境较差。基于以上的比较分析认为:对于我国石油公司在非洲的油气投资而言,投资潜力的排序为:利比亚>安哥拉>尼日利亚>阿尔及利亚>加蓬。
In recent years, as China's oil import dependency rising, energy supply security has been an important bearing on economic development issues. Africa, particularly West Africa passive continental margin and North Africa Craton basin, there sedimentary basin geological features do good for oil and gas generation, the level that exploration and development in these areas than in the Middle East is much lower. For China's oil and gas companies , the two regions of the basin for exploration and development investment for the protection of our supply of oil and gas has important significance.
This selected West African passive continental margin of the Niger Delta Basin, Lower Congo Basin, and Gabon basin, Triassic Basin, North Africa and Libya basin, integrated basin geology and related development of oil and gas resources, political conditions, management , policy and infrastructure facilities, and other aspects of the situation.
The tectonic evolution of West African passive continental margin basin, through the pre-rift, syn-rift, transition,and raft. The four stages created good conditions for the formation of reservoirs. Through the Niger Delta Basin, Lower Congo Basin, Gabon Basin, Triassic Basin, Sirte Basin, the structural evolution and characteristics, formation, geological characteristics of oil and gas, exploration and development of integrated basin level, basin geology aspects, sorted, Nigeria's Niger Delta Basin have good condition in geology quality, but Gabon basin is weaker. Through the five countries oil reserves and production analysis, the degree of development of oil resources, Libya and Nigeria's have lower level of exploration and development, Algeria is too high. In the political and legal policy environment, Angola with a good relationship with china, has obvious advantages, Nigeria's political environment have some uncertainty. Based on the above comparative analysis: China's oil companies for oil and gas investment in Africa, the investment potential for the order: Libya> Angola> Nigeria> Algeria> Gabon
本文选取了西非被动大陆边缘的尼日尔三角洲盆地、下刚果盆地和加蓬盆地,北非的三叠盆地和利比亚盆地,综合盆地油气地质状况及相关国家的资源开发程度、政治状况、管理及政策和基础设施情况等方面进行了分析。
西非被动大陆边缘盆地的构造演化,经历了前裂谷、同裂谷、过渡和漂移四个阶段,为油气藏的生成创造了良好的条件。通过对尼日尔三角洲盆地、下刚果盆地、加蓬盆地、三叠盆地、锡尔特盆地的构造演化和特征、地层、油气地质特征的分析,综合盆地的勘探开发程度,得出盆地地质状况方面的排序,尼日利亚的尼日尔三角洲盆地的地质状况优质,而加蓬盆地较差。通过对五国的石油储量及产量的分析,在石油资源的开发程度方面,利比亚和尼日利亚两国的勘探开发程度较低,阿尔及利亚开发程度高。在政治和法律政策环境方面,安哥拉凭借与中国良好的合作关系,具有明显的优势,尼日利亚的政治环境较差。基于以上的比较分析认为:对于我国石油公司在非洲的油气投资而言,投资潜力的排序为:利比亚>安哥拉>尼日利亚>阿尔及利亚>加蓬。
In recent years, as China's oil import dependency rising, energy supply security has been an important bearing on economic development issues. Africa, particularly West Africa passive continental margin and North Africa Craton basin, there sedimentary basin geological features do good for oil and gas generation, the level that exploration and development in these areas than in the Middle East is much lower. For China's oil and gas companies , the two regions of the basin for exploration and development investment for the protection of our supply of oil and gas has important significance.
This selected West African passive continental margin of the Niger Delta Basin, Lower Congo Basin, and Gabon basin, Triassic Basin, North Africa and Libya basin, integrated basin geology and related development of oil and gas resources, political conditions, management , policy and infrastructure facilities, and other aspects of the situation.
The tectonic evolution of West African passive continental margin basin, through the pre-rift, syn-rift, transition,and raft. The four stages created good conditions for the formation of reservoirs. Through the Niger Delta Basin, Lower Congo Basin, Gabon Basin, Triassic Basin, Sirte Basin, the structural evolution and characteristics, formation, geological characteristics of oil and gas, exploration and development of integrated basin level, basin geology aspects, sorted, Nigeria's Niger Delta Basin have good condition in geology quality, but Gabon basin is weaker. Through the five countries oil reserves and production analysis, the degree of development of oil resources, Libya and Nigeria's have lower level of exploration and development, Algeria is too high. In the political and legal policy environment, Angola with a good relationship with china, has obvious advantages, Nigeria's political environment have some uncertainty. Based on the above comparative analysis: China's oil companies for oil and gas investment in Africa, the investment potential for the order: Libya> Angola> Nigeria> Algeria> Gabon
引文
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Burwood R. Angola,source rock control for Lower Congo Coastal and Kwanza Basin petroleum systems.Geological Society Special Publications,1999,153: 181～194
Corredor F,Shaw J H,Bilotti F.Structural styles in the deepwater fold and thrust belts of the Niger Delta.AAPG,2005,89(6):753～780
Coward M P,Puedy E G,Ries A C,et a1.The distribution of petroleum reserves in basins of the South Atlantic margins[A].The oil and gas habitats of the South Atlantic[c].London:Geological Society,1999,153:101～132
D L J. Structural styles in petroleum exploration. Tulsa: OGCI Publication, 1985: 382～402
Dalziel I W,Lawver L A,Murphy J B. Plumes, orogenesis, and supercontinental fragmentation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2000,178(1-2): 1～11
Dickson W G, Fryklund R E, Odegard M E, et al. Constraints for plate reconstruction using gravity data—implications for source and reservoir distribution in Brazilian and West African margin basins. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20(3-4): 309～322
Dickson W G,Fryklund R E,Odegard M E,et a1.Constraints for plate reconstruction using gravity data:
Dingle R V,Lord A R. Benthic ostracods and deep water-masses in the Atlantic Ocean. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1990,80(3-4): 213～235
Dupr S, Bertotti G, Cloetingh S. Tectonic history along the South Gabon Basin: Anomalous early post-rift subsidence. Marineand Petroleum Geology,2007, 24(3): 151～172
Duval B,Cramez C,Jackson M P. Raft tectonics in the Kwanza Basin,Angola. Marine and Petroleum Geology,1992,9(4):389～404
Fort X,Brun J P,Chauvel F. Contraction induced by block rotation above salt (Angolan margin). Marine and Petroleum Geology,2004,21(10): 1281～1294
Fort X,Brun J P,Chauvel F. Salt tectonics on the Angolan margin,synsedimentary deformation processes. AAPG Bulletin,2004, 88(11): 1523～1544
Fort X,Brun J-P,Chauvel F,et a1.Salt tectonics on the Angolan margin,synsedimentary deformation processes.AAPG,2004,88(11):1423～1544
Golonka J,Ford D. Pangean (Late Carboniferous-Middle Jurassic) paleoenvironment and lithofacies.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2000,161(1-2): 1～34
Graue K.Mud volcanoes in deepwater Nigeria.Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,1 7:959～974
Harris N B。Freeman K H,Pancost R D,et a1.The character and origin of lacustrine source rocks in the Lower Cretaceous synrift section,Congo Basin,West Africa.AAPG·2004,88(8):1163～1184
Hemsted T.Second and third millennium reserves development in African basins[A].Petroleum geology of Africa:New themes and developing technologies[C].London:Geological Society,2003,207:9～20
Hudec M R,Jackson M P A.Structural segmentation,inversion,and salt tectonics on a passive margin:Evolution of theInner Kwanza Basin,Angola.Geological Society of America,2002,114(10):1222～1244
Hudec M R,Jackson M P. Regional restoration across theKwanza Basin,Angola:Salt tectonics triggered by repeated uplift of a metastable passive margin.AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(7): 971～990
Hudec M R,Jackson M P. Structural segmentation, inversion,and salt tectonics on a passive margin:Evolution of the Inner Kwanza Basin, Angola. GSA Bulletin,2002, 114(10): 1222～1244
Hudec MR,Jackson M P A Regional restoration across the Kwanza Basin,Angola:Salt tectonics triggered by repeated uplift of ametastable passive margin.AAPG,2004,88(7):971～990
Implications for source and reservoir distribution in Brazilian and West African margin basins.Marine
Jackson M P A,Cramez C,Fonck J-M,et a1.Role of subaerial volcanic rocks and mantle plumes in creation of Scluth Atlantic margins : Implications for salt tectonics and source rocks[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:477～498
Karner G D,Driscoll N W,McGinnis J P,et a1.Tectonic significance of syn-rift sediment packages across the Gabon-Cabinda continental margin.Marine and Petroleum Geology,1997,4(7):973～1000
Klett T R. Ahlbrandt T S. Schmoker.JW.et al. Ranking of the world`s oil and gas provinces by known petroleum volumes.USGS open-file Report-97-463.CD-ROM.1997
Mounguengui M,Lang J,Guiraud M,et a1.Sedimentary dynamics and structural geology of pre-rift deposits of the interior basin of Gabon.Journal of African Earth Sciences,2002,35:315～329
Robert P, Yapaudjian L. Early Cretaceous rift sediments of the Gabon-Congo margin: lithology and organic matter;tectonic and paleogeothermal evolution. Journal of African Earth Sciences,1990,10(1-2): 319～330
Scotese C R , Boucot A J , Mckerrow W S.Gondwanan palaeogeography and palaeoclimatology.Journal of African Earth Sciences,1999, 28(1): 99～114
Turner P。Rosendahl B R,Wilson P G.Structure and evolution of an obliquely sheared continental margin:Rio Muni,West Africa.Tectonophysics,2003,374:41～55
Uchupi E. The tectonic style of the Atlantic Mesozoic rift system. Journal of African Earth Sciences,1989,8(2-4): 143～164
Wood Mackenzie.Nigeria and Central Africa upstream service,Nigeria[R1.London:Wood Mackenzie,2004
Tuttle M L W , Charpentier R R , Brownfield M E. The Niger Delta petroleum system: Niger Delta Province , Nigeria ,Cameroon , and Equatorial Guinea , Af rica[ R] . Virginia : USGS陈发景,汪新文,陈昭年.伸展断陷盆地分析[M1].北京:地质出版社,2004.1～274.
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侯高文,尼日尔三角洲油气地质特征与StubbCreek边际油田含油气潜力评价:[博士学位论文] .北京:中国地质大学,2006
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BP. Statistical review of world energy full report 2009 [ EB/OL ] ( 2009-07-07 )http://www.bp.com/productlanding.do?category.
Broucke O,Temple F,Rouby D,et a1.The role of deformation processes on the geometry of mud—dominated turbiditic systems,Oligocene and Lower Middle Miocene of the Lower Congo basin(West African Margin).Marine and Petroleum Geology,2004,21:327-348
Burke K,MacGregor D S,Cameron N R.Africa7s petroleum system:Four tectonic’Aces’in the past 600 million yearsCA].Petroleum geology of Africa:New themes and developing technologies[c].London;Geological Society,2003,207:21～60
Burwood R. Angola,source rock control for Lower Congo Coastal and Kwanza Basin petroleum systems.Geological Society Special Publications,1999,153: 181～194
Corredor F,Shaw J H,Bilotti F.Structural styles in the deepwater fold and thrust belts of the Niger Delta.AAPG,2005,89(6):753～780
Coward M P,Puedy E G,Ries A C,et a1.The distribution of petroleum reserves in basins of the South Atlantic margins[A].The oil and gas habitats of the South Atlantic[c].London:Geological Society,1999,153:101～132
D L J. Structural styles in petroleum exploration. Tulsa: OGCI Publication, 1985: 382～402
Dalziel I W,Lawver L A,Murphy J B. Plumes, orogenesis, and supercontinental fragmentation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2000,178(1-2): 1～11
Dickson W G, Fryklund R E, Odegard M E, et al. Constraints for plate reconstruction using gravity data—implications for source and reservoir distribution in Brazilian and West African margin basins. Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003,20(3-4): 309～322
Dickson W G,Fryklund R E,Odegard M E,et a1.Constraints for plate reconstruction using gravity data:
Dingle R V,Lord A R. Benthic ostracods and deep water-masses in the Atlantic Ocean. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,1990,80(3-4): 213～235
Dupr S, Bertotti G, Cloetingh S. Tectonic history along the South Gabon Basin: Anomalous early post-rift subsidence. Marineand Petroleum Geology,2007, 24(3): 151～172
Duval B,Cramez C,Jackson M P. Raft tectonics in the Kwanza Basin,Angola. Marine and Petroleum Geology,1992,9(4):389～404
Fort X,Brun J P,Chauvel F. Contraction induced by block rotation above salt (Angolan margin). Marine and Petroleum Geology,2004,21(10): 1281～1294
Fort X,Brun J P,Chauvel F. Salt tectonics on the Angolan margin,synsedimentary deformation processes. AAPG Bulletin,2004, 88(11): 1523～1544
Fort X,Brun J-P,Chauvel F,et a1.Salt tectonics on the Angolan margin,synsedimentary deformation processes.AAPG,2004,88(11):1423～1544
Golonka J,Ford D. Pangean (Late Carboniferous-Middle Jurassic) paleoenvironment and lithofacies.Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2000,161(1-2): 1～34
Graue K.Mud volcanoes in deepwater Nigeria.Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,1 7:959～974
Harris N B。Freeman K H,Pancost R D,et a1.The character and origin of lacustrine source rocks in the Lower Cretaceous synrift section,Congo Basin,West Africa.AAPG·2004,88(8):1163～1184
Hemsted T.Second and third millennium reserves development in African basins[A].Petroleum geology of Africa:New themes and developing technologies[C].London:Geological Society,2003,207:9～20
Hudec M R,Jackson M P A.Structural segmentation,inversion,and salt tectonics on a passive margin:Evolution of theInner Kwanza Basin,Angola.Geological Society of America,2002,114(10):1222～1244
Hudec M R,Jackson M P. Regional restoration across theKwanza Basin,Angola:Salt tectonics triggered by repeated uplift of a metastable passive margin.AAPG Bulletin,2004,88(7): 971～990
Hudec M R,Jackson M P. Structural segmentation, inversion,and salt tectonics on a passive margin:Evolution of the Inner Kwanza Basin, Angola. GSA Bulletin,2002, 114(10): 1222～1244
Hudec MR,Jackson M P A Regional restoration across the Kwanza Basin,Angola:Salt tectonics triggered by repeated uplift of ametastable passive margin.AAPG,2004,88(7):971～990
Implications for source and reservoir distribution in Brazilian and West African margin basins.Marine
Jackson M P A,Cramez C,Fonck J-M,et a1.Role of subaerial volcanic rocks and mantle plumes in creation of Scluth Atlantic margins : Implications for salt tectonics and source rocks[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:477～498
Karner G D,Driscoll N W,McGinnis J P,et a1.Tectonic significance of syn-rift sediment packages across the Gabon-Cabinda continental margin.Marine and Petroleum Geology,1997,4(7):973～1000
Klett T R. Ahlbrandt T S. Schmoker.JW.et al. Ranking of the world`s oil and gas provinces by known petroleum volumes.USGS open-file Report-97-463.CD-ROM.1997
Mounguengui M,Lang J,Guiraud M,et a1.Sedimentary dynamics and structural geology of pre-rift deposits of the interior basin of Gabon.Journal of African Earth Sciences,2002,35:315～329
Robert P, Yapaudjian L. Early Cretaceous rift sediments of the Gabon-Congo margin: lithology and organic matter;tectonic and paleogeothermal evolution. Journal of African Earth Sciences,1990,10(1-2): 319～330
Scotese C R , Boucot A J , Mckerrow W S.Gondwanan palaeogeography and palaeoclimatology.Journal of African Earth Sciences,1999, 28(1): 99～114
Turner P。Rosendahl B R,Wilson P G.Structure and evolution of an obliquely sheared continental margin:Rio Muni,West Africa.Tectonophysics,2003,374:41～55
Uchupi E. The tectonic style of the Atlantic Mesozoic rift system. Journal of African Earth Sciences,1989,8(2-4): 143～164
Wood Mackenzie.Nigeria and Central Africa upstream service,Nigeria[R1.London:Wood Mackenzie,2004
Tuttle M L W , Charpentier R R , Brownfield M E. The Niger Delta petroleum system: Niger Delta Province , Nigeria ,Cameroon , and Equatorial Guinea , Af rica[ R] . Virginia : USGS陈发景,汪新文,陈昭年.伸展断陷盆地分析[M1].北京:地质出版社,2004.1～274.
李国玉,金之钧.世界含油气盆地图集(上、下册) .北京:石油工业出版社,2005
侯高文,刘和甫,左胜杰.尼日尔三角洲盆地油气分布特征及控制因素.石油与天然气地质,2005, 26(3): 374～378
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