尼克松政府欧洲安全政策研究
摘要
第二次世界大战之后,国际体系完成了从欧洲体系向两极体系的转换,欧洲在退出全球政治中心的同时,以分裂的状态成为两大阵营对垒的冷战前沿。美国将西欧国家视为“天然的盟友”,将确保欧洲大陆的稳定作为仅次于本土安全的国家安全目标。在北大西洋公约组织的架构下,美国的核保护和直接军事援助确保了欧洲大陆得以维持两极均势下的“和平”。欧洲安全政策是美国全球战略和外交政策的重要内容,本文针对尼克松政府的欧洲安全政策进行研究。
二战结束初期,美国凭借核垄断的绝对优势,在欧洲奉行地区性遏制与核威慑相结合的战略,确立了将遏制政策与大西洋联盟政策结合运用的欧洲安全政策模式,以此确保欧洲局势的稳定和美国在西方世界的领导地位。1949—1962年间,美国在战略武器上处于优势,这一时期美国的欧洲安全政策侧重于强调核威慑在地区性遏制中的作用,在推行“大规模报复战略”的同时积极推进北约机构和功能的不断完善,加深大西洋联盟的军事一体化程度。肯尼迪、约翰逊时代,美苏在战略核力量上差距的不断缩小使美国最终失去了压倒性的单边优势,“灵活反应战略”与“多边核力量计划”取代了“大规模报复战略”。面临重重危机的尼克松政府选择了“现实威慑战略”,通过发展美欧伙伴关系、支持欧洲一体化进程、促进防务分担与共同防御等途径构建美欧关系新蓝图。尼克松政府的欧洲安全政策源于二战后美国欧洲安全政策的历史传承,受制于复杂的国内外形势,服从并服务于其全球战略。
在欧洲安全问题上,尼克松政府面临着无法规避的地理难题、常规力量的劣势、大西洋联盟内部的矛盾以及沉重的军备负担等诸多困难。尼克松政府的欧洲安全政策主要围绕两大问题展开:一是如何在欧洲实现最佳的安全与合作,二是如何实现北约与华约的均衡裁军。在认真分析两大阵营力量对比和主要影响因素的基础上,尼克松政府确定了遏制与缓和、稳定的威慑、美欧共同防御与防务分担三大政策目标,将美苏缓和与限制战略武器会谈、四国柏林协定、欧洲安全与合作会议和中欧均衡裁军作为主要着力点,采取“防御加缓和”的战略,利用多种外交手段,避免单纯军事对抗可能引起的风险,通过交流与合作向东方进行政治经济渗透,在加强大西洋联盟内部团结和巩固美国领导地位的基础上减轻自身军备负担,缓解国内矛盾。
东西方缓和的发展、美苏首脑会晤和四国柏林协定的签署为酝酿已久的欧安会与中欧均衡裁军铺平了道路。美国起初对召开欧安会持否定态度,后鉴于欧洲国家对欧安会的热衷,为不致在北约组织中陷于孤立,遂表示接受。欧安会是在冷战缓和的背景下东西方进行对话合作的一次有益尝试,尼克松政府在会议的筹备召开过程中奉行现实主义外交和联系策略,欲在维护西方利益的基础上达成与苏缓和。两大阵营的利益冲突和联盟内部的意见分歧为尼克松政府的政策推行增加了难度,会议达成的最后宣言对各国并没有实际的约束效力。欧安会的短期效果虽然有限,但会议倡导的官方和民间的沟通与交流打破了苏联二战后在欧洲苦心营造的壁垒,正是这种政治文化的渗透和软实力的较量帮助西方最终取得了冷战的胜利。
中欧均衡裁军的意向是在美苏军备竞赛和规避冲突的纠葛中逐渐产生的。尼克松政府在中欧均衡裁军问题上的政策目标一是利用苏联对欧安会的急于求成获取其在欧洲缓和与裁军问题上的让步;二是通过裁军谈判缩小两大军事集团在中欧常规力量上的差距;三是通过多边裁军会议推行美欧的防务分担,减轻自身的军费压力。“均衡”与“对等”,美苏各执一词,在裁军地域的界定、裁军类型和比例、时间表和确认措施等问题上争执不休。尼克松政府准确把握了苏联对欧安会的迫切心态,最终实现了以同意推进欧安会进程换取苏联对中欧均衡裁军谈判的认可,成功建立了两会在时间安排上的关联性和议程设置上的独立性。由于两大阵营不可调和的矛盾和双方在实力对比上的高度敏感,实质的裁军方案并未最终落实,苏联依旧保持了在中欧常规力量上的优势。领导权的独占和义务的分担是美国防务分担设想中的固有矛盾,欧洲各国的离心倾向和对美国战略力量的依赖加深了美欧在防务分担问题上的分歧。
相互依赖的增长为国家间的合作提供了激励,而且至少潜在地对某些传统形式的竞争和敌对施加了限制,这是缓和的驱动力。但缓和是手段而非目的,尼克松政府的欧洲安全政策受到政治压力、经济形势、苏东因素和美欧盟友关系等多种因素的影响,充分体现出现实主义外交的贯彻和局限,联系策略的审慎推进与力不从心。美国对其盟国的支配权最终是要保证美国利益的顺利实现,美国竭力把欧洲地区性战略与美国的全球战略协调起来,希望与欧洲成为“真正的伙伴”。但在美苏均势和欧洲复兴的背景下,美国的霸权管理体制难以简单地采用垂直式的管理方式,而必须建立在多边主义国际制度的基础上。同尼克松的缓和战略相似,尼克松政府的欧洲安全政策从某种程度上正是美国外交中“目标与力量”这一矛盾的集中体现。
The international political system had been transformed from Europe system to Two-poles system after the Second World War. While withdrawing form the centre of whole world politics, the divided Europe had been the frontline during the Cold War which the two camps confronting each other. The United States looked upon the West European as "the natural allies" and regarded ensuring the stablity of European Continent as one of the vital national security goals which only inferior to the security of the U.S. local territory. Under the NATO's frame, the American nuclear umbrella and its direct succor had ensured the European continent could be maintained "peace" under the balance of power of US-Soviet. European Security was the key element of American global strategy and foreign policy, this dissertation focued on the European Security policy of the Nixon government and carried out the monographic study.
At the initial stage after the Second World War, the U.S. relied on the nuclear monopolizeation, pursuing the provincial containment and the nuclear deterrent strategy in Europe, and established the Containment combing with Atlantic alliance policy style in European Security, which ensuring the stability of Europe situation and the U.S. leading position in the West. 1949-1962, the U.S. had the superiority on strategic arms, its European Security poliy emphasised on the effect of nuclear deterrent. Accompanying with the Massive Retaliation Strategy, the U.S. pushed the organization and functional ceaselessness of NATO actively, in order to improve the military integration degree of the Atlantic Alliance. In Kennedy-Johnson times , US-Soviet Union gap in strategy nuclear force had been vanished gradually, which made the U.S. lost the overwhelming single-side advantage and the Flexible Response Strategy and MLF (Multiple Force) had substituted the Massive Retaliation Strategy. The Nixon government confronted the serious crisis and had chosen the Realistic Deterrent Strategy, and tried to realize the genuine partnership with Europe allies, according to support Europe Unity, expenditure sharing and common defense. The European Security policy of the Nixon government originated from the history of the U.S. European Security policy, under the control of the complicated domestic and international situation, which obeyed and served it's global strategy essentially.
In European security affairs, the Nixon government confronted a lot of difficulties such as the geographical problem, routine strength inferior, internal contradiction of alliance and heavy armament burden. Its European security policy was centered around the two basic questions: how best to achieve security and cooperation in Europe, and how to reduce both NATO and Warsaw Pact forces in Europe. On the basis of analysing the force of East and West and other main influencing factors carefully, the Nixon government had ascertained three great policies target: containment and detente, effective deterrent, the U.S. and Europe working together for expenditure sharing and common defense. Its policy foused on US-Soviet detente, SALTⅠ,Berlin agreement, CSCE ( the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) and MBFR ( the Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions Negotiations in Central Europe). The Nixon government pursued the defense and detente stratedy, by means of making use of various diplomacy means, such as political and econmic exchanging and cooperation between East and West, in order to avoide simple military confliction, lighten its armament burden and internal pressure, reinforcing the unity of the Atlantic Alliance and ensuring the U.S. leading position.
With the development of detente, US-Soviet Summit Meeting and signature of Berlin Agreement, the prerequisite of CSCE and MBFR was resloved. The U.S. hold negative attitude to CSCE initially, however because of active attitude of the Europe countries, the Nixon government adopt the CSCE to avoid be isolated in Atlantic Alliance. CSCE was a beneficial attemption of communication and cooperation between East and Weat in the Cold War. The Nixon government pursued realistic diplomacy and Linkage tactics in the preparing process of CSCE, in order to protect the West benefit and promote detente with Soviet Union. The confliction between East and West and the view diffenences in allies, which gave many difficulities to the Nixon government to pursuing its policy, and the Final Act of CSCE was not compulsory to any countries. The short-term effect of CSCE was limited but it initiated official and popular ways for communication and exchange in East-West, which had broken the barriers Soviet Union building in Europe after the Second World War and helped the West to get the Cold War victory ultimately through the penetration of politics and culture and the trial of soft power.
The intention of MBFR came into being gradually in the combined action of US-Soviet arms competition and evading confliction. The Nixon government had three mainly targets in MBFR. Firstly, the U.S. wanted to make use of Soviet Union’s eager for CSCE to gain whose concession on European detente and disarmament issue. Secondly, the Nixon government wanted to reduce the disparity on conventional military strength in central Europe between East and West by the disarmament negotiation.Thirdly, the U.S. wanted to pursue expenditure sharing with European allies and lighten its military budget pressure. The U.S. insisted a mutual and balanced force reductions, however the Soviet Union insisted the mutual eaqual force reductions, the two super powers had argued ceaselessly about the region of disarmament, the force type and the proportion, the schedule and affirming measure, edc. The Nixon government grasped the Soviet’s eager for CSCE, having come true ultimately to agree pushing forward CSCE to get the Soviet Union ratification to MBFR in return, and realized the separate negotiation and the connected agenda successfully. Because the two bloc had the implacable benefit conflicts and highly sensitive on strength contrast, there wasn’t a final disarmament scheme, and Soviet Union had still kept the superiority on conventional strength in Central Europe. The leadership monopolizing and the responsibility sharing are the inherence contradiction of the U.S. expenditure sharing policy, separatist tendency of Europe allies and their dependence on U.S. nuclear strength deepened the contradictory between Europe and the U.S. on defense problem.
The increasing interdependence has been a driving force of detente, which has provided an excitation to countries cooperation and restricted some tradition forms of their competition. But the Detente Strategy was measure but not purpose. The European Security policy of the Nixon government confronted the political pressure , the economic promble, the Soviet and East factor, and European allies distrustion, which showed the effection and limitation of realistic foreign policy and the Linkage tactics. The U.S. dominance to the allies was to ensure its benefit coming true ultimately, and the Nixon government tried to hold its Europe provincialism strategy and global strategy together and hope become "the Genuine Partnership " with European allies. In the situation of strategy balance of US-Soviet Union and European revival, the U.S. hegemony management system was difficult to adopt the dyadic supervisor mode of perpendicularity simplely, but must build on the multilateral doctrine international system basis. Similar to the Detente Strategy of Nixon doctrine, its European Security policy exactly showed the essential contradictory between power and goal in U.S. diplomacy on some degree.
二战结束初期,美国凭借核垄断的绝对优势,在欧洲奉行地区性遏制与核威慑相结合的战略,确立了将遏制政策与大西洋联盟政策结合运用的欧洲安全政策模式,以此确保欧洲局势的稳定和美国在西方世界的领导地位。1949—1962年间,美国在战略武器上处于优势,这一时期美国的欧洲安全政策侧重于强调核威慑在地区性遏制中的作用,在推行“大规模报复战略”的同时积极推进北约机构和功能的不断完善,加深大西洋联盟的军事一体化程度。肯尼迪、约翰逊时代,美苏在战略核力量上差距的不断缩小使美国最终失去了压倒性的单边优势,“灵活反应战略”与“多边核力量计划”取代了“大规模报复战略”。面临重重危机的尼克松政府选择了“现实威慑战略”,通过发展美欧伙伴关系、支持欧洲一体化进程、促进防务分担与共同防御等途径构建美欧关系新蓝图。尼克松政府的欧洲安全政策源于二战后美国欧洲安全政策的历史传承,受制于复杂的国内外形势,服从并服务于其全球战略。
在欧洲安全问题上,尼克松政府面临着无法规避的地理难题、常规力量的劣势、大西洋联盟内部的矛盾以及沉重的军备负担等诸多困难。尼克松政府的欧洲安全政策主要围绕两大问题展开:一是如何在欧洲实现最佳的安全与合作,二是如何实现北约与华约的均衡裁军。在认真分析两大阵营力量对比和主要影响因素的基础上,尼克松政府确定了遏制与缓和、稳定的威慑、美欧共同防御与防务分担三大政策目标,将美苏缓和与限制战略武器会谈、四国柏林协定、欧洲安全与合作会议和中欧均衡裁军作为主要着力点,采取“防御加缓和”的战略,利用多种外交手段,避免单纯军事对抗可能引起的风险,通过交流与合作向东方进行政治经济渗透,在加强大西洋联盟内部团结和巩固美国领导地位的基础上减轻自身军备负担,缓解国内矛盾。
东西方缓和的发展、美苏首脑会晤和四国柏林协定的签署为酝酿已久的欧安会与中欧均衡裁军铺平了道路。美国起初对召开欧安会持否定态度,后鉴于欧洲国家对欧安会的热衷,为不致在北约组织中陷于孤立,遂表示接受。欧安会是在冷战缓和的背景下东西方进行对话合作的一次有益尝试,尼克松政府在会议的筹备召开过程中奉行现实主义外交和联系策略,欲在维护西方利益的基础上达成与苏缓和。两大阵营的利益冲突和联盟内部的意见分歧为尼克松政府的政策推行增加了难度,会议达成的最后宣言对各国并没有实际的约束效力。欧安会的短期效果虽然有限,但会议倡导的官方和民间的沟通与交流打破了苏联二战后在欧洲苦心营造的壁垒,正是这种政治文化的渗透和软实力的较量帮助西方最终取得了冷战的胜利。
中欧均衡裁军的意向是在美苏军备竞赛和规避冲突的纠葛中逐渐产生的。尼克松政府在中欧均衡裁军问题上的政策目标一是利用苏联对欧安会的急于求成获取其在欧洲缓和与裁军问题上的让步;二是通过裁军谈判缩小两大军事集团在中欧常规力量上的差距;三是通过多边裁军会议推行美欧的防务分担,减轻自身的军费压力。“均衡”与“对等”,美苏各执一词,在裁军地域的界定、裁军类型和比例、时间表和确认措施等问题上争执不休。尼克松政府准确把握了苏联对欧安会的迫切心态,最终实现了以同意推进欧安会进程换取苏联对中欧均衡裁军谈判的认可,成功建立了两会在时间安排上的关联性和议程设置上的独立性。由于两大阵营不可调和的矛盾和双方在实力对比上的高度敏感,实质的裁军方案并未最终落实,苏联依旧保持了在中欧常规力量上的优势。领导权的独占和义务的分担是美国防务分担设想中的固有矛盾,欧洲各国的离心倾向和对美国战略力量的依赖加深了美欧在防务分担问题上的分歧。
相互依赖的增长为国家间的合作提供了激励,而且至少潜在地对某些传统形式的竞争和敌对施加了限制,这是缓和的驱动力。但缓和是手段而非目的,尼克松政府的欧洲安全政策受到政治压力、经济形势、苏东因素和美欧盟友关系等多种因素的影响,充分体现出现实主义外交的贯彻和局限,联系策略的审慎推进与力不从心。美国对其盟国的支配权最终是要保证美国利益的顺利实现,美国竭力把欧洲地区性战略与美国的全球战略协调起来,希望与欧洲成为“真正的伙伴”。但在美苏均势和欧洲复兴的背景下,美国的霸权管理体制难以简单地采用垂直式的管理方式,而必须建立在多边主义国际制度的基础上。同尼克松的缓和战略相似,尼克松政府的欧洲安全政策从某种程度上正是美国外交中“目标与力量”这一矛盾的集中体现。
The international political system had been transformed from Europe system to Two-poles system after the Second World War. While withdrawing form the centre of whole world politics, the divided Europe had been the frontline during the Cold War which the two camps confronting each other. The United States looked upon the West European as "the natural allies" and regarded ensuring the stablity of European Continent as one of the vital national security goals which only inferior to the security of the U.S. local territory. Under the NATO's frame, the American nuclear umbrella and its direct succor had ensured the European continent could be maintained "peace" under the balance of power of US-Soviet. European Security was the key element of American global strategy and foreign policy, this dissertation focued on the European Security policy of the Nixon government and carried out the monographic study.
At the initial stage after the Second World War, the U.S. relied on the nuclear monopolizeation, pursuing the provincial containment and the nuclear deterrent strategy in Europe, and established the Containment combing with Atlantic alliance policy style in European Security, which ensuring the stability of Europe situation and the U.S. leading position in the West. 1949-1962, the U.S. had the superiority on strategic arms, its European Security poliy emphasised on the effect of nuclear deterrent. Accompanying with the Massive Retaliation Strategy, the U.S. pushed the organization and functional ceaselessness of NATO actively, in order to improve the military integration degree of the Atlantic Alliance. In Kennedy-Johnson times , US-Soviet Union gap in strategy nuclear force had been vanished gradually, which made the U.S. lost the overwhelming single-side advantage and the Flexible Response Strategy and MLF (Multiple Force) had substituted the Massive Retaliation Strategy. The Nixon government confronted the serious crisis and had chosen the Realistic Deterrent Strategy, and tried to realize the genuine partnership with Europe allies, according to support Europe Unity, expenditure sharing and common defense. The European Security policy of the Nixon government originated from the history of the U.S. European Security policy, under the control of the complicated domestic and international situation, which obeyed and served it's global strategy essentially.
In European security affairs, the Nixon government confronted a lot of difficulties such as the geographical problem, routine strength inferior, internal contradiction of alliance and heavy armament burden. Its European security policy was centered around the two basic questions: how best to achieve security and cooperation in Europe, and how to reduce both NATO and Warsaw Pact forces in Europe. On the basis of analysing the force of East and West and other main influencing factors carefully, the Nixon government had ascertained three great policies target: containment and detente, effective deterrent, the U.S. and Europe working together for expenditure sharing and common defense. Its policy foused on US-Soviet detente, SALTⅠ,Berlin agreement, CSCE ( the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe) and MBFR ( the Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions Negotiations in Central Europe). The Nixon government pursued the defense and detente stratedy, by means of making use of various diplomacy means, such as political and econmic exchanging and cooperation between East and West, in order to avoide simple military confliction, lighten its armament burden and internal pressure, reinforcing the unity of the Atlantic Alliance and ensuring the U.S. leading position.
With the development of detente, US-Soviet Summit Meeting and signature of Berlin Agreement, the prerequisite of CSCE and MBFR was resloved. The U.S. hold negative attitude to CSCE initially, however because of active attitude of the Europe countries, the Nixon government adopt the CSCE to avoid be isolated in Atlantic Alliance. CSCE was a beneficial attemption of communication and cooperation between East and Weat in the Cold War. The Nixon government pursued realistic diplomacy and Linkage tactics in the preparing process of CSCE, in order to protect the West benefit and promote detente with Soviet Union. The confliction between East and West and the view diffenences in allies, which gave many difficulities to the Nixon government to pursuing its policy, and the Final Act of CSCE was not compulsory to any countries. The short-term effect of CSCE was limited but it initiated official and popular ways for communication and exchange in East-West, which had broken the barriers Soviet Union building in Europe after the Second World War and helped the West to get the Cold War victory ultimately through the penetration of politics and culture and the trial of soft power.
The intention of MBFR came into being gradually in the combined action of US-Soviet arms competition and evading confliction. The Nixon government had three mainly targets in MBFR. Firstly, the U.S. wanted to make use of Soviet Union’s eager for CSCE to gain whose concession on European detente and disarmament issue. Secondly, the Nixon government wanted to reduce the disparity on conventional military strength in central Europe between East and West by the disarmament negotiation.Thirdly, the U.S. wanted to pursue expenditure sharing with European allies and lighten its military budget pressure. The U.S. insisted a mutual and balanced force reductions, however the Soviet Union insisted the mutual eaqual force reductions, the two super powers had argued ceaselessly about the region of disarmament, the force type and the proportion, the schedule and affirming measure, edc. The Nixon government grasped the Soviet’s eager for CSCE, having come true ultimately to agree pushing forward CSCE to get the Soviet Union ratification to MBFR in return, and realized the separate negotiation and the connected agenda successfully. Because the two bloc had the implacable benefit conflicts and highly sensitive on strength contrast, there wasn’t a final disarmament scheme, and Soviet Union had still kept the superiority on conventional strength in Central Europe. The leadership monopolizing and the responsibility sharing are the inherence contradiction of the U.S. expenditure sharing policy, separatist tendency of Europe allies and their dependence on U.S. nuclear strength deepened the contradictory between Europe and the U.S. on defense problem.
The increasing interdependence has been a driving force of detente, which has provided an excitation to countries cooperation and restricted some tradition forms of their competition. But the Detente Strategy was measure but not purpose. The European Security policy of the Nixon government confronted the political pressure , the economic promble, the Soviet and East factor, and European allies distrustion, which showed the effection and limitation of realistic foreign policy and the Linkage tactics. The U.S. dominance to the allies was to ensure its benefit coming true ultimately, and the Nixon government tried to hold its Europe provincialism strategy and global strategy together and hope become "the Genuine Partnership " with European allies. In the situation of strategy balance of US-Soviet Union and European revival, the U.S. hegemony management system was difficult to adopt the dyadic supervisor mode of perpendicularity simplely, but must build on the multilateral doctrine international system basis. Similar to the Detente Strategy of Nixon doctrine, its European Security policy exactly showed the essential contradictory between power and goal in U.S. diplomacy on some degree.
引文
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27.[美]兹比格纽·布热津斯基著,中国国际问题研究所译.大棋局:美国的首要地位及其地缘战略[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团,2007.
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25.张志梅.试析尼克松政府的西欧外交[J].史学月刊,2008(11).
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②Martin Walker, The Cold War: A History. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1995.
③Edward H. Judge and John W. Langdon, A Hard and Bitter Peace-A Global History of the Cold War. NJ.:Prentice Hall Inc., Upper Saddle River, 1996.
①Norman Friedman, The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. Naval Institute Press,2000.
②[美]约翰·加迪斯著,时殷宏、李庆四、樊吉社译:《遏制战略:战后美国国家安全政策评析》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第292页。
③Cecil V.Crabb, Jr.,American Foreign Policy in the Nuclear Age, New York: Harper and Row Publishers,1983.
④Cecil V.Crabb, Jr., The Doctrines of American Foreign Policy: Their Meaning, Role, and Future, Louisiana State University Press,1982.
⑤Kenneth W. Thompson, Traditions and Values: American Diplomacy,1945 to the Present, University Press of America, Inc.
⑥Kenneth W. Thompson, Traditions and Values in Politics and Diplomacy: Theory and Pracitce, Louisiana State University Press,1992.
⑦关于加迪斯发言的主要内容,参见Peter Kindsvatter,“Report on the Temple University-Exploring the‘New’Cold War History and Missed Opportunity for Conflict Resolution,”The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Newsletter, Vol.26,No.4(December 12,1996),pp.12-19.
⑧Allen Hunter , Rethinking the Cold War. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998.
⑨Patrick M. Morgan and Keith L. Nelson (ed.),Reviewing the Cold War: Domestic Factors and Foreign Policy in the East-West Confrontation. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2000.
①[美]罗伯特·阿特著,郭树勇译:《美国大战略》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年。
②张曙光著:《美国遏制战略与冷战起源再探》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007年。
③任东来:《凯南的遏制思想与美国的遏制战略——张小明<乔治·凯南遏制思想研究>读后》,《美国研究》,1996年第3期。
④朱崇坤著:《霸权的历程:美国军事战略冷观察》,北京:新华出版社,2000年。
⑤王晓德著:《美国文化与外交》,北京:世界知识出版社,2000年。
⑥对美国冷战战略研究的论文重要有,周建明:《遏制战略中的“相对安全”目标——解读尼克松政府的“缓和战略”》,《国际观察》,2007年第6期;张曙光:《美国遏制战略与冷战研究》,《社会科学》,2006年第10期;白建才:《大战略、遏制战略与隐蔽行动等诸战略——美国的冷战战略析论》,《陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2005年第6期;谢华:《冷战时期美国遏制战略中的经济因素》,《山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2006年第6期;朱秀芳:《美国遏制战略的历史考量》,《浙江师范大学学报》,2007年第5期。
⑦Laird et al., Melvin, The Nixon Doctrine, Washington, D.C., American Enterprise Institute,1972.
⑧Osgood, Robert,“The Nixon Doctrine and Strategy”, Osgood et al., Retreat form Empire? Baltimore, Johes Hopkins University Press,1973.
⑨Landau, David, Kissender: The Uses of Power, Boston, Houghton Miflin,1972.
⑩Coral Bell, The Diplomacy of Detente: The Kissinger Era, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977.
①[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年。
②[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年。
③Thornton, Richard C, The Nixon-Kissinger Years : Reshaping America's Foreign Policy , New York : Paragon House, 1989.
④时殷弘著:《尼克松主义》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984年
⑤[法]阿尔弗雷德·格罗塞著,刘其中等译:《战后欧美关系》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986年。
⑥Gerhard Mally, Interdependence: The European-American Connection in the Global Context, Lexington, 1976.
①Ernest H.Van derBeugel, From Marshall Aid to Atlantic Partnership: European Integration as a Concern of American Foreign Policy,1966.
②Linda Cunningham Ellner, European Integration and Atlantic Community in United States Foreign Policy, Washington, 1965.
③Kathleen Burk and Melyn Stokes ed., The United States and the European Alliance since 1945, Oxford, U.K., 2000.
④Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995.
⑤Keith Hamilton, Patrick Salmon, The Year of Europe: America, Europe and the Energy Crisis, 1972-74, Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III Volume IV, Routledge, 2006.
⑥Carl C. Hodge and Cathal J. Nolan, Shepherd of Democracy?:America and Germany in the twentieth century, London:Greenwood Press,1992.
⑦Charles G. Cogan, Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends:The United States and France Since 1940, London: Praeger Publishers, 1994.
①叶江著:《解读美欧——欧洲一体化进程中的美欧关系》,上海:上海三联书店,1999年。
②潘琪昌主编:《欧洲国际关系》,北京:经济科学出版社,2001年。
③陈乐民著:《战后西欧国际关系(1945—1984)》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年。
④资中筠著:《战后美国外交史——从杜鲁门到里根》,北京:世界知识出版社,1994年。
⑤李庆余著:《美国外交史——从独立战争至2004年》,济南:山东画报出版社,2008年。
⑥汪徐和著:《二十世纪外交大写实——走向多极》,北京:世界知识出版社,1998年。
⑦蒲宁著:《沉浮——世界格局与大国关系》,北京:西苑出版社,2000年。
⑧张福财:《试论战后美欧关系发展演变及欧洲联合一体化问题》,《北方论丛》,2002年第1期;孙溯源:《认同危机与美欧关系的结构性变迁》,《欧洲研究》,2004年第5期;韩一敏、蔡静波:《略论尼克松时期的美欧关系》,《渭南师范学院学报》,2007年第3期等。
⑨Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, London: Greenwood Press,1994.
⑩Robert M. Soofer, Missile Defenses and Western European Security: NATO strategy, arms control, and deterrence, London: Greenwood Press, 1988.
①John Newhouse with Melvin Croan, Edward R. Fried and Timotny W. Stanley, U.S. Troops in Europe: Issues, Costs,and Choices, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution,1971.
②[比利时]罗贝尔·克洛兹著,施谋仁、韵文、王正瞳译:《欧洲有没有防务?——可以改变世界面貌的四十八小时》,北京:商务印书馆,1979年。
③[美]丹·考德威尔著:《论美苏关系》,北京:世界知识出版社,1984年。
④Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution,1985.
⑤Keith L. Nelson, The Making of Detente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1995.
⑥Jonathan Samuel Lockwood and Katholeen O’Brien Lockwood, The Russian View of U.S. Stratrgy: its past, its future, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年。
②U.S., Congressional Research Service,“NATO at 40: Bibliographic Resources”,(CRS Report of Congress, 89-175L, March 1989),及Colin Gordon, The Atlantic Alliance: A Bibliography, London: Frances Printer Ltd.,1978.
③Anton W. DePorte,“NATO and detente: Cycles in History”, in Lawrence S.Kaplan, S.Victor Papacosma, Mark R. Rubin, and Ruth V. Young, eds., NATO After Forty Years, Wilimington, Del.: Scholarly Resources Inc.,1990.
④William J.Thies,“The‘Demise’of NATO: A Postmortem”, Parameters 20,2, June 1990.
⑤Joseph Lepgold, The Decline Hegemon: The United States and European Defense,1960-1990,New York: Praeger,1990.
⑥刘同舜著:《冷战、遏制和大西洋联盟:1945—1950年美国战略决策资料选编》,上海:复旦大学出版社,1993年。
①朱明权著:《欧盟共同外交和安全政策与欧美协调》,北京:文汇出版社,2002年。
②陈佩尧著:《北约:战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年。
③肖元恺著:《世界的防线:欧洲安全与国际政治》,北京:新华出版社,2001年。
④相关博士论文有朱立群:《冷战后欧洲安全结构研究》,外交学院,2001年;刘鹏辉:《1992年以来俄美在核问题和欧洲安全领域的合作与矛盾》,中国社会科学院研究生院,2000年。
⑤Robert E. Osgood, Retreat from empire? The first Nixon administration, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press , 1973.
①[美]亨利·布兰登著:《美国力量的收缩》,三联书店,1974年。
②Die ?ra Nixon-Kissinger, 1969-1974. Christian Hacke. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
③Joan Hoff-Wilson“Nixingerism”, NATO, and Détente. Diplomatic History 13, no.4 (Fall 1989).④Herbert S. Parmet , Richard Nixon And His America, Boston: Little Brown, 1990. Tom Wicker, One of Us: Richard Nixon And The American Dream, New York: Random House, 1991. Earl Warren Oral History Project: Richard M. Nixon in the Warren ara: oral history transcript/1975, Berkeley, Calif: University of California,1980. Gregory McNamee, The Return of Richard Nixon and Other Essays, Harbingers House,1990.
⑤这里是指尼克松对欧洲政策的不同领域之间的比较。
⑥对复合相互依赖模式的理论阐述,见[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。
①Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.
②[美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特著,周丕启译:《联盟的起源》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年。
③Glenn H. Snyder, Alliance Polities, New York, Cornell University Press, 1997.
④[美]汉斯·摩根索著,卢明华等译:《国际纵横策论——争强权、求和平》,上海:上海译文出版社,1995年。[美]罗伯特·基欧汉,约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。
⑤[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹著,胡少华译:《国际政治理论》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1992年。
⑥James Morrow,“Arms Versus Allies: Trade-offs in the Search for Security”, International Organization ,Vol.47, No.2,1993.
①王玮:《全球史观和世界史研究》,《郑州大学学报》(哲学与社会科学版),2003年第1期;《世界史体系的创新和世界史学的重建》,《史学理论研究》2005年第3期。
①时殷弘著:《尼克松主义》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984年,第4页。
②U.S., Department of State, FRUS,1969-1976, ,vol.39,p4.
①威廉森·默里等编,时殷弘等译:《缔造战略:统治者、国家与战争》,北京:世界知识出版社,2004年,第629页。
②Knapp Wilfrid, A history of war and peace, 1939-1965, London: Oxford University Press,1967, p136.
①[美]约翰·斯帕尼尔著,段若石译:《第二次世界大战后的美国外交政策》,北京:商务印书馆,1992年,第52页。
②Jeffrey Porro(ed.), The Nucear Reader, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1989, p.123.
③肖元恺著:《世界的防线——欧洲安全与国际政治》,北京:新华出版社,2001年,第147页。
④John Newhouse, et al., U.S. Troops in Europe: Issues, Costs, and Choices, Washingtyon, D.C,: The Brookings Institution, 1971, p.4.
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第13页。
②[法]阿尔弗雷德·格罗塞著,刘其中等译:《战后欧美关系》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986年,第160—166页。
③Session of the North Atlantic Council(Lisbon,20-25 February 1952). http://www.ena.lu/
①NSC 162/2: A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary on Basic National Security Policy, October 30,1953,Washington. http://ftp.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-162-2.pdf
①Jeffrey Porro(ed.), The Nucear Reader, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1989, p.125.
②牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第55页。
③Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.64.
④陈佩尧著:《北约:战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年,第204页。
⑤[比利时]罗贝尔?克洛兹著,施谋仁、韵文、王正瞳译:《欧洲有没有防务?——可以改变世界面貌的四十八小时》,北京:商务印书馆,1979年,第218—225页。
①[美]戴维·霍罗威茨著:《美国冷战时期的外交政策——从雅尔塔到越南》,上海:上海人民出版社,1974年,第316页。
①Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.57.
②[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第361页。
③对麦克纳马拉原则的阐述可见William M. Kaufmann, The McNamara Strategy , New York: Harper and Row, 1964.
①朱明权主编:《二十世纪六十年代国际关系》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第371页。
②Jeffrey Porro(ed.), The Nucear Reader, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1989, p.144.
③[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第164页。
④Macmillan Cabinet Papers,1957-1963,Online. http://www.macmillan.amdigital.co.uk
①陈佩尧著:《北约:战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年,第226页。
②牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第60页。
③[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第165页。
①陈佩尧著:《北约:战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年,第9—13页。
②[美]莫顿·卡普兰著,薄智跃译:《国际政治的系统和过程》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年,第207页。
③Denis Brogan,“The Illusion of American Omnipotence”, Harper’s Magazine 205 ( December 1952), pp.21-28.
④Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO After Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981, p.5.
⑤时殷弘编:《战略二十讲》,天津:天津人民出版社,2008年,第6页。
⑥Stanley Hoffmann,“Notes on the Elusiveness of Modern Power”, International Journal 30 (Spring 1975), p.183.
⑦时殷弘著:《尼克松主义》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984年,第4页。
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第598页。
②Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.96.
③Stanford Arms Control Group, International Arms Control: Issues and Agreements, Stanford University Press, 1984, p.220.
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第598—599页。
②[美]孔华润主编,王琛等译:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),北京:新华出版社,2004年,第422页。
③[苏]A·基尔萨诺夫著,朱泱译:《美国与西欧:第二次世界大战以后的经济关系》,北京:商务印书馆,1978年,第303—305页。
④[苏]A·基尔萨诺夫著,朱泱译:《美国与西欧:第二次世界大战以后的经济关系》,北京:商务印书馆,1978年,第124页。
①[美]孔华润主编,王琛等译:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),北京:新华出版社,2004年,第421页。
②[日]入江昭著,李静阁、颜子龙、周永生译:《二十世纪的战争与和平》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第146页。
③“Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972”, FRUS,1969-1976, Volume I.
④资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第601页。
①[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第345页。
②Samuel P. Huntington, The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics , New York: Columbia University Press, 1961, pp. 239-240.
③Bruce M. Russett, What Price Vigilance? The Burdens of National Defense, London: Yale University Press, 1970, p.24.
④Theodore C. Sorensen, Decision-Making in the White House: The Olive Branch or the Arrows, Columbia University Press, 1963, p.48.
①李庆四著:《美国国会与美国外交》,北京:人民出版社,2007年,第428页。
②Andrew J. Pierre,“Nuclear Diplomacy: Britain, France and America”, Foreign Affairs, January 1971.
③[美]约翰·加迪斯著,时殷弘、李庆四、樊吉社译:《遏制战略:战后美国国家安全政策评析》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第337页。
①Congressional Record, 92nd Cong., 1st sess.(1971),117:14397-99.
②Phil Williams, The Senate and U.S. Troops in Europe, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985, p.169.
③[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第379页。
①[英]理查德·克罗卡特著,王振西主译:《50年战争》[M]。北京:新华出版社,2003年,第336页。
②转引自[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第125页。
③Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1985, p.1.
④Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.227.
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第541页。
②[美]罗伯特·A.帕斯特编,胡利平、杨韵琴译:《世纪之旅:世界七大国百年外交风云》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第125页。
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第94—95页
②[比利时]罗贝尔?克洛兹著,施谋仁、韵文、王正瞳译:《欧洲有没有防务?——可以改变世界面貌的四十八小时》,北京:商务印书馆,1979年,第75页。
③James Chace,“The Concert of Europe”, Foreign Affairs, October 1973.
④“Memorandum for the President’s Files by the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), February 2, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.391.
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第603页。
②杨生茂主编:《美国外交政策史1775—1989》,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第549页。
③周琪主编:《意识形态与美国外交》,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年,第296页。
①Henry Kissinger,“A New National Partnership”, Washington: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Media Services, 1975, p.1.
②[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第161页。
③David C. Hendrickson,“All the President’s Acumen: The Paradox of Nixon’s Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1998.
④Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.2.
⑤王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第7页。
⑥威廉森·默里等编,时殷弘等译:《缔造战略:统治者、国家与战争》,北京:世界知识出版社,2004年,第610页。
①Richard Nixon, First Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970's. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2835.
②[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第279页。
③刘绪贻、杨生茂主编:《美国通史》(第六卷),北京:人民出版社,2008年,第390页。
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第652页。
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第64页。
②Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt: 1944-45,Victory and the Threshold of Peace, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950, p. 549.
③[日]入江昭著,李静阁、颜子龙、周永生译:《二十世纪的战争与和平》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第130页。
①New York Times, August,30,1971.
②Richard Nixon, First Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970's. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2835.
①Henry A.Kissenger, American Foreign Policy, New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1977, p.51.
②[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第24页。
③[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第170页。
④[美]孔华润主编,王琛等译:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),北京:新华出版社,2004年,第406页。
①A. J. Toynbee, A Study of History, Oxford University Press, 1961, Vol.12,p.170.
②New York Times, March 6,1946.
③M.K.Bunkina, USA versus Western Europe: New Trends, Progress Publishers,1979, p.23.
④“George Washington’s Farewell Address”, in Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, Thomas G. Paterson and Dennis Merrill, vol.2, To 1920: Documents and Essays, Lexingtong, Mass.: D. C. Heath,1995, pp.76-78.
⑤[美]罗伯特·A.帕斯特编,胡利平、杨韵琴译:《世纪之旅:世界七大国百年外交风云》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第242页。
⑥[美]兹比格纽·布热津斯基著,中国国际问题研究所译:《大棋局:美国的首要地位及其地缘战略》,上海:上海世纪出版团,第47页。
①Anthony Hartley,“The Politics of Europe: Europe Between the Superpowers”, Foreign Affairs, January 1971.
②[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,1980年,第119页。
①陈乐民著:《战后西欧国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第300页。
②[美]斯坦利·L.恩格尔曼、罗伯特·E.高尔曼主编,高德步等译:《剑桥美国经济史(第三卷):二十世纪》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008,第364—365页。
③王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第88页。
④[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第43页。
①Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.84.
②James Chace,“The Concert of Europe”, Foreign Affairs, October 1973.
③《尼克松1973年对外政策报告》,上海人民出版社,1973年,第129页。
④牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第214页。
①朱晓中著:《中东欧与欧洲一体化》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第42—43页。
②Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.20.
③New York Times, June 15, 1970.
④[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第173页。
①Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.21.
②Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership: Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, p.204.
③[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第59页。
①Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.23.
②[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹著,胡少华等译:《国际政治理论》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1992年,第200页。
①Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership: Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, pp.9-10.
②Address given by Henry A. Kissinger (New York, 23 April 1973) www.ena.lu/address_given_henry_kissinger_new_york_23_april_1973-020003978.html
③C. L. Sulzberger, The World and Richard Nixon, Prentice Hall Press, New York, 1987, p.211.
④[英]乔治·哈钦森著,复旦大学资本主义国家经济研究所编译组组译:《爱德华·希思》,上海:上海人民出版社,1973年,第168页。
⑤Declaration on Atlantic Relations,1974 from Elmer Plischke ed., Contemporary U.S. Foreign Policy Documents and Commentary, Greenwood Press New York,1991,pp.433-434.
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第549页。
②Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.86.
③[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第539页。
④Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership: Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, p.137.
①[美]约翰·鲁杰主编,苏长和等译:《多边主义》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2003年,第266页。
②Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO after Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981, p.6.
③[美]约翰·鲁杰主编,苏长和等译:《多边主义》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2003年,第270页。
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第553页。
①[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第66—67页。
②Remarks to the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, 24 February1969, Public Papers of the Presidents (1969), p.106.
③[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第158页。
④James Chace and Earl C. Ravenel, Atlantis Lost: U.S.-European Relations after the Cold War, New York: New York University Press, 1976, p.52.
⑤Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO after Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981, p.9.
①Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, pp.105-106.
②U.S., Department of State, FRUS,1969-1976, ,vol.39,p4.
③[美]保罗·肯尼迪编,时殷弘、李庆四译:《战争与和平的大战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第170页。
①The Future Tasks of the Alliance: Report of the Council -"The Harmel Report". http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_26700.htm?selectedLocale=en
②Stephen R. Graubard, Kissenger: Portrait of a Mind, New York: Norton Company, 1973, pp.180-184.
③[美]汉森?W.鲍德温著,复旦大学国际政治系编译组译:《明天的战略》,上海:上海人民出版社,1974年,第176页。
④Paul Cornish, Partnership in Crisis: The U.S., Europe and the Fall and Rise of NATO, London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997, p.18.
⑤Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p319.
①周丕启著:《合法性与大战略——北约体系内美国的霸权护持》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第166页。
②周丕启著:《合法性与大战略——北约体系内美国的霸权护持》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第153页。
③Robert S. Jordan, ed., Political Leadership in NATO: A Study in Multinational Diplomacy, Boulder: Westview Press, 1979, p.256.
①Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.83.
②[美]理查德·里夫斯著,蒋影译:《孤独的白宫岁月》,北京:经济日报出版社,2004年,第348页。
①Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.325.
②转引自王仲春著:《核武器·核国家·核战略》,北京:时事出版社,2007年,第500页。
③Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.323.
④Washington Post, 6/24/74.
⑤Stephen W. Walt, The Origins of Alliance, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1987, p.225.
⑥[苏]A?基尔萨诺夫著,朱泱译:《美国与西欧:第二次世界大战以后的经济关系》,北京:商务印书馆,1978年,第275页。
①Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, pp.323-324.
②[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第62页。
①Richard M. Nixon, United States Foreign Policy for the 1970s: A New Strategy for Peace, Washingtong,D.C.:1970,pp.28-31.
②普洛居斯特为传说中的古希腊强盗,开黑店,他使旅客睡在铁床上,比床长者,截去其过长部分,比床短者,强拉其躯体,使与床长短相齐。
③[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第383页。
④World Military Expenditure, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1971, p.18.
①[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第243页。
②[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第64页。
③John Newhouse, U.S. Troops in Europe, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1971, p.2.
①Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, pp.86-87.
②NATO Basic Documents, Brussels: NATO Information Service, 1981.pp.98-100.
③“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.48-59.
④“Memorandum for the Record, July 7,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.314.
①“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.92.
②时殷弘编:《战略二十讲》,天津:天津人民出版社,2008年,第339页。
③[美]莫顿·卡普兰著,薄智跃译:《国际政治的系统和过程》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年,第283页。
④转引自[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第111页。
①Richard Nixon, First Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970's. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2835.
②资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第673页。
③Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.165.
④“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, January 28,1970”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.45.
⑤[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第521页。
①“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.53-54.
②转引自王仲春著:《核武器·核国家·核战略》,北京:时事出版社,2007年,第100页。
③“Memorandum of Conversation, March 5,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.402.
④Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.96.
⑤Col Alan J. Parringtong , Mutually Assured Destruction Revisited:Strategic Doctrine in Question, Airpower Journal, winter 1997. http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj97/win97/parrin.html
①王仲春著:《核武器·核国家·核战略》,北京:时事出版社,2007年,第144—145页。
②Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.86.
③“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.94.
④Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.58.
①“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.93.
②[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第10页。
③[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第252页。
④“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.91.
⑤时殷弘著:《国际政治与国家方略》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第114页。
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第505—515页。
②Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.254.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, April 19,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.436.
④Henry A. Kissenger, The Troubled Partnership Relations: A Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: Magloo&Cell Company, 1965.
⑤“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, January 28,1970”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.46.
①陈乐民著:《战后西欧国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第303页。
②Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.85.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, September 30,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.82.
④Declaration on Atlantic Relations,1974 from Elmer Plischke ed., Contemporary U.S. Foreign Policy Documents and Commentary, Greenwood Press New York,1991,pp.433-434.
⑤Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.323.
⑥[美]保罗·肯尼迪编,时殷弘、李庆四译:《战争与和平的大战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第170页。
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第505—506页。
②“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.91.
③Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.107.
④Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.88.
⑤“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.91.
①“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, December 1,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.242.
②“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, December 1,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.242.
③“Conversation Between President Nixon and West German Chancellor Brandt, June 15,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.154-155.
④[美]保罗·肯尼迪编,时殷弘、李庆四译:《战争与和平的大战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第180页。
⑤“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.93.
①刘金质著:《冷战史》(中),北京:世界知识出版社,年,第584页。
②[美]亨利·基辛格著:《动乱年代——基辛格回忆录》(第3册),北京:世界知识出版社,1983年,第170页。
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.251.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, December 13,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.249.
①“SALT and Detente,”USNATO 0130 to SecState, Washington, January 13, 1969(confidential, 2 pages, declassified February 1, 1996).
②转引自王晓德著:《美国文化与外交》,北京:世界知识出版社,2000年,第367页。
③[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第173页。
①[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第178—181页。
②王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1995年,第48—49页。
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.278-279.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, May 24,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.287.
①关于SALTI的研究可参见Jonh Newhouse, Cold Dawn: The Story of SALT(Holt, Rindhart&Winston, 1973); Gerard Smith, Double Talk: The Story of SALTI (Doubleday,1980); Raymond L.Garthoff, Detnte and Confrontation, 2nd ed.(Brookings,1994).
②“Memorandum of Conversation, December 13,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.249.
③Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.65.
④[美]伯纳德·布罗迪等著,于永安、郭莹译:《绝对武器》,北京:解放军出版社,2004年,第3页。
⑤牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第178页。
①Richard Nixon, First Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970's. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2835.
②“SALT and Detente,”USNATO 0130 to SecState, Washington, January 13, 1969(confidential, 2 pages, declassified February 1, 1996).
③[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第237页。
④[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第329页。
⑤David C. Hendrickson,“All the President’s Acumen: The Paradox of Nixon’s Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1998.
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第182—183页。
②“SALT and Detente,”USNATO 0130 to SecState, Washington, January 13,1969,p.2 (confidential, declassified February 1, 1996).
①[美]罗伯特·A.帕斯特编,胡利平、杨韵琴译:《世纪之旅:世界七大国百年外交风云》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第98页。
②Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.139.
③[法]阿尔弗雷德·格罗塞著,刘其中等译:《战后欧美关系》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986年,第202页。
④Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.17.
⑤[美]兹比格纽·布热津斯基著,中国国际问题研究所译:《大棋局:美国的首要地位及其地缘战略》,上海:上海世纪出版团,第51页。
⑥Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.22.
①Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.19.
②Karl E. Birnbaum, East and West Germany: A Modus Vivendi, Saxon House, Lexington Books, 1973, p.9.
③[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第95页。
④[美]哈里·杜鲁门著,李石译:《杜鲁门回忆录》(第二卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1964年,第300—301页。
⑤[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第712页。
⑥Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership: Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, p.215.
⑦[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第529页。
①[法]安德烈·方丹著,康新文等译:《同床异梦——纷纭世事二十年(1962—1981)》,北京:新华出版社,1986年,第204页。
②Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.129.
③[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第712页。
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第529页。
①“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, December 5,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.107.
②资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第671页。
③朱明权主编:《二十世纪六十年代国际关系》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第729页。
④Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, pp.320-321.
①[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第90页。
②“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.234.
③NATO Basic Documents, Brussels: NATO Information Service, 1981.pp.98-100.
①Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.65.
②“Memorandum for the President’s Files bu the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), February 2,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.392.
③Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.65.
④National Security Decision Memorandum 134.National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 364, Subject Files, National Security Decision Memoranda, Nos.97-144.
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第532页。
②雷蒙德·加特霍夫:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,新华出版社,2003年版,第211—212页。
③U.S. Dept. of State,The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Public Statements and Documents, 1954-1986, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian, 1986.p.16.
④转引自[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第125页。
⑤“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.255.
①“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, April 4, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.3-5.
②“Memorandum of Conversation, April 4, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.1-3.
③“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, November 20,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.25-30.
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第732页。
①转引自[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第128页。
②“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.228.
③[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第127页。
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.335.
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第245页。
②“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, April 4, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.5.
③“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.219.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, July 4, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.7.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant forNational Security Affairs (Kissinger), October 2, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.8.
①“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.19.
②“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.228.
③“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, December 3, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.31-33.
④转引自[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第733页。
①NATO Basic Documents, Brussels: NATO Information Service, 1981.pp.98-100.
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.255.
③陈乐民:《战后西欧国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第325页。
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, April 8, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.6.
①“National Security Decision Memorandum 108”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.143.
②“Memorandum for the President’s File by the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), September 29, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.197-198.
③“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, May 14,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.120.
④“Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, August 21,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.324-326.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.336.
⑥[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第171页。
①National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Institutional Files, Box H-063,SRG Meeting, European Security Conference 11/23/71.
②“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.215-216.
①“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.217-218.
②“Memorandum for the President’s Files bu the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), February 2,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.391.
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.17.
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第536页。
①“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, October 31,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.22.
②“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, October 31,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.21-25.
③“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, January 28,1970”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.47.
④“Draft Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 30,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.206.
⑤“Editorial Note”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.35-36.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, October 22,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.86.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), January 8, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.40.
③“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, January 28,1970”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.46.
④Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership: Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, pp.9-10.
⑤“Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Ellsworth) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger), May 29,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.65.
①“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.229.
②“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.232.
③“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.221.
④“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.230.
⑤“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.220.
⑥[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第533页。
⑦“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 21, 1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.280.
⑧“Memorandum of Conversation, May 6,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.454.
⑨Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),pp.17-26.
①National Security Decision Memorandum 162.National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials,NSC Files, Box 482,President’s Trip Files, MBFR-CSCE Backup Book,Part 1.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.52.
③“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, November 20,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.28..
④“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.220.
⑤[美]理查德·里夫斯著,蒋影译:《孤独的白宫岁月》,北京:经济日报出版社,2004年,第220页
⑥“Paper Prepared by the National Security Coucil Staff , undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.83-84.
①“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.337.
②“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.214.
③“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.214.
④“SALT and Detente,”USNATO 0130 to SecState, Washington, January 13, 1969(confidential, 2 pages, declassified February 1, 1996).
⑤“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, January 28,1970”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.46-47.
⑥“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.215.
⑦“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.338.
①“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, May 14,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.123.
②“Memorandum of Conversation, February 21,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.398.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Vol.39,p.1.
④[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第243—244页。
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第535页。
②[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第232页。
③“Memorandum of Conversation, June 10,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.68.
④“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.71.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, July 20,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.73-75.
②“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, November 19,1970”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.96.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, October 22,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.85.
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, January 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.109.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 24, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.111.
⑥“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, March 29,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.113.
①“Editorial Note”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.324.
②[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第533页。
③“Memorandum of Conversation, October 22,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.85-87.
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 21, 1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.280-281.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, May 24,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.294.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, September 12,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.340-341.
②[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。第12页。
③“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 20, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.62.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, December 13,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.247.
⑤“Memorandum for the Record, July 7,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.311-314.
⑥“Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Ellsworth) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger), May 29,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.65.
⑦“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, November 19,1970”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.97.
①“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, May 14,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.119.
②Roger Hilsman, To Move A Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy, New York: Delta, 1964, p.553.
③[美]莫顿·卡普兰著,薄智跃译:《国际政治的系统和过程》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年,第139页。
④“Memorandum for the President’s File by the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), September 29, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.198.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), January 13, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.372.
⑥“Editorial Note”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.64.
⑦“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.63.
⑧“Paper Prepared by the National Security Coucil Staff , undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.83.
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第233—234页。
②资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第673页。
③“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon,December 20,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.370-372.
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), April 10, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.411.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, May 6,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.457-459.
②“Memorandum of Conversation, May 6,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.460.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, May 12,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.467.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, May 17,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.470.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, June 4,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.482.
①“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.498-499.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.58.
③“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.500.
④“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.500.
⑤“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, July 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.511.
⑥“Backchannel Message From the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft)to Secreatry of State Kissenger in Jerusalem,May 6,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.618.
⑦Anatol Rapoport, The Big Two: Soviet-American Perceptions of Foreign Policy, Indianapolis, 1971, p.91.
①[美]莫顿·卡普兰著,薄智跃译:《国际政治的系统和过程》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年,第300页。
②“Memorandum of Conversation, Febreary 4,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.548.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, Febreary 4,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.548.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, October 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.523.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, October 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.523.
⑥“Memorandum of Conversation, October 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.524.
⑦“Backchannel Message From the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft)to Secreatry of State Kissenger in Jerusalem,May 6,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.617.
①“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.499.
②“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.499.
③“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, July 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.510.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, Febreary 4,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.547.
⑤“Minutes of Secretary of State Kissenger’s Staff Meeting, October 29,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.526-528.
①“Editoral Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.529-531.
②“Telegram From the Mission in Geneva to the Department of State, November 23,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.532.
③“Briefing Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs(Hartman) to Secretary of State Kissinger, February 16,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.551.
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.485.
⑤“Editoral Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.491.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, June 20,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.492-494.
②“Editoral Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.495.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, March 25,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.577-579.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, March 26,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.592.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, March 25,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.582.
⑥“Memorandum of Conversation, June 30,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.504.
⑦“Memorandum of Conversation, October 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.524.
①王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第90—91页。
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), October 22, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.16.
③“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, October 31,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.24.
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.58.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, July 12,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.513.
①[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第130页。
②“Telegram From Secretary of State Rogers to the Department of State, July 8,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.508.
③“Telegram From Secretary of State Rogers to the Department of State, July 8,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.508.
④[美]孔华润主编,王琛等译:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),北京:新华出版社,2004年,第429页。
①[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第130页。
②朱晓中著:《中东欧与欧洲一体化》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第43页。
③《简明帕氏新经济学辞典》,北京:中国经济出版社,1991年,第654页。
④David C. Hendrickson,“All the President’s Acumen: The Paradox of Nixon’s Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1998.
⑤[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第735页。
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第247页。
②[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第734页。
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第247亿页。
②[日]入江昭著,李静阁、颜子龙、周永生译:《二十世纪的战争与和平》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第151—152页。
①Fred C. Iklé, How Nations Negotiate, New York: Harper & Row, 1964.
②Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.210.
①[日]入江昭著,李静阁、颜子龙、周永生译:《二十世纪的战争与和平》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第127页。
②陈佩尧著:《北约:战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年,第384—385页。
③Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO After Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981, pp.219-220.
①Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO After Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981, p.14..
②NATO Basic Documents, Brussels: NATO Information Service, 1981.pp.98-100.
③王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第84页。
①Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO After Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc.,1981, p.227.
②“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.195.
③牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第179页。
④“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, December 1,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.243.
①“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, November 19,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.89.
①Washington Post, 6/24/74.
②“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.130.
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第601页。
②“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, December 1,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.237.
③[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第383页。
①[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第243页。
②“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.130-131.
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.253.
④New York Times, 12/2/73.
⑤[英]乔治·哈钦森著,复旦大学资本主义国家经济研究所编译组组译:《爱德华·希思》,上海:上海人民出版社,1973年,第175页。
⑥Henry A. Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957, p.120.
⑦Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, pp.210-213.
⑧“National Security Study Memorandum 92”, National Archives,Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 259,Agency Files, NATO, Vol. VIII.
⑨“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.100.
①“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), October 22, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.15.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.50.
③“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.75-77.
④“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.90-91.
⑤“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.43.
⑥“Conversation Among President Nixon, Secretary of Defense Laird, and the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 19,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.137-138.
⑦“National Security Decision Memorandum 108”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.142.
①“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.77.
②“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, December 3, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.32.
③“Memorandum From Secretary of Defense Laird to President Nixon, November 9, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.225.
④“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, December 1,1971”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.238.
⑤“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, July 28, 1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.317.
⑥“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.94.
⑦“Notes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, June 17,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.170.
①“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), November 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.97.
②“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.104.
③“Conversation Between President Nixon and West German Chancellor Brandt, June 15,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.153.
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.63.
⑤“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.149.
⑥[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第145—146页。
⑦“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.181.
⑧“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.149.
①“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.175-176.
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.427.
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.19.
④“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.187.
⑤“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.17.
⑥“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.91.
⑦“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.94-95.
①“Memorandum From K. Wayne Smith and Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 21, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.140-141.
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.149.
③“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.103.
④“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.149.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, September 30,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.81.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, September 30,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.81-82.
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.251-252.
③“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.104.
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第673页。
②“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 15, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.124.
③“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 15, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.125.
④“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.129.
⑤“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.127-128.
⑥“Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, July 28,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.179-180.
①[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第136页。
②“Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)and the Soviet Ambassador(Dobrynin),August 22,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.327-329.
③“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 21, 1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.281.
④王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第85页。
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), October 2, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.12-13.
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第232页。
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 24, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.111.
③“National Security Decision Memorandum 108”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.142.
④“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, May 14,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.122.
⑤“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.109.
①“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.69.
②“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, July 28,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.315.
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.250.
④“Memorandum of Conversation”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.37-39.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), April 22, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.115.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, July 20,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.73-75.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), November 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.96.
③“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 26, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.144.
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.62.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.95.
⑥“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), April 22, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.115.
①“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.127.
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.182.
③“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Haig), October 21, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.211.
④“Conversation Among President Nixon, Secretary of Defense Laird, and the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 19,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.134-136.
⑤“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Committee Meeting, March 29,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.265-267.
①“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Committee Meeting, March 29,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.263.
②“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, July 28,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.314.
③National Security Decision Memorandum 162.National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 482,President’s Trip Files, MBFR-CSCE Backup Book, Part 1. FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.271.
④“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.272.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.276.
⑥“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), January 17, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.378.
⑦“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.383.
⑧“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.495.
①“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, December 1,1971”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.241.
②“Conversation Between President Nixon and West German Chancellor Brandt, June 15,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.155.
③“Minutes of a Joint Verification Panel and Senior Review Group Meeting, September 20,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.346-347.
④“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.383.
⑤“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.386.
⑥“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, July 28,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.315.
⑦“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.486.
①“Memorandum of Conversation”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.38.
②“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.92.
③“National Security Decision Memorandum 142,”National Archives, Nixon President Materials, NSC Files, Box 364,Subject Files, National Security Decision Memoranda(NSDM’s), Nos.97-144.
④[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第137页。
⑤“Memorandum for the Record, June 2,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.148.
⑥“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.90.
⑦“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.79.
①“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 26, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.144.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.48-59.
③“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.90.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, June 30,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.503.
⑤“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.234.
①“National Security Decision Memorandum, June 28,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.177.
②“Minutes of a Joint Verification Panel and Senior Review Group Meeting, September 20,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.351.
③王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第85页。
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.56.
⑤“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.195.
⑥http://www.ena.lu/rapacki_plan_warsaw_14_february_1958-020006641.html.
⑦“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.160.
⑧“Draft Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 30,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.204.
①“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.160.
②“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.161.
③“Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, July 28,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.179.
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), February 20, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.394-396.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant forNational Security Affairs (Kissinger), February 20, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.394.
①[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第139页。
②“Memorandum of Conversation, June 30,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.502.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, April 19,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.434.
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.164.
⑤“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.157.
⑥“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.163.
⑦“Memorandum of Conversation, June 17,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.167.
⑧“Memorandum of Conversation, June 17,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.168.
①“Notes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, June 17,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.172.
②“Memorandum of Conversation, March 26,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.602.
③“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.77.
④“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,July 28,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.316.
⑤“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.100.
⑥“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.101.
⑦“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.78.
⑧“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, November 19,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.88.
⑨“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, November 19,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.89.
⑩“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.159.
①王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第86页。
②“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, December 1,1971”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.237-238.
③“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.56.
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.157.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.56-57.
⑥“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.102.
⑦“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.163.
①“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.161-162.
②“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.190.
③“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.190.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, March 22,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.571.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, March 20,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.403.
⑥“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,July 28,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.314-317.
⑦“Minutes of a Joint Verification Panel and Senior Review Group Meeting, September 20,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.349-350.
⑧“Memorandum of Conversation, March 26,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.600.
①National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 284, Agency Files, Department of State, Vol.VII.
②“Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in the Soviet Union, June 17,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.166.
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.472.
④“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.250.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, March 18,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.558.
⑥“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.57.
⑦刘金质著:《冷战史》(中),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年,第868页。
⑧“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.163.
①“Minutes of a Joint Verification Panel and Senior Review Group Meeting, September 20,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.353-355.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), January 17, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.379.
③资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第674页。
①“Memorandum From K. Wayne Smith and Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 21, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.139.
②Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.85.
③[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第413页。
④“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.77.
①刘金质著:《冷战史》(中),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年,第1022页。
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.469.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, March 5,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.404.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, March 5,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.405.
⑤“Memorandum From K. Wayne Smith and Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 21, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.139.
⑥王晓德著:《美国文化与外交》,北京:世界知识出版社,2000年,第315页。
①“Memorandum of Conversation, March 5,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.403.
②[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第152页。
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第175—178页。
②[美]伯纳德·布罗迪等著,于永安、郭莹译:《绝对武器》,北京:解放军出版社,2004年,第12页。
①[法]蒂埃里·德·蒙布里亚尔著,庄晨燕译:《行动与世界体系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年,第288页。
①[美]保罗·肯尼迪编,时殷弘、李庆四译:《战争与和平的大战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第176页。
②“Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972”, FRUS,1969-1976, Volume I.
③Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p3.
④刘金质著:《冷战史》(中),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年,第1017页。
⑤时殷弘著:《国际政治与国家方略》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第119页。
⑥Fran?ois Duchêne,“A New European Defense Community”, Foreign Affairs, October 1971.
①Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1985, p.1.
②Richard Nixon, First Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970's. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2835.
③牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第95页
④转引自[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第128页。
①[美]孔华润主编,王琛等译:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),北京:新华出版社,2004年,第420页。
②David C. Hendrickson,“All the President’s Acumen: The Paradox of Nixon’s Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1998.
③James Chace, A World Elsewhere: The New American Foreign Policy, New York, 1973, p.86.
④Charles W. Kegley, Jr., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and Neoliberal Challenge, New York, 1995, p.341.
①“Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972”, FRUS,1969-1976, Volume I.
①Declaration on Atlantic Relations,1974 from Elmer Plischke ed., Contemporary U.S. Foreign Policy Documents and Commentary, Greenwood Press New York,1991,pp.433-434.
②“Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972”, FRUS,1969-1976, Volume I.
③“National Security Decision Memorandum 108”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.143.
①Fran?ois Duchêne,“A New European Defense Community”, Foreign Affairs, October 1971.
②何婷婷:《欧安会的缘起及其对冷战格局的影响》,载《历史教学问题》,2006年第3期。
③“Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972”, FRUS,1969-1976, Volume I.
①Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.321.
②NSSM 83, U.S. Approach to Current Issues of European Security, November 21, 1969. http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nssm/nssm_083.pdf
①“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, October 31,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.21-25.
②[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第281页。
③[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第163页。
①NSDM 142, Presidential Guidance on Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions and a European Conference December 2, 1971. http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nsdm/nsdm_142.pdf
②Margaret G. , Charles F. Hermann,“Who Makes Foreign Policy Decisions and How: An Empirical Inquiry,”International Studies Quarterly, Vol.33, No.4(1998), p.384.
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第716—717页。
②[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第178页。
③Edward J. Laurance,“The Changing Role of Congress in Defense Policy-Making”, The Journal of Conflict, Vol.20, No.2(Jun.,1976), Sage Publications,Inc., pp.246-247.
④James M. Lindsay, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1994, p.21.
⑤李庆四著:《美国国会与美国外交》,北京:人民出版社,2007年,第405页。
①Congressional Record, 92nd Cong., 1st sess.(1971),117:14397-99.
②“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.132.
③“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.130.
④Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.90.
①“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.188.
②[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第220页。
③陈乐民著:《战后西欧国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第300页。
④[法]阿尔弗雷德·格罗塞著,刘其中等译:《战后欧美关系》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986年,第332页。
⑤Andrew J. Pierre,“Can Europe’s Security Be‘Decopled’from America?”, Foreign Affairs, July 1973.
①EL Morse,“The Year of Europe?”, Foreign Affairs, January 1974.
②叶江著:《解读美欧:欧洲一体化进程中的美欧关系》,上海:上海三联书店,1999年,第135页。
①[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第393页。
②Warren I. Cohen,“Chinese Lessons: Nixon, Mao, and the Course of U.S.-Chinese Relations”, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2007.
③时殷弘编:《战略二十讲》,天津:天津人民出版社,2008年,第316页。
①Andrew J. Pierre,“Can Europe’s Security Be‘Decopled’from America?”, Foreign Affairs, July 1973.
②赵璐:《“欧洲年”与尼克松政府的西欧政策》,《山东师范大学学报(人文社科版)》,2009年第6期。
①“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.188.
②“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.191.
③Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.85.
④对复合相互依赖模式的理论阐述,见[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。
①[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。第9页。
②Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960, pp.5-12.
③[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第400页。
①具体论述参见赵璐:《“欧洲年”与尼克松政府的西欧政策》,《山东师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2009年第6期,第61—64页。
②[日]星野昭吉著刘小林、梁云祥译:《全球化时代的世界政治——世界政治的行为主体与结构》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004年,第328页。
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⑦关于加迪斯发言的主要内容,参见Peter Kindsvatter,“Report on the Temple University-Exploring the‘New’Cold War History and Missed Opportunity for Conflict Resolution,”The Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Newsletter, Vol.26,No.4(December 12,1996),pp.12-19.
⑧Allen Hunter , Rethinking the Cold War. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998.
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②张曙光著:《美国遏制战略与冷战起源再探》,上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007年。
③任东来:《凯南的遏制思想与美国的遏制战略——张小明<乔治·凯南遏制思想研究>读后》,《美国研究》,1996年第3期。
④朱崇坤著:《霸权的历程:美国军事战略冷观察》,北京:新华出版社,2000年。
⑤王晓德著:《美国文化与外交》,北京:世界知识出版社,2000年。
⑥对美国冷战战略研究的论文重要有,周建明:《遏制战略中的“相对安全”目标——解读尼克松政府的“缓和战略”》,《国际观察》,2007年第6期;张曙光:《美国遏制战略与冷战研究》,《社会科学》,2006年第10期;白建才:《大战略、遏制战略与隐蔽行动等诸战略——美国的冷战战略析论》,《陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2005年第6期;谢华:《冷战时期美国遏制战略中的经济因素》,《山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2006年第6期;朱秀芳:《美国遏制战略的历史考量》,《浙江师范大学学报》,2007年第5期。
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⑨Landau, David, Kissender: The Uses of Power, Boston, Houghton Miflin,1972.
⑩Coral Bell, The Diplomacy of Detente: The Kissinger Era, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1977.
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③Thornton, Richard C, The Nixon-Kissinger Years : Reshaping America's Foreign Policy , New York : Paragon House, 1989.
④时殷弘著:《尼克松主义》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984年
⑤[法]阿尔弗雷德·格罗塞著,刘其中等译:《战后欧美关系》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986年。
⑥Gerhard Mally, Interdependence: The European-American Connection in the Global Context, Lexington, 1976.
①Ernest H.Van derBeugel, From Marshall Aid to Atlantic Partnership: European Integration as a Concern of American Foreign Policy,1966.
②Linda Cunningham Ellner, European Integration and Atlantic Community in United States Foreign Policy, Washington, 1965.
③Kathleen Burk and Melyn Stokes ed., The United States and the European Alliance since 1945, Oxford, U.K., 2000.
④Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995.
⑤Keith Hamilton, Patrick Salmon, The Year of Europe: America, Europe and the Energy Crisis, 1972-74, Documents on British Policy Overseas, Series III Volume IV, Routledge, 2006.
⑥Carl C. Hodge and Cathal J. Nolan, Shepherd of Democracy?:America and Germany in the twentieth century, London:Greenwood Press,1992.
⑦Charles G. Cogan, Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends:The United States and France Since 1940, London: Praeger Publishers, 1994.
①叶江著:《解读美欧——欧洲一体化进程中的美欧关系》,上海:上海三联书店,1999年。
②潘琪昌主编:《欧洲国际关系》,北京:经济科学出版社,2001年。
③陈乐民著:《战后西欧国际关系(1945—1984)》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年。
④资中筠著:《战后美国外交史——从杜鲁门到里根》,北京:世界知识出版社,1994年。
⑤李庆余著:《美国外交史——从独立战争至2004年》,济南:山东画报出版社,2008年。
⑥汪徐和著:《二十世纪外交大写实——走向多极》,北京:世界知识出版社,1998年。
⑦蒲宁著:《沉浮——世界格局与大国关系》,北京:西苑出版社,2000年。
⑧张福财:《试论战后美欧关系发展演变及欧洲联合一体化问题》,《北方论丛》,2002年第1期;孙溯源:《认同危机与美欧关系的结构性变迁》,《欧洲研究》,2004年第5期;韩一敏、蔡静波:《略论尼克松时期的美欧关系》,《渭南师范学院学报》,2007年第3期等。
⑨Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, London: Greenwood Press,1994.
⑩Robert M. Soofer, Missile Defenses and Western European Security: NATO strategy, arms control, and deterrence, London: Greenwood Press, 1988.
①John Newhouse with Melvin Croan, Edward R. Fried and Timotny W. Stanley, U.S. Troops in Europe: Issues, Costs,and Choices, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution,1971.
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③[美]丹·考德威尔著:《论美苏关系》,北京:世界知识出版社,1984年。
④Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution,1985.
⑤Keith L. Nelson, The Making of Detente: Soviet-American Relations in the Shadow of Vietnam, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press,1995.
⑥Jonathan Samuel Lockwood and Katholeen O’Brien Lockwood, The Russian View of U.S. Stratrgy: its past, its future, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, 1993.
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年。
②U.S., Congressional Research Service,“NATO at 40: Bibliographic Resources”,(CRS Report of Congress, 89-175L, March 1989),及Colin Gordon, The Atlantic Alliance: A Bibliography, London: Frances Printer Ltd.,1978.
③Anton W. DePorte,“NATO and detente: Cycles in History”, in Lawrence S.Kaplan, S.Victor Papacosma, Mark R. Rubin, and Ruth V. Young, eds., NATO After Forty Years, Wilimington, Del.: Scholarly Resources Inc.,1990.
④William J.Thies,“The‘Demise’of NATO: A Postmortem”, Parameters 20,2, June 1990.
⑤Joseph Lepgold, The Decline Hegemon: The United States and European Defense,1960-1990,New York: Praeger,1990.
⑥刘同舜著:《冷战、遏制和大西洋联盟:1945—1950年美国战略决策资料选编》,上海:复旦大学出版社,1993年。
①朱明权著:《欧盟共同外交和安全政策与欧美协调》,北京:文汇出版社,2002年。
②陈佩尧著:《北约:战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年。
③肖元恺著:《世界的防线:欧洲安全与国际政治》,北京:新华出版社,2001年。
④相关博士论文有朱立群:《冷战后欧洲安全结构研究》,外交学院,2001年;刘鹏辉:《1992年以来俄美在核问题和欧洲安全领域的合作与矛盾》,中国社会科学院研究生院,2000年。
⑤Robert E. Osgood, Retreat from empire? The first Nixon administration, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press , 1973.
①[美]亨利·布兰登著:《美国力量的收缩》,三联书店,1974年。
②Die ?ra Nixon-Kissinger, 1969-1974. Christian Hacke. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.
③Joan Hoff-Wilson“Nixingerism”, NATO, and Détente. Diplomatic History 13, no.4 (Fall 1989).④Herbert S. Parmet , Richard Nixon And His America, Boston: Little Brown, 1990. Tom Wicker, One of Us: Richard Nixon And The American Dream, New York: Random House, 1991. Earl Warren Oral History Project: Richard M. Nixon in the Warren ara: oral history transcript/1975, Berkeley, Calif: University of California,1980. Gregory McNamee, The Return of Richard Nixon and Other Essays, Harbingers House,1990.
⑤这里是指尼克松对欧洲政策的不同领域之间的比较。
⑥对复合相互依赖模式的理论阐述,见[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。
①Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.
②[美]斯蒂芬·沃尔特著,周丕启译:《联盟的起源》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年。
③Glenn H. Snyder, Alliance Polities, New York, Cornell University Press, 1997.
④[美]汉斯·摩根索著,卢明华等译:《国际纵横策论——争强权、求和平》,上海:上海译文出版社,1995年。[美]罗伯特·基欧汉,约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。
⑤[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹著,胡少华译:《国际政治理论》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1992年。
⑥James Morrow,“Arms Versus Allies: Trade-offs in the Search for Security”, International Organization ,Vol.47, No.2,1993.
①王玮:《全球史观和世界史研究》,《郑州大学学报》(哲学与社会科学版),2003年第1期;《世界史体系的创新和世界史学的重建》,《史学理论研究》2005年第3期。
①时殷弘著:《尼克松主义》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984年,第4页。
②U.S., Department of State, FRUS,1969-1976, ,vol.39,p4.
①威廉森·默里等编,时殷弘等译:《缔造战略:统治者、国家与战争》,北京:世界知识出版社,2004年,第629页。
②Knapp Wilfrid, A history of war and peace, 1939-1965, London: Oxford University Press,1967, p136.
①[美]约翰·斯帕尼尔著,段若石译:《第二次世界大战后的美国外交政策》,北京:商务印书馆,1992年,第52页。
②Jeffrey Porro(ed.), The Nucear Reader, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1989, p.123.
③肖元恺著:《世界的防线——欧洲安全与国际政治》,北京:新华出版社,2001年,第147页。
④John Newhouse, et al., U.S. Troops in Europe: Issues, Costs, and Choices, Washingtyon, D.C,: The Brookings Institution, 1971, p.4.
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第13页。
②[法]阿尔弗雷德·格罗塞著,刘其中等译:《战后欧美关系》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986年,第160—166页。
③Session of the North Atlantic Council(Lisbon,20-25 February 1952). http://www.ena.lu/
①NSC 162/2: A Report to the National Security Council by the Executive Secretary on Basic National Security Policy, October 30,1953,Washington. http://ftp.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-162-2.pdf
①Jeffrey Porro(ed.), The Nucear Reader, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1989, p.125.
②牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第55页。
③Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.64.
④陈佩尧著:《北约:战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年,第204页。
⑤[比利时]罗贝尔?克洛兹著,施谋仁、韵文、王正瞳译:《欧洲有没有防务?——可以改变世界面貌的四十八小时》,北京:商务印书馆,1979年,第218—225页。
①[美]戴维·霍罗威茨著:《美国冷战时期的外交政策——从雅尔塔到越南》,上海:上海人民出版社,1974年,第316页。
①Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.57.
②[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第361页。
③对麦克纳马拉原则的阐述可见William M. Kaufmann, The McNamara Strategy , New York: Harper and Row, 1964.
①朱明权主编:《二十世纪六十年代国际关系》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第371页。
②Jeffrey Porro(ed.), The Nucear Reader, New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1989, p.144.
③[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第164页。
④Macmillan Cabinet Papers,1957-1963,Online. http://www.macmillan.amdigital.co.uk
①陈佩尧著:《北约:战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年,第226页。
②牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第60页。
③[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第165页。
①陈佩尧著:《北约:战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年,第9—13页。
②[美]莫顿·卡普兰著,薄智跃译:《国际政治的系统和过程》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年,第207页。
③Denis Brogan,“The Illusion of American Omnipotence”, Harper’s Magazine 205 ( December 1952), pp.21-28.
④Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO After Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981, p.5.
⑤时殷弘编:《战略二十讲》,天津:天津人民出版社,2008年,第6页。
⑥Stanley Hoffmann,“Notes on the Elusiveness of Modern Power”, International Journal 30 (Spring 1975), p.183.
⑦时殷弘著:《尼克松主义》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984年,第4页。
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第598页。
②Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.96.
③Stanford Arms Control Group, International Arms Control: Issues and Agreements, Stanford University Press, 1984, p.220.
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第598—599页。
②[美]孔华润主编,王琛等译:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),北京:新华出版社,2004年,第422页。
③[苏]A·基尔萨诺夫著,朱泱译:《美国与西欧:第二次世界大战以后的经济关系》,北京:商务印书馆,1978年,第303—305页。
④[苏]A·基尔萨诺夫著,朱泱译:《美国与西欧:第二次世界大战以后的经济关系》,北京:商务印书馆,1978年,第124页。
①[美]孔华润主编,王琛等译:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),北京:新华出版社,2004年,第421页。
②[日]入江昭著,李静阁、颜子龙、周永生译:《二十世纪的战争与和平》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第146页。
③“Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972”, FRUS,1969-1976, Volume I.
④资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第601页。
①[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第345页。
②Samuel P. Huntington, The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics , New York: Columbia University Press, 1961, pp. 239-240.
③Bruce M. Russett, What Price Vigilance? The Burdens of National Defense, London: Yale University Press, 1970, p.24.
④Theodore C. Sorensen, Decision-Making in the White House: The Olive Branch or the Arrows, Columbia University Press, 1963, p.48.
①李庆四著:《美国国会与美国外交》,北京:人民出版社,2007年,第428页。
②Andrew J. Pierre,“Nuclear Diplomacy: Britain, France and America”, Foreign Affairs, January 1971.
③[美]约翰·加迪斯著,时殷弘、李庆四、樊吉社译:《遏制战略:战后美国国家安全政策评析》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第337页。
①Congressional Record, 92nd Cong., 1st sess.(1971),117:14397-99.
②Phil Williams, The Senate and U.S. Troops in Europe, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985, p.169.
③[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第379页。
①[英]理查德·克罗卡特著,王振西主译:《50年战争》[M]。北京:新华出版社,2003年,第336页。
②转引自[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第125页。
③Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1985, p.1.
④Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.227.
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第541页。
②[美]罗伯特·A.帕斯特编,胡利平、杨韵琴译:《世纪之旅:世界七大国百年外交风云》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第125页。
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第94—95页
②[比利时]罗贝尔?克洛兹著,施谋仁、韵文、王正瞳译:《欧洲有没有防务?——可以改变世界面貌的四十八小时》,北京:商务印书馆,1979年,第75页。
③James Chace,“The Concert of Europe”, Foreign Affairs, October 1973.
④“Memorandum for the President’s Files by the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), February 2, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.391.
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第603页。
②杨生茂主编:《美国外交政策史1775—1989》,北京:人民出版社,1991年,第549页。
③周琪主编:《意识形态与美国外交》,上海:上海人民出版社,2006年,第296页。
①Henry Kissinger,“A New National Partnership”, Washington: U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Media Services, 1975, p.1.
②[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第161页。
③David C. Hendrickson,“All the President’s Acumen: The Paradox of Nixon’s Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1998.
④Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.2.
⑤王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第7页。
⑥威廉森·默里等编,时殷弘等译:《缔造战略:统治者、国家与战争》,北京:世界知识出版社,2004年,第610页。
①Richard Nixon, First Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970's. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2835.
②[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第279页。
③刘绪贻、杨生茂主编:《美国通史》(第六卷),北京:人民出版社,2008年,第390页。
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第652页。
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第64页。
②Samuel I. Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt: 1944-45,Victory and the Threshold of Peace, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950, p. 549.
③[日]入江昭著,李静阁、颜子龙、周永生译:《二十世纪的战争与和平》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第130页。
①New York Times, August,30,1971.
②Richard Nixon, First Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970's. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2835.
①Henry A.Kissenger, American Foreign Policy, New York: W. W. Norton Company, 1977, p.51.
②[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第24页。
③[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第170页。
④[美]孔华润主编,王琛等译:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),北京:新华出版社,2004年,第406页。
①A. J. Toynbee, A Study of History, Oxford University Press, 1961, Vol.12,p.170.
②New York Times, March 6,1946.
③M.K.Bunkina, USA versus Western Europe: New Trends, Progress Publishers,1979, p.23.
④“George Washington’s Farewell Address”, in Major Problems in American Foreign Relations, Thomas G. Paterson and Dennis Merrill, vol.2, To 1920: Documents and Essays, Lexingtong, Mass.: D. C. Heath,1995, pp.76-78.
⑤[美]罗伯特·A.帕斯特编,胡利平、杨韵琴译:《世纪之旅:世界七大国百年外交风云》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第242页。
⑥[美]兹比格纽·布热津斯基著,中国国际问题研究所译:《大棋局:美国的首要地位及其地缘战略》,上海:上海世纪出版团,第47页。
①Anthony Hartley,“The Politics of Europe: Europe Between the Superpowers”, Foreign Affairs, January 1971.
②[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,1980年,第119页。
①陈乐民著:《战后西欧国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第300页。
②[美]斯坦利·L.恩格尔曼、罗伯特·E.高尔曼主编,高德步等译:《剑桥美国经济史(第三卷):二十世纪》,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2008,第364—365页。
③王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第88页。
④[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第43页。
①Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.84.
②James Chace,“The Concert of Europe”, Foreign Affairs, October 1973.
③《尼克松1973年对外政策报告》,上海人民出版社,1973年,第129页。
④牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第214页。
①朱晓中著:《中东欧与欧洲一体化》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第42—43页。
②Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.20.
③New York Times, June 15, 1970.
④[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第173页。
①Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.21.
②Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership: Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, p.204.
③[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第59页。
①Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.23.
②[美]肯尼思·沃尔兹著,胡少华等译:《国际政治理论》,北京:中国人民公安大学出版社,1992年,第200页。
①Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership: Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, pp.9-10.
②Address given by Henry A. Kissinger (New York, 23 April 1973) www.ena.lu/address_given_henry_kissinger_new_york_23_april_1973-020003978.html
③C. L. Sulzberger, The World and Richard Nixon, Prentice Hall Press, New York, 1987, p.211.
④[英]乔治·哈钦森著,复旦大学资本主义国家经济研究所编译组组译:《爱德华·希思》,上海:上海人民出版社,1973年,第168页。
⑤Declaration on Atlantic Relations,1974 from Elmer Plischke ed., Contemporary U.S. Foreign Policy Documents and Commentary, Greenwood Press New York,1991,pp.433-434.
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第549页。
②Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.86.
③[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第539页。
④Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership: Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, p.137.
①[美]约翰·鲁杰主编,苏长和等译:《多边主义》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2003年,第266页。
②Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO after Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981, p.6.
③[美]约翰·鲁杰主编,苏长和等译:《多边主义》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2003年,第270页。
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第553页。
①[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第66—67页。
②Remarks to the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, 24 February1969, Public Papers of the Presidents (1969), p.106.
③[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第158页。
④James Chace and Earl C. Ravenel, Atlantis Lost: U.S.-European Relations after the Cold War, New York: New York University Press, 1976, p.52.
⑤Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO after Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981, p.9.
①Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, pp.105-106.
②U.S., Department of State, FRUS,1969-1976, ,vol.39,p4.
③[美]保罗·肯尼迪编,时殷弘、李庆四译:《战争与和平的大战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第170页。
①The Future Tasks of the Alliance: Report of the Council -"The Harmel Report". http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_26700.htm?selectedLocale=en
②Stephen R. Graubard, Kissenger: Portrait of a Mind, New York: Norton Company, 1973, pp.180-184.
③[美]汉森?W.鲍德温著,复旦大学国际政治系编译组译:《明天的战略》,上海:上海人民出版社,1974年,第176页。
④Paul Cornish, Partnership in Crisis: The U.S., Europe and the Fall and Rise of NATO, London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1997, p.18.
⑤Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p319.
①周丕启著:《合法性与大战略——北约体系内美国的霸权护持》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第166页。
②周丕启著:《合法性与大战略——北约体系内美国的霸权护持》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第153页。
③Robert S. Jordan, ed., Political Leadership in NATO: A Study in Multinational Diplomacy, Boulder: Westview Press, 1979, p.256.
①Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.83.
②[美]理查德·里夫斯著,蒋影译:《孤独的白宫岁月》,北京:经济日报出版社,2004年,第348页。
①Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.325.
②转引自王仲春著:《核武器·核国家·核战略》,北京:时事出版社,2007年,第500页。
③Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.323.
④Washington Post, 6/24/74.
⑤Stephen W. Walt, The Origins of Alliance, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1987, p.225.
⑥[苏]A?基尔萨诺夫著,朱泱译:《美国与西欧:第二次世界大战以后的经济关系》,北京:商务印书馆,1978年,第275页。
①Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, pp.323-324.
②[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第62页。
①Richard M. Nixon, United States Foreign Policy for the 1970s: A New Strategy for Peace, Washingtong,D.C.:1970,pp.28-31.
②普洛居斯特为传说中的古希腊强盗,开黑店,他使旅客睡在铁床上,比床长者,截去其过长部分,比床短者,强拉其躯体,使与床长短相齐。
③[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第383页。
④World Military Expenditure, Washington D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1971, p.18.
①[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第243页。
②[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第64页。
③John Newhouse, U.S. Troops in Europe, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1971, p.2.
①Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, pp.86-87.
②NATO Basic Documents, Brussels: NATO Information Service, 1981.pp.98-100.
③“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.48-59.
④“Memorandum for the Record, July 7,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.314.
①“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.92.
②时殷弘编:《战略二十讲》,天津:天津人民出版社,2008年,第339页。
③[美]莫顿·卡普兰著,薄智跃译:《国际政治的系统和过程》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年,第283页。
④转引自[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第111页。
①Richard Nixon, First Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970's. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2835.
②资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第673页。
③Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.165.
④“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, January 28,1970”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.45.
⑤[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第521页。
①“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.53-54.
②转引自王仲春著:《核武器·核国家·核战略》,北京:时事出版社,2007年,第100页。
③“Memorandum of Conversation, March 5,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.402.
④Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.96.
⑤Col Alan J. Parringtong , Mutually Assured Destruction Revisited:Strategic Doctrine in Question, Airpower Journal, winter 1997. http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj97/win97/parrin.html
①王仲春著:《核武器·核国家·核战略》,北京:时事出版社,2007年,第144—145页。
②Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.86.
③“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.94.
④Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.58.
①“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.93.
②[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第10页。
③[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第252页。
④“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.91.
⑤时殷弘著:《国际政治与国家方略》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第114页。
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第505—515页。
②Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.254.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, April 19,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.436.
④Henry A. Kissenger, The Troubled Partnership Relations: A Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: Magloo&Cell Company, 1965.
⑤“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, January 28,1970”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.46.
①陈乐民著:《战后西欧国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第303页。
②Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.85.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, September 30,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.82.
④Declaration on Atlantic Relations,1974 from Elmer Plischke ed., Contemporary U.S. Foreign Policy Documents and Commentary, Greenwood Press New York,1991,pp.433-434.
⑤Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.323.
⑥[美]保罗·肯尼迪编,时殷弘、李庆四译:《战争与和平的大战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第170页。
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第505—506页。
②“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.91.
③Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.107.
④Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.88.
⑤“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.91.
①“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, December 1,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.242.
②“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, December 1,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.242.
③“Conversation Between President Nixon and West German Chancellor Brandt, June 15,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.154-155.
④[美]保罗·肯尼迪编,时殷弘、李庆四译:《战争与和平的大战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第180页。
⑤“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.93.
①刘金质著:《冷战史》(中),北京:世界知识出版社,年,第584页。
②[美]亨利·基辛格著:《动乱年代——基辛格回忆录》(第3册),北京:世界知识出版社,1983年,第170页。
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.251.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, December 13,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.249.
①“SALT and Detente,”USNATO 0130 to SecState, Washington, January 13, 1969(confidential, 2 pages, declassified February 1, 1996).
②转引自王晓德著:《美国文化与外交》,北京:世界知识出版社,2000年,第367页。
③[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第173页。
①[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第178—181页。
②王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1995年,第48—49页。
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.278-279.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, May 24,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.287.
①关于SALTI的研究可参见Jonh Newhouse, Cold Dawn: The Story of SALT(Holt, Rindhart&Winston, 1973); Gerard Smith, Double Talk: The Story of SALTI (Doubleday,1980); Raymond L.Garthoff, Detnte and Confrontation, 2nd ed.(Brookings,1994).
②“Memorandum of Conversation, December 13,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.249.
③Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.65.
④[美]伯纳德·布罗迪等著,于永安、郭莹译:《绝对武器》,北京:解放军出版社,2004年,第3页。
⑤牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第178页。
①Richard Nixon, First Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970's. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2835.
②“SALT and Detente,”USNATO 0130 to SecState, Washington, January 13, 1969(confidential, 2 pages, declassified February 1, 1996).
③[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第237页。
④[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第329页。
⑤David C. Hendrickson,“All the President’s Acumen: The Paradox of Nixon’s Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1998.
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第182—183页。
②“SALT and Detente,”USNATO 0130 to SecState, Washington, January 13,1969,p.2 (confidential, declassified February 1, 1996).
①[美]罗伯特·A.帕斯特编,胡利平、杨韵琴译:《世纪之旅:世界七大国百年外交风云》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第98页。
②Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.139.
③[法]阿尔弗雷德·格罗塞著,刘其中等译:《战后欧美关系》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986年,第202页。
④Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.17.
⑤[美]兹比格纽·布热津斯基著,中国国际问题研究所译:《大棋局:美国的首要地位及其地缘战略》,上海:上海世纪出版团,第51页。
⑥Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.22.
①Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),p.19.
②Karl E. Birnbaum, East and West Germany: A Modus Vivendi, Saxon House, Lexington Books, 1973, p.9.
③[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第95页。
④[美]哈里·杜鲁门著,李石译:《杜鲁门回忆录》(第二卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1964年,第300—301页。
⑤[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第712页。
⑥Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership: Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, p.215.
⑦[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第529页。
①[法]安德烈·方丹著,康新文等译:《同床异梦——纷纭世事二十年(1962—1981)》,北京:新华出版社,1986年,第204页。
②Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.129.
③[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第712页。
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第529页。
①“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, December 5,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.107.
②资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第671页。
③朱明权主编:《二十世纪六十年代国际关系》,上海:上海人民出版社,2001年,第729页。
④Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, pp.320-321.
①[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第90页。
②“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.234.
③NATO Basic Documents, Brussels: NATO Information Service, 1981.pp.98-100.
①Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.65.
②“Memorandum for the President’s Files bu the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), February 2,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.392.
③Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.65.
④National Security Decision Memorandum 134.National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 364, Subject Files, National Security Decision Memoranda, Nos.97-144.
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第532页。
②雷蒙德·加特霍夫:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,新华出版社,2003年版,第211—212页。
③U.S. Dept. of State,The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe: Public Statements and Documents, 1954-1986, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian, 1986.p.16.
④转引自[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第125页。
⑤“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.255.
①“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, April 4, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.3-5.
②“Memorandum of Conversation, April 4, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.1-3.
③“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, November 20,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.25-30.
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第732页。
①转引自[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第128页。
②“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.228.
③[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第127页。
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.335.
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第245页。
②“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, April 4, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.5.
③“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.219.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, July 4, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.7.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant forNational Security Affairs (Kissinger), October 2, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.8.
①“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.19.
②“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.228.
③“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, December 3, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.31-33.
④转引自[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第733页。
①NATO Basic Documents, Brussels: NATO Information Service, 1981.pp.98-100.
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.255.
③陈乐民:《战后西欧国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第325页。
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, April 8, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.6.
①“National Security Decision Memorandum 108”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.143.
②“Memorandum for the President’s File by the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), September 29, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.197-198.
③“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, May 14,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.120.
④“Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, August 21,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.324-326.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.336.
⑥[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第171页。
①National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Institutional Files, Box H-063,SRG Meeting, European Security Conference 11/23/71.
②“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.215-216.
①“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.217-218.
②“Memorandum for the President’s Files bu the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), February 2,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.391.
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.17.
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第536页。
①“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, October 31,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.22.
②“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, October 31,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.21-25.
③“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, January 28,1970”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.47.
④“Draft Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 30,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.206.
⑤“Editorial Note”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.35-36.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, October 22,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.86.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), January 8, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.40.
③“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, January 28,1970”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.46.
④Henry A. Kissinger, The Troubled Partnership: Reappraisal of the Atlantic Alliance, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965, pp.9-10.
⑤“Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Ellsworth) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger), May 29,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.65.
①“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.229.
②“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.232.
③“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.221.
④“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.230.
⑤“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.220.
⑥[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第533页。
⑦“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 21, 1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.280.
⑧“Memorandum of Conversation, May 6,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.454.
⑨Andrew J. Pierre,“The Bonn-Moscow Treaty of 1970: Milestone or Mirage?”, Russian Review, Vol. 30, No.1(Jan.,1971),pp.17-26.
①National Security Decision Memorandum 162.National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials,NSC Files, Box 482,President’s Trip Files, MBFR-CSCE Backup Book,Part 1.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.52.
③“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, November 20,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.28..
④“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.220.
⑤[美]理查德·里夫斯著,蒋影译:《孤独的白宫岁月》,北京:经济日报出版社,2004年,第220页
⑥“Paper Prepared by the National Security Coucil Staff , undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.83-84.
①“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.337.
②“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.214.
③“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.214.
④“SALT and Detente,”USNATO 0130 to SecState, Washington, January 13, 1969(confidential, 2 pages, declassified February 1, 1996).
⑤“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, January 28,1970”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.46-47.
⑥“National Security Study Memorandum, October 2,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.215.
⑦“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.338.
①“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, May 14,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.123.
②“Memorandum of Conversation, February 21,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.398.
③FRUS,1969-1976,Vol.39,p.1.
④[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第243—244页。
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第535页。
②[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第232页。
③“Memorandum of Conversation, June 10,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.68.
④“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.71.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, July 20,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.73-75.
②“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, November 19,1970”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.96.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, October 22,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.85.
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, January 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.109.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 24, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.111.
⑥“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, March 29,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.113.
①“Editorial Note”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.324.
②[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第533页。
③“Memorandum of Conversation, October 22,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.85-87.
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 21, 1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.280-281.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, May 24,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.294.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, September 12,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.340-341.
②[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。第12页。
③“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 20, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.62.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, December 13,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.247.
⑤“Memorandum for the Record, July 7,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.311-314.
⑥“Backchannel Message From the Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Ellsworth) to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger), May 29,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.65.
⑦“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, November 19,1970”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.97.
①“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, May 14,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.119.
②Roger Hilsman, To Move A Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy, New York: Delta, 1964, p.553.
③[美]莫顿·卡普兰著,薄智跃译:《国际政治的系统和过程》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年,第139页。
④“Memorandum for the President’s File by the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), September 29, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.198.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), January 13, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.372.
⑥“Editorial Note”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.64.
⑦“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.63.
⑧“Paper Prepared by the National Security Coucil Staff , undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.83.
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第233—234页。
②资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第673页。
③“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon,December 20,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.370-372.
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), April 10, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.411.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, May 6,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.457-459.
②“Memorandum of Conversation, May 6,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.460.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, May 12,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.467.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, May 17,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.470.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, June 4,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.482.
①“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.498-499.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.58.
③“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.500.
④“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.500.
⑤“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, July 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.511.
⑥“Backchannel Message From the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft)to Secreatry of State Kissenger in Jerusalem,May 6,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.618.
⑦Anatol Rapoport, The Big Two: Soviet-American Perceptions of Foreign Policy, Indianapolis, 1971, p.91.
①[美]莫顿·卡普兰著,薄智跃译:《国际政治的系统和过程》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年,第300页。
②“Memorandum of Conversation, Febreary 4,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.548.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, Febreary 4,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.548.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, October 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.523.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, October 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.523.
⑥“Memorandum of Conversation, October 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.524.
⑦“Backchannel Message From the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Scowcroft)to Secreatry of State Kissenger in Jerusalem,May 6,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.617.
①“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.499.
②“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, June 28,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.499.
③“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, July 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.510.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, Febreary 4,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.547.
⑤“Minutes of Secretary of State Kissenger’s Staff Meeting, October 29,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.526-528.
①“Editoral Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.529-531.
②“Telegram From the Mission in Geneva to the Department of State, November 23,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.532.
③“Briefing Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for European Affairs(Hartman) to Secretary of State Kissinger, February 16,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.551.
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.485.
⑤“Editoral Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.491.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, June 20,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.492-494.
②“Editoral Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.495.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, March 25,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.577-579.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, March 26,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.592.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, March 25,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.582.
⑥“Memorandum of Conversation, June 30,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.504.
⑦“Memorandum of Conversation, October 10,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.524.
①王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第90—91页。
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), October 22, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.16.
③“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, October 31,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.24.
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.58.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, July 12,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.513.
①[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第130页。
②“Telegram From Secretary of State Rogers to the Department of State, July 8,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.508.
③“Telegram From Secretary of State Rogers to the Department of State, July 8,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.508.
④[美]孔华润主编,王琛等译:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),北京:新华出版社,2004年,第429页。
①[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第130页。
②朱晓中著:《中东欧与欧洲一体化》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2002年,第43页。
③《简明帕氏新经济学辞典》,北京:中国经济出版社,1991年,第654页。
④David C. Hendrickson,“All the President’s Acumen: The Paradox of Nixon’s Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1998.
⑤[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第735页。
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第247页。
②[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第734页。
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第247亿页。
②[日]入江昭著,李静阁、颜子龙、周永生译:《二十世纪的战争与和平》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第151—152页。
①Fred C. Iklé, How Nations Negotiate, New York: Harper & Row, 1964.
②Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, p.210.
①[日]入江昭著,李静阁、颜子龙、周永生译:《二十世纪的战争与和平》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第127页。
②陈佩尧著:《北约:战略与态势》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1989年,第384—385页。
③Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO After Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981, pp.219-220.
①Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO After Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1981, p.14..
②NATO Basic Documents, Brussels: NATO Information Service, 1981.pp.98-100.
③王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第84页。
①Lawrence S. Kaplan and Robert W. Clawson, NATO After Thirty Years, Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc.,1981, p.227.
②“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.195.
③牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第179页。
④“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, December 1,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.243.
①“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, November 19,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.89.
①Washington Post, 6/24/74.
②“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.130.
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第601页。
②“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, December 1,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.237.
③[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第383页。
①[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第243页。
②“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.130-131.
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.253.
④New York Times, 12/2/73.
⑤[英]乔治·哈钦森著,复旦大学资本主义国家经济研究所编译组组译:《爱德华·希思》,上海:上海人民出版社,1973年,第175页。
⑥Henry A. Kissinger, Nuclear Weapons and Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1957, p.120.
⑦Henry A. Kissinger ,The Necessity for Choice: Prospects of American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961, pp.210-213.
⑧“National Security Study Memorandum 92”, National Archives,Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 259,Agency Files, NATO, Vol. VIII.
⑨“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.100.
①“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), October 22, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.15.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.50.
③“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.75-77.
④“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.90-91.
⑤“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.43.
⑥“Conversation Among President Nixon, Secretary of Defense Laird, and the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 19,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.137-138.
⑦“National Security Decision Memorandum 108”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.142.
①“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.77.
②“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, December 3, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.32.
③“Memorandum From Secretary of Defense Laird to President Nixon, November 9, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.225.
④“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, December 1,1971”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.238.
⑤“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, July 28, 1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.317.
⑥“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.94.
⑦“Notes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, June 17,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.170.
①“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), November 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.97.
②“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.104.
③“Conversation Between President Nixon and West German Chancellor Brandt, June 15,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.153.
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.63.
⑤“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.149.
⑥[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第145—146页。
⑦“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.181.
⑧“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.149.
①“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.175-176.
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.427.
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.19.
④“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.187.
⑤“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.17.
⑥“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.91.
⑦“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.94-95.
①“Memorandum From K. Wayne Smith and Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 21, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.140-141.
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.149.
③“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.103.
④“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.149.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, September 30,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.81.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, September 30,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.81-82.
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.251-252.
③“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.104.
①资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第673页。
②“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 15, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.124.
③“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 15, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.125.
④“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.129.
⑤“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.127-128.
⑥“Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, July 28,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.179-180.
①[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第136页。
②“Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs(Kissinger)and the Soviet Ambassador(Dobrynin),August 22,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.327-329.
③“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 21, 1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.281.
④王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第85页。
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), October 2, 1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.12-13.
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第232页。
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 24, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.111.
③“National Security Decision Memorandum 108”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.142.
④“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, May 14,1971”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.122.
⑤“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.109.
①“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.69.
②“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, July 28,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.315.
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.250.
④“Memorandum of Conversation”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.37-39.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), April 22, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.115.
①“Memorandum of Conversation, July 20,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.73-75.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), November 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.96.
③“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 26, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.144.
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.62.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 20, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.95.
⑥“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), April 22, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.115.
①“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.127.
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.182.
③“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs (Haig), October 21, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.211.
④“Conversation Among President Nixon, Secretary of Defense Laird, and the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 19,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.134-136.
⑤“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Committee Meeting, March 29,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.265-267.
①“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Committee Meeting, March 29,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.263.
②“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, July 28,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.314.
③National Security Decision Memorandum 162.National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 482,President’s Trip Files, MBFR-CSCE Backup Book, Part 1. FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.271.
④“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.272.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.276.
⑥“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), January 17, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.378.
⑦“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.383.
⑧“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.495.
①“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, December 1,1971”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.241.
②“Conversation Between President Nixon and West German Chancellor Brandt, June 15,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.155.
③“Minutes of a Joint Verification Panel and Senior Review Group Meeting, September 20,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.346-347.
④“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.383.
⑤“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.386.
⑥“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, July 28,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.315.
⑦“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.486.
①“Memorandum of Conversation”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.38.
②“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.92.
③“National Security Decision Memorandum 142,”National Archives, Nixon President Materials, NSC Files, Box 364,Subject Files, National Security Decision Memoranda(NSDM’s), Nos.97-144.
④[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第137页。
⑤“Memorandum for the Record, June 2,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.148.
⑥“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.90.
⑦“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.79.
①“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, May 26, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.144.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.48-59.
③“Minutes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, November 19,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.90.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, June 30,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.503.
⑤“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissenger) to President Nixon, undated,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.234.
①“National Security Decision Memorandum, June 28,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.177.
②“Minutes of a Joint Verification Panel and Senior Review Group Meeting, September 20,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.351.
③王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第85页。
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.56.
⑤“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.195.
⑥http://www.ena.lu/rapacki_plan_warsaw_14_february_1958-020006641.html.
⑦“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.160.
⑧“Draft Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 30,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.204.
①“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.160.
②“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.161.
③“Telegram From the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, July 28,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.179.
④“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), February 20, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.394-396.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant forNational Security Affairs (Kissinger), February 20, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.394.
①[法]巴特里克—瓦日芒著,丁世中等译:《缓和的幻想》,北京:商务印书馆,1980年,第139页。
②“Memorandum of Conversation, June 30,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.502.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, April 19,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.434.
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.164.
⑤“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.157.
⑥“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.163.
⑦“Memorandum of Conversation, June 17,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.167.
⑧“Memorandum of Conversation, June 17,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.168.
①“Notes of a National Security Coucil Meeting, June 17,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.172.
②“Memorandum of Conversation, March 26,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.602.
③“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.77.
④“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,July 28,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.316.
⑤“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.100.
⑥“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.101.
⑦“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.78.
⑧“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, November 19,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.88.
⑨“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, November 19,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.89.
⑩“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.159.
①王绳祖主编:《国际关系史》(第十卷),北京:世界知识出版社,1996年,第86页。
②“Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, December 1,1971”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.237-238.
③“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.56.
④“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.157.
⑤“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.56-57.
⑥“Minutes of a Senior Review Group Meeting, November 23,1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.102.
⑦“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.163.
①“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.161-162.
②“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.190.
③“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.190.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, March 22,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.571.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, March 20,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.403.
⑥“Telegram From the Department of State to the Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization,July 28,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.314-317.
⑦“Minutes of a Joint Verification Panel and Senior Review Group Meeting, September 20,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.349-350.
⑧“Memorandum of Conversation, March 26,1974,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.600.
①National Archives, Nixon Presidential Materials, NSC Files, Box 284, Agency Files, Department of State, Vol.VII.
②“Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in the Soviet Union, June 17,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.166.
③“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.472.
④“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.250.
⑤“Memorandum of Conversation, March 18,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.558.
⑥“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), March 25, 1970,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.57.
⑦刘金质著:《冷战史》(中),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年,第868页。
⑧“Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon, June 16, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.163.
①“Minutes of a Joint Verification Panel and Senior Review Group Meeting, September 20,1972,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.353-355.
②“Memorandum From Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), January 17, 1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.379.
③资中筠主编:《战后美国外交史》(下),北京:世界知识出版社,1994年,第674页。
①“Memorandum From K. Wayne Smith and Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 21, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.139.
②Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.85.
③[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第413页。
④“Minutes of a Combined Senior Review Group and Verification Panel Meeting, August 31,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.77.
①刘金质著:《冷战史》(中),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年,第1022页。
②“Editorial Note,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.469.
③“Memorandum of Conversation, March 5,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.404.
④“Memorandum of Conversation, March 5,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.405.
⑤“Memorandum From K. Wayne Smith and Helmut Sonnenfeldt of the National Security Coucil Staff to the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), May 21, 1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.139.
⑥王晓德著:《美国文化与外交》,北京:世界知识出版社,2000年,第315页。
①“Memorandum of Conversation, March 5,1973,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.403.
②[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第152页。
①牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第175—178页。
②[美]伯纳德·布罗迪等著,于永安、郭莹译:《绝对武器》,北京:解放军出版社,2004年,第12页。
①[法]蒂埃里·德·蒙布里亚尔著,庄晨燕译:《行动与世界体系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年,第288页。
①[美]保罗·肯尼迪编,时殷弘、李庆四译:《战争与和平的大战略》,北京:世界知识出版社,2005年,第176页。
②“Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972”, FRUS,1969-1976, Volume I.
③Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p3.
④刘金质著:《冷战史》(中),北京:世界知识出版社,2003年,第1017页。
⑤时殷弘著:《国际政治与国家方略》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第119页。
⑥Fran?ois Duchêne,“A New European Defense Community”, Foreign Affairs, October 1971.
①Raymond L. Garthoff, Detente and Confrontation: American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan, Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1985, p.1.
②Richard Nixon, First Annual Report to the Congress on United States Foreign Policy for the 1970's. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=2835.
③牛军主编:《冷战时期的美苏关系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2006年,第95页
④转引自[美]沃伦·纳特著,齐沛合译:《基辛格的总构想》,北京:商务印书馆,1976年,第128页。
①[美]孔华润主编,王琛等译:《剑桥美国对外关系史》(第四卷),北京:新华出版社,2004年,第420页。
②David C. Hendrickson,“All the President’s Acumen: The Paradox of Nixon’s Foreign Policy”, Foreign Affairs, May/June 1998.
③James Chace, A World Elsewhere: The New American Foreign Policy, New York, 1973, p.86.
④Charles W. Kegley, Jr., Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and Neoliberal Challenge, New York, 1995, p.341.
①“Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972”, FRUS,1969-1976, Volume I.
①Declaration on Atlantic Relations,1974 from Elmer Plischke ed., Contemporary U.S. Foreign Policy Documents and Commentary, Greenwood Press New York,1991,pp.433-434.
②“Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972”, FRUS,1969-1976, Volume I.
③“National Security Decision Memorandum 108”, FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.143.
①Fran?ois Duchêne,“A New European Defense Community”, Foreign Affairs, October 1971.
②何婷婷:《欧安会的缘起及其对冷战格局的影响》,载《历史教学问题》,2006年第3期。
③“Foundations of Foreign Policy, 1969-1972”, FRUS,1969-1976, Volume I.
①Franz Schurrmann, The Foreign Politics of Richard Nixon, Regent of the University of California, 1987, p.321.
②NSSM 83, U.S. Approach to Current Issues of European Security, November 21, 1969. http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nssm/nssm_083.pdf
①“Memorandum From Secretary of State Rogers to President Nixon, October 31,1969,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, pp.21-25.
②[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第281页。
③[美]亨利·基辛格著,陈瑶华等译:《白宫岁月》(第一册),北京:世界知识出版社,2002年,第163页。
①NSDM 142, Presidential Guidance on Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions and a European Conference December 2, 1971. http://nixon.archives.gov/virtuallibrary/documents/nsdm/nsdm_142.pdf
②Margaret G. , Charles F. Hermann,“Who Makes Foreign Policy Decisions and How: An Empirical Inquiry,”International Studies Quarterly, Vol.33, No.4(1998), p.384.
①[美]亨利·基辛格著,顾淑馨、林添贵译:《大外交》,海口:海南出版社,1998年,第716—717页。
②[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第178页。
③Edward J. Laurance,“The Changing Role of Congress in Defense Policy-Making”, The Journal of Conflict, Vol.20, No.2(Jun.,1976), Sage Publications,Inc., pp.246-247.
④James M. Lindsay, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1994, p.21.
⑤李庆四著:《美国国会与美国外交》,北京:人民出版社,2007年,第405页。
①Congressional Record, 92nd Cong., 1st sess.(1971),117:14397-99.
②“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.132.
③“Conversation Among President Nixon, the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), Secretary of Defense Laird, Acting Secretary of State Johnson, and the Republican Congressional Leadership, May 18,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.130.
④Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.90.
①“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.188.
②[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第220页。
③陈乐民著:《战后西欧国际关系》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1987年,第300页。
④[法]阿尔弗雷德·格罗塞著,刘其中等译:《战后欧美关系》,上海:上海译文出版社,1986年,第332页。
⑤Andrew J. Pierre,“Can Europe’s Security Be‘Decopled’from America?”, Foreign Affairs, July 1973.
①EL Morse,“The Year of Europe?”, Foreign Affairs, January 1974.
②叶江著:《解读美欧:欧洲一体化进程中的美欧关系》,上海:上海三联书店,1999年,第135页。
①[美]雷蒙德·加特霍夫著,伍牛、王薇译:《冷战史——遏制与共存备忘录》,北京:新华出版社,2003年,第393页。
②Warren I. Cohen,“Chinese Lessons: Nixon, Mao, and the Course of U.S.-Chinese Relations”, Foreign Affairs, March/April 2007.
③时殷弘编:《战略二十讲》,天津:天津人民出版社,2008年,第316页。
①Andrew J. Pierre,“Can Europe’s Security Be‘Decopled’from America?”, Foreign Affairs, July 1973.
②赵璐:《“欧洲年”与尼克松政府的西欧政策》,《山东师范大学学报(人文社科版)》,2009年第6期。
①“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.188.
②“Minutes of a Verification Panel Meeting, September 21,1971,”FRUS, 1969-1976, Vol.39, p.191.
③Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance: The United States and European Security,1950-1993, Greenwood Press,1994, p.85.
④对复合相互依赖模式的理论阐述,见[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。
①[美]罗伯特·基欧汉、约瑟夫·奈著,门洪华译:《权力与相互依赖(第3版)》,北京:北京大学出版社,2002年。第9页。
②Thomas Schelling, The Strategy of Conflict, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960, pp.5-12.
③[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第400页。
①具体论述参见赵璐:《“欧洲年”与尼克松政府的西欧政策》,《山东师范大学学报》(人文社会科学版),2009年第6期,第61—64页。
②[日]星野昭吉著刘小林、梁云祥译:《全球化时代的世界政治——世界政治的行为主体与结构》,北京:社会科学文献出版社,2004年,第328页。
③Youngs, Gillian, International Relations in a Global Age: A Conceptual Challenge, Cambridge: Policy Press, 1999,pp.24-33.
④[法]蒂埃里·德·蒙布里亚尔著,庄晨燕译:《行动与世界体系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年,第244页。
⑤Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq,巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国军政府总统(1978年9月16日至1988年8月17日)。1977年7月5日突然发动军事政变,推翻阿里·布托政府,自任军事管制首席执行官和军事委员会主席。1978年9月,在前任总统法兹尔·伊拉希·乔德里任满后,接任总统,并于1979年不顾国际社会的强烈反对,将阿里·布托以谋杀未遂的罪名处死。1977年,齐亚·哈克实行军法管制,部分暂停实行宪法。1985年通过了宪法第8修正案,授予总统解散国民议会和联邦内阁、任免军队首脑和法官的权力。
①Eric Black, Rethinking the Cold War, Minneapolis: Paradigm Press, 1988, p.101.
②Alexander Wendt,“Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization,Vol.46,No.2,Spring ,1992, pp.400-401.
③Alexander Wendt,“Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics”, International Organization,Vol.46,No.2,Spring ,1992, p.392.
④[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译:《观念与外交政策——信念、制度与政治变迁》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第5—6页。
⑤Leo Gross,“The Peace of Westphalia,1648-1948”, American Journal of International Law 42(1948),pp.20-41; John Gerard Ruggie,“Continuity and Transformation in the World Policy: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis”, World Politics 35, No.2(1983),pp.261-285.
⑥[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译:《观念与外交政策——信念、制度与政治变迁》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第13页。
①[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译:《观念与外交政策——信念、制度与政治变迁》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第18页。
②[法]蒂埃里·德·蒙布里亚尔著,庄晨燕译:《行动与世界体系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年,第216—217页。
①[美]戈登·克雷格、亚历山大·乔治著,时殷弘、周桂银、石斌译:《武力与治国方略——我们时代的外交问题》,北京:商务印书馆,2004年,第222页。
②George Liska, Nations in Alliance: The Limits of Interdependence, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1969, p.62.
③Robert Kagan ,“America’s Crisis of Legitimacy”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.83, No.2, March/April, 2004, p.68.
④时殷弘著:《尼克松主义》,武汉:武汉大学出版社,1984年,第90页。
①Paul Buteux, The Politics of Nuclear Consultation in NATO, 1965-1980, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, p.186.
②陈乐民,周弘著:《欧洲文明的进程》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2003年,第402—403页。
①Ronald E. Powaski, The Entangling Alliance:The United States and European Security, 1950-1993, London: Greenwood Press,1994, p.1.
①[法]蒂埃里·德·蒙布里亚尔著,庄晨燕译:《行动与世界体系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年,第216页。
②王玮:《“全球史观”和世界史研究》,《郑州大学学报》(哲学社会科学版),2003年1月,第32—34页。
③Buzan, Barry,“Change and Insecurity Policy”, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol.20,No.3(1999).pp.6-7.
④王晓德著:《美国文化与外交》,北京:世界知识出版社,2000年,第558—559页。
⑤[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第12页。
⑥[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第8页。
①Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton University Press ,1984,p.246.
②Barkin, J. Samuel and George E. Shambaugh, edc., Anarchy and the Environment: The International Relations of Common Pool Resources, New York: State University of New York Press, 1999,pp.157-178.
③[美]伯纳德·布罗迪等著,于永安、郭莹译:《绝对武器》,北京:解放军出版社,2004年,第14页。
④[美]亨利·欧文主编,齐沛合译:《七十年代的美国对外政策》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1975年,第428页。
①王晓德著:《美国文化与外交》,北京:世界知识出版社,2000年,第323页。
②Roger Hilsman, To Move A Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy, New York: Delta, 1964, p.552.
③Robert A. Dahl, Pluralist Democracy in the United States: Conflict and Consent, New Haven : Yale University Press, 1968, p.298.
④[美]亨利·基辛格著,《美国对外政策》,上海:上海人民出版社,1972年,第72—73页。
①Lundstad, Geir, The American“Empire”and other Studies of US Foreign Policy in a Comparative Perspective, Oxford University Press, 1990, p.11.
②[法]蒂埃里·德·蒙布里亚尔著,庄晨燕译:《行动与世界体系》,北京:北京大学出版社,2007年,第200页。
③[美]约翰·鲁杰主编,苏长和等译:《多边主义》,杭州:浙江人民出版社,2003年,第3—4页。
④[美]朱迪斯·戈尔茨坦、罗伯特·O.基欧汉编,刘东国、于军译:《观念与外交政策——信念、制度与政治变迁》,北京:北京大学出版社,2005年,第18页。
①[美]安德鲁·莫劳夫奇克著,赵晨、陈志瑞译:《欧洲的抉择——社会目标和政府权力:从墨西拿到马斯特里赫特》(上卷),北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008年,第2—3页。
①[美]斯塔夫里阿诺斯著,吴象婴、梁赤民译:《全球通史——1500年以前的历史》,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,1999年,第48页。
①[美]保罗·肯尼迪著,王保存、陈景彪、王章辉、马殿君等译:《大国的兴衰——1500—2000年的经济变迁与军事冲突》,北京:求实出版社,1988年,第654页。
②M.K.Bunkina, USA versus Western Europe: New Trends, Mosow, 1979, p.23.
①Roger Hilsman, To Move A Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy, New York: Delta, 1964, p.544.
②李庆四著:《美国国会与美国外交》,北京:人民出版社,2007年,第441—442页。