北京典型山地森林生态脆弱性的研究
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摘要
生态脆弱性是当前全球变化与可持续发展研究中的热点问题,森林生态系统的恢复和重建已引起社会各界的广泛关注和高度重视。山地森林是首都和华北地区重要的生态屏障,脆弱的森林及生态环境已经危及到首都的生态安全,并逐渐成为社会发展的主要限制性因子,进行山地森林生态脆弱性评价与研究,对首都社会经济可持续发展等方面具有重要的战略意义。本文选择北京市典型山地森林生态系统作为研究对象,以野外调查和社区调查为主要数据源,系统研究了研究区典型山地森林基于背景环境、现实的及潜在脆弱性,得出以下结论：
(1)北京山地森林的脆弱性是先天的基底性脆弱和后天的发展性脆弱相互叠加的结果。山地森林生态脆弱性现状是：水土流失加剧、土壤贫瘠、侵蚀增加,原生林面积减少,次生林恢复缓慢,植被退化明显、生态功能日趋下降,河流、水库年径流量减少,水文变化加剧。山地森林生态脆弱性驱动因子是以气候条件、地质地貌以及土壤状况等背景环境的脆弱性,森林内部的结构功能脆弱性及人为干扰影响而产生的干扰脆弱性交织作用的结果,并分析了北京山地森林生态脆弱性的驱动因子。
(2)通过对山地森林脆弱性驱动因子分析,调查不同森林群落物种组成、径级分布、树高分布等特征,不同山地森林群落植物种类组成差异较大,相同的林分类型因受林分起源、森林环境、自然及人为干扰等脆弱性因子影响,群落植物种类组成存在较大差异,鹫峰地区落叶松林林分密度最大,2275株/hm2,百花山地区侧柏林林分密度最小为850株/hm2；林分总断面积受林分类型、林龄、立地条件、干扰等脆弱性因子影响,差异明显,百花山地区油松林林分总断面积最大,为38.84m2/hm2,侧柏林林分总断面积最小,为13.61m2/hm2；不同森林群落类型径级和树高分布具有明显的规律性,多与微立地条件或干扰强度剧烈程度有关,径级结构主要有近似的倒“J”形分布、正态分布和多峰或单峰山状等分布类型,森林树高则以正态分布、近似的正态分布、单峰或多峰曲线分布为主。
(3)遵循整体性、目的性、主导性、相关性和动态性等原则,从森林群落尺度上,分别基于森林环境、森林结构和功能和森林干扰三方面建立山地森林生态脆弱性评价指标22个,并结合研究区森林生态脆弱性实际情况划分评价等级,评价等级分为轻微脆弱、低度脆弱、中度脆弱、高度脆弱和极度脆弱五个等级。
(4)通过基于群组决策的层次分析法建立了山地森林生态脆弱性评价指标体系,制定了脆弱性评价标准,构建了山地森林生态脆弱性评价模型,根据不同生态脆弱度将山地森林划分成不同的脆弱性级别,对北京典型山地森林的生态脆弱性进行分析,结果表明,不同地区山地森林群落生态脆弱度不同,且森林环境、结构和功能以及干扰因子等是影响山地森林脆弱性的重要因素,对森林脆弱性的主导因子进行了分析。
(5)基于脆弱性理论和环境态度理论设计山地森林知识、态度和行为问卷深入林业社区进行调查分析,结果表明：不同性别、年龄、教育背景、职业、收入水平、家庭类型和政治面貌的居民对森林态度感知差异明显,居民森林意识认知程度较强、行为倾向明显,但森林行为偏弱,存在“知强行弱”、“知行脱节”和“政府依赖”等现象,提高教育水平、加强社区基础设施建设、提高生活水平等与保护森林有机结合起来将能有效地降低森林潜在脆弱性。
(6)通过社区居民森林知识、态度和行为之间相关性研究,结果表明：态度和行为倾向之间相关性较强,而行为倾向和行为之间的相关性很弱。浅层知识和森林敏感度、森林认知和行为倾向呈现负相关,而森林生态知识则与森林态度的五个维度呈现显著正相关,说明居民的日常森林知识越少,森林认知、森林敏感度和森林行为倾向就越低；森林生态知识越多,森林认知、森林敏感度、森林价值观和森林行为倾向就越强。森林行为和森林态度的五个因子都存在显著的正相关,居民的森林态度决定着森林行为；同时可知,广播电视和政府宣传仍然是居民获得森林知识的主要途径。
Ecological Vulnerability is a key and hot spot study area of global change and sustainable development. The restoring and rehabilitating of forest ecological system have attracted more and more attention in china. Mountain forest is an important ecological protection to Beijing and north of china. While ecological vulnerability of mountain forest in Beijing has endanger the capital and north of china, and been important restrictive factor of economical and society development. Study on ecological vulnerability of mountain forest in beijing is impotant to guide sustainable development of this region.In this investigation, based on field plot investigate, index system of AHP, community questionnaire, typical mountain forest in Beijing were used as the research object in study. Ecological vulnerability current situation, influence factors, evaluation of mountain forest were investigaged, the main results are as follows:
(1) Mountain forest and ecological vulnerability in Beijing has been caused by basic vulnerability and development vulnerability. The ecological vulnerability of mountain forest in beijing displays in these respects:soil barren and soil erosions increases, water and soil reduce seriously, natural forest decreases, secondary, forest restores slowly, ecological function lower, the amount of the river and reservoir runoff decreases, hydrological changes violently. Mountain forest ecological vulnerability resulted from nature background vulnerability, structure and function vulnerability, people interference vulnerability.
(2) Based on standard plots, species composition, DBH and height were studied and analyzed. The difference of mountain forest communities species component was not only rather great, its component with the same stand type was also different drastically. The stand density of different dominant species was different dramatically and the stand density of natural Larix principis-rupprechtii forest of 2275No./hm2 was the largest in Jiufeng, while Platycladus orientalis forest in Baihuashan with the least stand density of 850No./hm2. Moreover, the difference of the total basal area at breast height was very great. The total basal area of 38.84m2/hm2 at breast height of Pinus tabulaeformis forest in Baihuashan was the largest, while the Platycladus orientalis forest was with the least total basal area of 13.61m2/hm2 at breast height resulted from human disturbance and young stand age. The analysis on the diameter at breast height and height of montane forests shows that the dominant species were mainly in similar J-type distribution, normal distribution, single peak or multi-peak distribution.
(3) On the scale of community, based on forest envrionment, forest structure and function, forest disturbance. Driving power of mountain forest ecological vulnerability were analyzed. This paper conducts 22 preliminary forest ecological vulnerability indices by considering integrality, objective, relevance, dynamic of forest ecosystem, forest ecological vulnerability indexes are selected after screening. Ecological vulnerability assessment grades including slight, low, middle, high, extreme. The evaluation results show that there are 5 kinds that are classified 5 grades.
(4) The assessment method of ecological vulnerability of mountain forest had studied. The index system of mountain forest was constituted by AHP, the standard system was founded and the model of ecological vulnerability evaluation was formulated. Depending on the ecological vulnerability assessment, the mountain forest was divided into different levels. The vulnerability of typical mountain forest in Beijing was assessed using the established assessment method. The results showed that different forest communities in mountain forest were differently vulnerable. It also showed the interference factors, the forest environment, structures and functions are the critical factors of vulnerability of typical mountain forest in Beijing. Based on the assessment, and relationship of vulnerability of forest communities and the dominant factors were analysed in the study.
(5) To explore the community-forest relationship, differences in perceptions toward the residents' forest attitudes in different communities were examined by combining vulnerability theory and environment attitude theory. In vestigations were carried out in Beijing Baihuashan area, with anova and other statistic methods used in data process. The results indicated that age, education, occupation, income, family, political landscape are related to the perceptions of the mountain forest attitudes and behavior. Forest cognitive was high degree, behavioral tendencies was evident, but actual forest behavioral score was low, there are "knowledge and behavior disjointed" and "government depended" phenomenon. Based on these results, we propose that successful lower potential forest vulnerability must include publicity, strengthening infrastructure, education and economic development.
(6) Correlation analysis of residents' forest attitude, forest knowledge and forest behavior were conducted. The results are as follows:Correlation forest attitude and forest behavior tendency is relative high, while correlation of forest behavior tendency and forest behavior is relative low. Superficial knowledge were in negative relationship with forest sensibility, forest cognitive and forest behavior tendency, but forest ecological knowledge were in positive relationship with forest attitude including 5 dimensionality. Less superficial knowledge residents grasp, less forest cognitive, forest sensitive and forest behavior tendency residents have, more superficial knowledge residents grasp, more forest sensitive, forest cognitive, forest values and forest behavior tendency residents have. Forest behavior is in positive relationship with forest attitude including 5 dimensionality. It shows that forest behavior is depended on forest attitude. Simultaneously, broadcast, television and government publicity are main approach to acquire forest knowledge.
(1)北京山地森林的脆弱性是先天的基底性脆弱和后天的发展性脆弱相互叠加的结果。山地森林生态脆弱性现状是：水土流失加剧、土壤贫瘠、侵蚀增加,原生林面积减少,次生林恢复缓慢,植被退化明显、生态功能日趋下降,河流、水库年径流量减少,水文变化加剧。山地森林生态脆弱性驱动因子是以气候条件、地质地貌以及土壤状况等背景环境的脆弱性,森林内部的结构功能脆弱性及人为干扰影响而产生的干扰脆弱性交织作用的结果,并分析了北京山地森林生态脆弱性的驱动因子。
(2)通过对山地森林脆弱性驱动因子分析,调查不同森林群落物种组成、径级分布、树高分布等特征,不同山地森林群落植物种类组成差异较大,相同的林分类型因受林分起源、森林环境、自然及人为干扰等脆弱性因子影响,群落植物种类组成存在较大差异,鹫峰地区落叶松林林分密度最大,2275株/hm2,百花山地区侧柏林林分密度最小为850株/hm2；林分总断面积受林分类型、林龄、立地条件、干扰等脆弱性因子影响,差异明显,百花山地区油松林林分总断面积最大,为38.84m2/hm2,侧柏林林分总断面积最小,为13.61m2/hm2；不同森林群落类型径级和树高分布具有明显的规律性,多与微立地条件或干扰强度剧烈程度有关,径级结构主要有近似的倒“J”形分布、正态分布和多峰或单峰山状等分布类型,森林树高则以正态分布、近似的正态分布、单峰或多峰曲线分布为主。
(3)遵循整体性、目的性、主导性、相关性和动态性等原则,从森林群落尺度上,分别基于森林环境、森林结构和功能和森林干扰三方面建立山地森林生态脆弱性评价指标22个,并结合研究区森林生态脆弱性实际情况划分评价等级,评价等级分为轻微脆弱、低度脆弱、中度脆弱、高度脆弱和极度脆弱五个等级。
(4)通过基于群组决策的层次分析法建立了山地森林生态脆弱性评价指标体系,制定了脆弱性评价标准,构建了山地森林生态脆弱性评价模型,根据不同生态脆弱度将山地森林划分成不同的脆弱性级别,对北京典型山地森林的生态脆弱性进行分析,结果表明,不同地区山地森林群落生态脆弱度不同,且森林环境、结构和功能以及干扰因子等是影响山地森林脆弱性的重要因素,对森林脆弱性的主导因子进行了分析。
(5)基于脆弱性理论和环境态度理论设计山地森林知识、态度和行为问卷深入林业社区进行调查分析,结果表明：不同性别、年龄、教育背景、职业、收入水平、家庭类型和政治面貌的居民对森林态度感知差异明显,居民森林意识认知程度较强、行为倾向明显,但森林行为偏弱,存在“知强行弱”、“知行脱节”和“政府依赖”等现象,提高教育水平、加强社区基础设施建设、提高生活水平等与保护森林有机结合起来将能有效地降低森林潜在脆弱性。
(6)通过社区居民森林知识、态度和行为之间相关性研究,结果表明：态度和行为倾向之间相关性较强,而行为倾向和行为之间的相关性很弱。浅层知识和森林敏感度、森林认知和行为倾向呈现负相关,而森林生态知识则与森林态度的五个维度呈现显著正相关,说明居民的日常森林知识越少,森林认知、森林敏感度和森林行为倾向就越低；森林生态知识越多,森林认知、森林敏感度、森林价值观和森林行为倾向就越强。森林行为和森林态度的五个因子都存在显著的正相关,居民的森林态度决定着森林行为；同时可知,广播电视和政府宣传仍然是居民获得森林知识的主要途径。
Ecological Vulnerability is a key and hot spot study area of global change and sustainable development. The restoring and rehabilitating of forest ecological system have attracted more and more attention in china. Mountain forest is an important ecological protection to Beijing and north of china. While ecological vulnerability of mountain forest in Beijing has endanger the capital and north of china, and been important restrictive factor of economical and society development. Study on ecological vulnerability of mountain forest in beijing is impotant to guide sustainable development of this region.In this investigation, based on field plot investigate, index system of AHP, community questionnaire, typical mountain forest in Beijing were used as the research object in study. Ecological vulnerability current situation, influence factors, evaluation of mountain forest were investigaged, the main results are as follows:
(1) Mountain forest and ecological vulnerability in Beijing has been caused by basic vulnerability and development vulnerability. The ecological vulnerability of mountain forest in beijing displays in these respects:soil barren and soil erosions increases, water and soil reduce seriously, natural forest decreases, secondary, forest restores slowly, ecological function lower, the amount of the river and reservoir runoff decreases, hydrological changes violently. Mountain forest ecological vulnerability resulted from nature background vulnerability, structure and function vulnerability, people interference vulnerability.
(2) Based on standard plots, species composition, DBH and height were studied and analyzed. The difference of mountain forest communities species component was not only rather great, its component with the same stand type was also different drastically. The stand density of different dominant species was different dramatically and the stand density of natural Larix principis-rupprechtii forest of 2275No./hm2 was the largest in Jiufeng, while Platycladus orientalis forest in Baihuashan with the least stand density of 850No./hm2. Moreover, the difference of the total basal area at breast height was very great. The total basal area of 38.84m2/hm2 at breast height of Pinus tabulaeformis forest in Baihuashan was the largest, while the Platycladus orientalis forest was with the least total basal area of 13.61m2/hm2 at breast height resulted from human disturbance and young stand age. The analysis on the diameter at breast height and height of montane forests shows that the dominant species were mainly in similar J-type distribution, normal distribution, single peak or multi-peak distribution.
(3) On the scale of community, based on forest envrionment, forest structure and function, forest disturbance. Driving power of mountain forest ecological vulnerability were analyzed. This paper conducts 22 preliminary forest ecological vulnerability indices by considering integrality, objective, relevance, dynamic of forest ecosystem, forest ecological vulnerability indexes are selected after screening. Ecological vulnerability assessment grades including slight, low, middle, high, extreme. The evaluation results show that there are 5 kinds that are classified 5 grades.
(4) The assessment method of ecological vulnerability of mountain forest had studied. The index system of mountain forest was constituted by AHP, the standard system was founded and the model of ecological vulnerability evaluation was formulated. Depending on the ecological vulnerability assessment, the mountain forest was divided into different levels. The vulnerability of typical mountain forest in Beijing was assessed using the established assessment method. The results showed that different forest communities in mountain forest were differently vulnerable. It also showed the interference factors, the forest environment, structures and functions are the critical factors of vulnerability of typical mountain forest in Beijing. Based on the assessment, and relationship of vulnerability of forest communities and the dominant factors were analysed in the study.
(5) To explore the community-forest relationship, differences in perceptions toward the residents' forest attitudes in different communities were examined by combining vulnerability theory and environment attitude theory. In vestigations were carried out in Beijing Baihuashan area, with anova and other statistic methods used in data process. The results indicated that age, education, occupation, income, family, political landscape are related to the perceptions of the mountain forest attitudes and behavior. Forest cognitive was high degree, behavioral tendencies was evident, but actual forest behavioral score was low, there are "knowledge and behavior disjointed" and "government depended" phenomenon. Based on these results, we propose that successful lower potential forest vulnerability must include publicity, strengthening infrastructure, education and economic development.
(6) Correlation analysis of residents' forest attitude, forest knowledge and forest behavior were conducted. The results are as follows:Correlation forest attitude and forest behavior tendency is relative high, while correlation of forest behavior tendency and forest behavior is relative low. Superficial knowledge were in negative relationship with forest sensibility, forest cognitive and forest behavior tendency, but forest ecological knowledge were in positive relationship with forest attitude including 5 dimensionality. Less superficial knowledge residents grasp, less forest cognitive, forest sensitive and forest behavior tendency residents have, more superficial knowledge residents grasp, more forest sensitive, forest cognitive, forest values and forest behavior tendency residents have. Forest behavior is in positive relationship with forest attitude including 5 dimensionality. It shows that forest behavior is depended on forest attitude. Simultaneously, broadcast, television and government publicity are main approach to acquire forest knowledge.
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