微动目标雷达特征提取技术研究
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摘要
自从雷达目标微多普勒现象被发现,微动特性在雷达目标探测与识别中受到广泛的关注。一般把雷达目标除质心平动以外的小幅振动、转动和其它高阶运动统称为微动,微动目标电磁散射响应中包含了精细的微多普勒特征信息,因此,从雷达特征信号中可推断出微动目标独特的特性。
本文研究了微动目标雷达特征提取技术,论文首先对国内外微动目标雷达特征分析与提取的研究现状、论文的研究背景、本文主要工作及创新进行了详细的阐述。
论文首先介绍了微动现象和基本概念;然后推广了微动的概念,完善了微动目标雷达特征描述,包括微多普勒特征、RCS调制特征和高分辨特征;分析了微多普勒和多普勒谱的数学原理,并引入了微多普勒率的概念;分析了机动点目标、转动线形目标和进动锥形目标三类典型微动目标的微多普勒和多普勒谱;分析了微动目标特有的高分辨特征,包括微动中心、微动幅度和微动频率。
使用时频分析和傅立叶分析技术研究了微动目标低分辨雷达特征提取。使用时频滤波和多普勒率滤波研究了基于微多普勒的典型微动目标运动参数估计方法,包括匀加速运动、三阶运动、正弦振动、匀速转动和翻滚运动;研究了基于多普勒谱的典型微动目标运动参数估计方法,包括机动点目标、转动线目标和进动锥目标;研究了目标微动分辨,提出了基于微多普勒的匀加速运动、振动和转动分辨;引入了多目标微多普勒的概念,研究了基于B-分布的微动目标分辨的技术。
论文研究了微动目标成像技术,精炼并推广了目标模型、信号模型和运动模型,建立了微动目标距离像综合数学模型,以范数理论和DFT理论为基础,分析了微动目标合成距离像的多普勒效应和畸变度量问题;以调频步进信号为例,量化分析了合成宽带信号获取高分辨距离像的多普勒效应,得出了关于运动引起的相位误差及其造成的距离像畸变有用的结论;研究了刚体微动目标成像技术,设计了相位对消信号波形,提出了相位对消处理合成刚体微动目标距离像技术;研究了非刚体微动目标成像技术,设计了相位匹配处理信号波形,称为自适应频率步退信号,以此为基础提出了相位匹配处理微动目标距离像技术;建立了微动目标ISAR像离散模型,将相位匹配处理推广到ISAR成像,提出了相位匹配处理微动目标ISAR成像技术。
作为理论研究的应用,论文研究了空中目标和空间目标微动雷达特征提取。首先分析了直升机目标的微动,以此为基础分析了旋翼转动激励的微多普勒和多普勒谱;提取了旋翼多普勒谱的对称性和能量分布特征,为空中目标识别提供了新的思路;提取了多普勒谱谱宽特征,并利用盲数理论提出了空中目标粗分类方法;研究了空间弹道导弹目标微动,分析了理想进动锥形目标的RCS调制特征,提出了基于RCS调制的进动参数估计方法;研究了弹道导弹目标微动分辨,提出了基于微多普勒率滤波的弹道导弹目标振动和锥动分辨技术。
最后,对论文工作和研究方向的发展趋势、应用前景进行了总结,指出了需要进一步研究和解决的问题。
Since micro-Doppler phenomenon is observed in radar target detection, micro-motion, as one of significant target characteristics with promising applications in radar target feature extraction and recognition, incur increasing attentions and research interests. In usual cases, a radar target may have small vibrations or rotations or other high-order motions in addition to mass translation, which is called micro-motion. The backscatter of a target with micro-motions contains fine micro-Doppler features, which enables us to determine some unique properties of the target.
The intent of this dissertation is to investigate radar signature extraction from targets with micro-motions. In the introduction, there are brief reviews and comments of the research background as well as the present situation of the subject, and then the main contributions of the dissertation are introduced, in which the innovations of the whole dissertation are particularly pointed out.
In this dissertation, firstly, there is a summary of radar signatures of targets with micro-motions, including basic concepts, classifications and typical examples. Then the meaning and the category of micro-motions are generalized. Also, radar signatures of targets with micro-motions are expounded with extended descriptions, which include micro-Doppler feature, RCS modulation feature and unique high resolution feature. Mathematics and computation technique involved in micro-Doppler and Doppler spectrum are examined, which brings about the introduction of a new concept—micro-Doppler rate. Radar features are investigated for three typical targets with micro-motions, i.e., maneuvering point-scattering target, rotating line-shaped target and precessing cone-shaped target. In addition, unique high range resolution feature is also studied for targets with micro-motions, including the center of micro-motion, the amplitude of micro-motion and the frequency of micro-motion.
Low-resolution radar feature extraction is investigated for targets with micro-motions. Both time-frequency transform and FFT are used to analyze micro-Doppler signal due to its time-varying property. With time-frequency filter and Doppler filter, micro-Doppler-based approaches are proposed for parameter estimation of typical targets with micro-motions, which include acceleration motion, three-order motion, sinusoidal vibration, uniform rotation and tumbling motion. Besides, several approaches based on Doppler spectrum are also developed for parameter estimation of typical targets with micro-motions, which include maneuvering point-scattering target, rotating line-shaped target and precessing cone-shaped target. Target micro-motion resolution is examined and a micro-Doppler-based technique is proposed for resolving acceleration, vibration and rotation. Then B-distribution for resolving multiple targets with micro-motions is investigated by virtue of the introduction of a new concept—Multitarget Micro-Doppler.
In addition to Low-resolution radar feature, radar imaging is explored for targets with micro-motions. First, there are discussions on the established comprehensive mathematics model of synthesizing high range resolution profile (HRRP) of targets with micro-motions, which include a refined and generalized target model, signal model and motion model. Then with the theory of DFT, Doppler Effect is detailed, and the distortion of synthetic range profile is examined by the theory of Norm, which give us a new mathematics implication and a new signal processing interpretation. As a typical example, Stepped Chirp waveform is used to examine Doppler Effect with some specific numerical simulations, which bring some interesting conclusions about phase shift and the distortion. Synthesizing range profile is investigated for rigid targets with micro-motions. A new waveform and corresponding technique, which are respectively referred to as Phase Cancellation waveform and Phase Cancellation processing, are proposed to reconstruct range profile of a rigid target with micro-motions. Synthesizing range profile is also investigated for a non-rigid target with micro-motions. A new waveform and corresponding technique, which are respectively referred to as Phase Matching waveform and Phase Matching processing, are proposed to reconstruct range profile of a non-rigid target with micro-motions. Phase matching waveform is in fact an adaptive step-down-frequency waveform. The ISAR imaging is primarily examined for targets with micro-motions. Discrete ISAR model is established for targets with micro-motions, and then Phase matching processing is used to generate ISAR image of targets with micro-motions.
There are specific applications researches of radar feature extraction from air targets and space targets with micro-motions. Firstly,micro-motions of a helicopter is analyzed, and then radar feature extraction from rotating blades is investigated, including micro-Doppler and Doppler spectrum. Symmetry and power distribution feature of Doppler spectrum are analyzed, which provide a new probable means of air-target identification. The theory of Blind number is researched for dealing with the uncertainty of radar feature of helicopter. Then based on the theory of Blind number, the width of Doppler spectrum is used to estimate rotation parameters. Secondly, micro-motions are analyzed for ballistic missile target, and then radar feature extraction is investigated for ballistic missile target with micro-motions. RCS modulation induced by precession is investigated, and then with RCS modulation, an approach of precession parameter estimation is proposed. Last, micro-motion resolution is explored for ballistic missile target. Micro-Doppler-based motion resolution technique is proposed for resolving vibration and coning motion.
The dissertation is concluded with current trends and future outlook in the subject. In particular, some significant and valuable problems are pointed out for further research.
本文研究了微动目标雷达特征提取技术,论文首先对国内外微动目标雷达特征分析与提取的研究现状、论文的研究背景、本文主要工作及创新进行了详细的阐述。
论文首先介绍了微动现象和基本概念;然后推广了微动的概念,完善了微动目标雷达特征描述,包括微多普勒特征、RCS调制特征和高分辨特征;分析了微多普勒和多普勒谱的数学原理,并引入了微多普勒率的概念;分析了机动点目标、转动线形目标和进动锥形目标三类典型微动目标的微多普勒和多普勒谱;分析了微动目标特有的高分辨特征,包括微动中心、微动幅度和微动频率。
使用时频分析和傅立叶分析技术研究了微动目标低分辨雷达特征提取。使用时频滤波和多普勒率滤波研究了基于微多普勒的典型微动目标运动参数估计方法,包括匀加速运动、三阶运动、正弦振动、匀速转动和翻滚运动;研究了基于多普勒谱的典型微动目标运动参数估计方法,包括机动点目标、转动线目标和进动锥目标;研究了目标微动分辨,提出了基于微多普勒的匀加速运动、振动和转动分辨;引入了多目标微多普勒的概念,研究了基于B-分布的微动目标分辨的技术。
论文研究了微动目标成像技术,精炼并推广了目标模型、信号模型和运动模型,建立了微动目标距离像综合数学模型,以范数理论和DFT理论为基础,分析了微动目标合成距离像的多普勒效应和畸变度量问题;以调频步进信号为例,量化分析了合成宽带信号获取高分辨距离像的多普勒效应,得出了关于运动引起的相位误差及其造成的距离像畸变有用的结论;研究了刚体微动目标成像技术,设计了相位对消信号波形,提出了相位对消处理合成刚体微动目标距离像技术;研究了非刚体微动目标成像技术,设计了相位匹配处理信号波形,称为自适应频率步退信号,以此为基础提出了相位匹配处理微动目标距离像技术;建立了微动目标ISAR像离散模型,将相位匹配处理推广到ISAR成像,提出了相位匹配处理微动目标ISAR成像技术。
作为理论研究的应用,论文研究了空中目标和空间目标微动雷达特征提取。首先分析了直升机目标的微动,以此为基础分析了旋翼转动激励的微多普勒和多普勒谱;提取了旋翼多普勒谱的对称性和能量分布特征,为空中目标识别提供了新的思路;提取了多普勒谱谱宽特征,并利用盲数理论提出了空中目标粗分类方法;研究了空间弹道导弹目标微动,分析了理想进动锥形目标的RCS调制特征,提出了基于RCS调制的进动参数估计方法;研究了弹道导弹目标微动分辨,提出了基于微多普勒率滤波的弹道导弹目标振动和锥动分辨技术。
最后,对论文工作和研究方向的发展趋势、应用前景进行了总结,指出了需要进一步研究和解决的问题。
Since micro-Doppler phenomenon is observed in radar target detection, micro-motion, as one of significant target characteristics with promising applications in radar target feature extraction and recognition, incur increasing attentions and research interests. In usual cases, a radar target may have small vibrations or rotations or other high-order motions in addition to mass translation, which is called micro-motion. The backscatter of a target with micro-motions contains fine micro-Doppler features, which enables us to determine some unique properties of the target.
The intent of this dissertation is to investigate radar signature extraction from targets with micro-motions. In the introduction, there are brief reviews and comments of the research background as well as the present situation of the subject, and then the main contributions of the dissertation are introduced, in which the innovations of the whole dissertation are particularly pointed out.
In this dissertation, firstly, there is a summary of radar signatures of targets with micro-motions, including basic concepts, classifications and typical examples. Then the meaning and the category of micro-motions are generalized. Also, radar signatures of targets with micro-motions are expounded with extended descriptions, which include micro-Doppler feature, RCS modulation feature and unique high resolution feature. Mathematics and computation technique involved in micro-Doppler and Doppler spectrum are examined, which brings about the introduction of a new concept—micro-Doppler rate. Radar features are investigated for three typical targets with micro-motions, i.e., maneuvering point-scattering target, rotating line-shaped target and precessing cone-shaped target. In addition, unique high range resolution feature is also studied for targets with micro-motions, including the center of micro-motion, the amplitude of micro-motion and the frequency of micro-motion.
Low-resolution radar feature extraction is investigated for targets with micro-motions. Both time-frequency transform and FFT are used to analyze micro-Doppler signal due to its time-varying property. With time-frequency filter and Doppler filter, micro-Doppler-based approaches are proposed for parameter estimation of typical targets with micro-motions, which include acceleration motion, three-order motion, sinusoidal vibration, uniform rotation and tumbling motion. Besides, several approaches based on Doppler spectrum are also developed for parameter estimation of typical targets with micro-motions, which include maneuvering point-scattering target, rotating line-shaped target and precessing cone-shaped target. Target micro-motion resolution is examined and a micro-Doppler-based technique is proposed for resolving acceleration, vibration and rotation. Then B-distribution for resolving multiple targets with micro-motions is investigated by virtue of the introduction of a new concept—Multitarget Micro-Doppler.
In addition to Low-resolution radar feature, radar imaging is explored for targets with micro-motions. First, there are discussions on the established comprehensive mathematics model of synthesizing high range resolution profile (HRRP) of targets with micro-motions, which include a refined and generalized target model, signal model and motion model. Then with the theory of DFT, Doppler Effect is detailed, and the distortion of synthetic range profile is examined by the theory of Norm, which give us a new mathematics implication and a new signal processing interpretation. As a typical example, Stepped Chirp waveform is used to examine Doppler Effect with some specific numerical simulations, which bring some interesting conclusions about phase shift and the distortion. Synthesizing range profile is investigated for rigid targets with micro-motions. A new waveform and corresponding technique, which are respectively referred to as Phase Cancellation waveform and Phase Cancellation processing, are proposed to reconstruct range profile of a rigid target with micro-motions. Synthesizing range profile is also investigated for a non-rigid target with micro-motions. A new waveform and corresponding technique, which are respectively referred to as Phase Matching waveform and Phase Matching processing, are proposed to reconstruct range profile of a non-rigid target with micro-motions. Phase matching waveform is in fact an adaptive step-down-frequency waveform. The ISAR imaging is primarily examined for targets with micro-motions. Discrete ISAR model is established for targets with micro-motions, and then Phase matching processing is used to generate ISAR image of targets with micro-motions.
There are specific applications researches of radar feature extraction from air targets and space targets with micro-motions. Firstly,micro-motions of a helicopter is analyzed, and then radar feature extraction from rotating blades is investigated, including micro-Doppler and Doppler spectrum. Symmetry and power distribution feature of Doppler spectrum are analyzed, which provide a new probable means of air-target identification. The theory of Blind number is researched for dealing with the uncertainty of radar feature of helicopter. Then based on the theory of Blind number, the width of Doppler spectrum is used to estimate rotation parameters. Secondly, micro-motions are analyzed for ballistic missile target, and then radar feature extraction is investigated for ballistic missile target with micro-motions. RCS modulation induced by precession is investigated, and then with RCS modulation, an approach of precession parameter estimation is proposed. Last, micro-motion resolution is explored for ballistic missile target. Micro-Doppler-based motion resolution technique is proposed for resolving vibration and coning motion.
The dissertation is concluded with current trends and future outlook in the subject. In particular, some significant and valuable problems are pointed out for further research.
引文
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